{"id":1377,"date":"2009-11-11T03:05:11","date_gmt":"2009-11-11T00:05:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/11\/11\/insan-olma-sureci-toplumsallasma-profdrozcan-koknel\/"},"modified":"2009-11-11T03:05:11","modified_gmt":"2009-11-11T00:05:11","slug":"insan-olma-sureci-toplumsallasma-profdrozcan-koknel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/11\/11\/insan-olma-sureci-toplumsallasma-profdrozcan-koknel\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan Olma S\u00fcreci: Toplumsalla\u015fma | Prof.Dr.\u00d6zcan k\u00f6knel"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/strong>Kal\u0131t\u0131m, i\u00e7salg\u0131lar, zek\u00e2, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler, d\u00fcrt\u00fcler gibi biyolojik ve fizyolojik etkenlerin ki\u015fili\u011fin maddi temelini, bir ba\u015fka deyimle, altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftik. Bireyin g\u00f6zlerini d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ailesinden, ait oldu\u011fu toplumsal kesim, ulus ve uygarl\u0131\u011fa dek uzanan toplumsal \u00e7evren de ki\u015fili\u011fin manevi yan\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcstyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.
Ki\u015fili\u011fin maddi temeline ili\u015fkin biyolojik ve fizyolojik etkenler geli\u015fmi\u015f hayvanlarda da varoldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, insan\u0131 onlardan ay\u0131ran manevi, ani toplumsal yan\u0131d\u0131r. De\u011fer yaratan tek canl\u0131 insan de\u011fil midir? Ne enli geli\u015fmi\u015f olursa olsun, dini, ahl\u00e2k\u0131, t\u00f6resi olan, do\u011fay\u0131 ve kendisini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilen, tarih bilincine sahip ba\u015fka canl\u0131 yoktur.
\u0130nsan do\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc gidermek, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in (baz\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fcler halinde ya\u015famas\u0131 gibi) toplu halde a\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplu halde do\u011fayla m\u00fccadele ederken e, hem kendini, hem de do\u011fay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu toplu ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u00fczenli ve uyum i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in ortak davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imleri, gelenek, ahl\u00e2k, din gibi de\u011fer sistemleri ve toplumsal kurumlar olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.
Toplumdan topluma ve ayn\u0131 toplum i\u00e7inde zamanla de\u011fi\u015fen bu orak davran\u0131\u015f ve de\u011ferler, nesnel bir ger\u00e7eklik olarak bireyi ku\u015fat\u0131r, ona kendilerini kabul ettirirler.<\/p>\n

Gizil g\u00fc\u00e7lerle do\u011fan \u00e7ocuk, bir yandan bedensel olarak geli\u015fip deri\u015firken, bir yandan da i\u00e7inde do\u011fup ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplumun dilini, gelene\u011fini, g\u00f6rene\u011fini, ahl\u00e2k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, dinsel inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131saca toplumsal de\u011ferler sistemi ve davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 benimseyerek toplumun bir \u00fcyesi durumuna gelir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumun \u00fcyesi durumuna gelmesine \u00abtoplumsalla\u015fma\u00bb s\u00fcreci (socialization) denir. Ger\u00e7ekte bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, bireyle \u00e7evresi aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim ve etkile\u015fimin sonucudur. Ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcrer ve bireye yeni ya\u015fant\u0131lar kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde, bir yandan uyum i\u00e7inde ya\u015fama amac\u0131yla toplumsal kurallar\u0131 benimseyerek \u00f6teki bireylerle benze\u015firken, \u00f6te yandan do\u011fu\u015ftan getirdi\u011fi gizil g\u00fc\u00e7ler temeli \u00fczerinde onu di\u011fer bireylerden ay\u0131ran ki\u015filik niteliklerini kazan\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirir. Ahl\u00e2k anlam\u0131na gelen \u00abetik\u00bb s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Eski Yunanca k\u00f6keni \u00abethos\u00bb t\u00f6re ve karakter anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Ki\u015fili\u011fin toplumsal, ahlaksal katman\u0131 olan karakter,toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bireyin ahlaksal de\u011ferleri benimseyerek, benli\u011fi \u00fczerinde denetim kuran toplumsal bilince sahip olmas\u0131 toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucudur.\u0130nsan\u0131 insan yapan toplumsal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, toplumsalla\u015fma ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00abinsan olma\u00bb s\u00fcrecidir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7EVREN\u0130N B\u0130REYE ETK\u0130S\u0130
Do\u011fumdan \u00f6nce bile, annenin d\u00f6l yata\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde o\u011fulcuk ve d\u00f6l \u00fct \u00fczerinde \u00e7evrenin etkisinden s\u00f6zedilebilir. Bu etki ana baban\u0131n kromozomlar\u0131nda bulunan genlerin de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imde bile\u015fiminden ba\u015flayarak, annenin gebelik s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fama, beslenme ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve ruhsal durumuna dek uzan\u0131r. D\u00f6l yata\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 o\u011fulcu\u011fun, d\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fcn geli\u015fmesine elveri\u015fli de\u011filse d\u00f6l\u00fct ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir.
Do\u011fumdan sonra bireyin \u00e7evresini, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fa ve toplum olu\u015fturur. Do\u011fa co\u011frafi konumuyla, iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131yla toplum ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 etkileyerek bireye yans\u0131r, \u00f6te yandan toplum tarihsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ekonomik, siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131yla bireyin ya\u015fam ve ki\u015fili\u011finde belirleyici rol oynar. Toplumun tarihsel evrimi i\u00e7inde g\u00f6\u00e7ebe, yerle\u015fik, geli\u015fmi\u015f, az geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bireyin sanayile\u015fmi\u015f ya da k\u0131rsal bir y\u00f6rede ya\u015famas\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131fsal, mesleksel konumu ki\u015fili\u011fini etkiler.<\/p>\n

B\u0130REY DE TOPLUMU ETK\u0130LER
Birey toplum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda edilgen bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir. \u0130nsan, do\u011farken getirdi\u011fi gizil g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve sonradan toplumdan kazand\u0131klar\u0131yla bir yandan ki\u015fili\u011fini geli\u015ftirir, de\u011fi\u015ftirirken, bir yandan da toplumu etkiler, de\u011fi\u015ftirir.
\u0130lkel toplumlarda, ortakla\u015fa bilincin egemen oldu\u011fu, bireylerin bezelye taneleri kadar benze\u015fti\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde bile in\u015fan, toplumdan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 birey olarak topluma vermi\u015f, toplumsal geli\u015fmeyi etkilemi\u015ftir.
\u0130lk \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren, ate\u015fi bulan, ma\u011fara duvarlar\u0131na av\u0131n\u0131n resmini \u00e7izen, ila\u00e7 yaparak hastalar\u0131 iyile\u015ftiren insan soyunun atalann\u0131, k\u0131saca toplumun de\u011fi\u015fmesine, geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edenleri an\u0131msamak bile bireyin topluma etkisini anlamaya yeterlidir. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortakla\u015fa hazinesi olan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc uzay \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131ran, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131 zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 bilimde, sanatta, felsefede, siyasette, teknolojide somutlayan ki\u015filer toplumun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bireyler de\u011fil midir?<\/p>\n

TOPLUMSALLA\u015eMANIN ETK\u0130L\u0130 ARA\u00c7LARI
Uygarl\u0131k geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, toplumsal geli\u015fme, de\u011fi\u015fme h\u0131zland\u0131k\u00e7a, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ekonomik etkile\u015fim de ulusal boyutlardan evrensel boyutlara ula\u015f\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bireyin toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde etkili olan ara\u00e7lar \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131r. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z bu a\u00e7\u0131dan en h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmeyi ya\u015famaktad\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (sinema, radyo, televizyon, afi\u015f, gazete, dergi, kitap) bireyin etkisi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreyi alabildi\u011fine geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. Etkili fikirler h\u0131zla yay\u0131labilmekte, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirebilmektedir. Toplumlar\u0131n manevi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yo\u011funlu\u011fu artmaktad\u0131r.
Yerel gelenek ve g\u00f6renekler, ulusal olanlarla, ulusal de\u011ferler evrensel olanlarla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.
Kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir etkisi de halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n istek, \u00f6zlem ve beklentilerini geni\u015fletmesidir. B\u00f6ylece toplumsal g\u00fcd\u00fcler g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmakta, bireylerin ki\u015filik yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemekte, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 harekete,
eyleme ge\u00e7irmektedir.
Yine teknolojik, ekonomik geli\u015fmeler sonucu ula\u015f\u0131m h\u0131zlanmakta, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsalla\u015fmakta, toplumlar aras\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr etkile\u015fimi yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ulusal d\u00fczeyde \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitimi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131 artarken, he
men her devlet ilk \u00f6\u011frenimi paras\u0131z ve zorunlu tutmakta e\u011fitimin her a\u015famas\u0131 yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmaktad\u0131r.
Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, insan i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7evrenin ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olanaklar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde e\u011fitiminden, kitle ileti\u015fiminden yararlanabilir. Bu durum \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlarda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yaratmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KULT\u00dcRLENME
Bilindi\u011fi gibi, uluslar\u0131n geli\u015fme d\u00fczeylerindeki e\u015fitsizlikler nedeniyle geli\u015fmi\u015f, sanayile\u015fmi\u015f toplumlar, orta geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyinde olanlar ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f, giderek yoksul \u00fclkeler vard\u0131r. Birey ait oldu\u011fu ulus ve toplumsal kesim i\u00e7inde toplumsallas\u0131n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla farkl\u0131 sosyoekonomik yap\u0131lar\u0131n insanlar\u0131 birbirleriyle ileti\u015fim kurmakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekerler.
\u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00fclkemizdeki k\u0131rsal alandan kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc-kentli insan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde, metropollerde biraraya getirmektedir. Bunun mikro \u00f6rne\u011fi, kap\u0131c\u0131-apartman sakinleri ili\u015fkisi olabilir. Bu iki \u00e7evre insan\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcr fark\u0131n\u0131, \u00e2deta g\u00f6kdelenle gecekondu \u00e7eli\u015fkisi gibi apa\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6rmekteyiz. K\u00f6y gibi kapal\u0131 bir toplumdan gelen insanlar, kentte yeniden toplumsalla\u015fma zorunlulu\u011fuyla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunmaktad\u0131rlar.
\u0130\u015fte bireyin i\u00e7inde do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, geli\u015fti\u011fi, benimsedi\u011fi, toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrden ayr\u0131l\u0131p, de\u011fi\u015fik bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre ge\u00e7mesi ve bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc benimsemesi s\u00fcrecine \u00abk\u00fclt\u00fcrlenme\u00bb denir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrlenmeler olduk\u00e7a, toplumsalla\u015fma da s\u00fcrer.
\u0130nsan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evre i\u00e7inde toplumsal olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015f\u0131r ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrlenme sonucu de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri tan\u0131rsa, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc geni\u015fler ve zenginle\u015fir. Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc kazan\u0131r. Ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde yeti\u015fenlere olumsuz \u00f6nyarg\u0131larla yakla\u015fmaz. \u0130nsanlar\u0131, olaylar\u0131 toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcr yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirebilir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi ba\u015farabilir.
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, do\u011fal ve toplumsal g\u00fcd\u00fcler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcreci, do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ve d\u00fcrt\u00fclerle, sonradan \u00f6\u011frenilen g\u00fcd\u00fclerin bile\u015fimi olarak yorumlanabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7OCUK NASIL TOPLUMSALLA\u015eIR?
\u00c7ocu\u011fun toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. \u0130lk toplumsalla\u015fma belirtisi iki \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131k \u00e7ocu\u011fun ana babas\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ilgidir. \u00c7ocuk ana babas\u0131n\u0131n ya da kendisine bakan kimsenin yan\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla a\u011flar. Kendisiyle ilgilenilmesinden ho\u015flan\u0131r. Alt\u0131 yedi ayl\u0131k \u00e7ocuk tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt edebilir. Anas\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131r. Birlikte olmak ister. Yoklu\u011funda a\u011flar. Bir ya\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru \u00e7evreden yap\u0131lan uyar\u0131lar\u0131, yasaklamalar\u0131 anlar. Bunlara uymak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcar. Bir bu\u00e7uk iki ya\u015f aras\u0131nda uyar\u0131lara, yasaklamalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Direnir, tepki g\u00f6sterir. \u0130ki ya\u015f i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcklerle kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkilerden etkilenmeye ba\u015flar. Bu etki benimseme ya da tepki g\u00f6sterme bi\u00e7iminde yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00e7ocu\u011fun benli\u011finde izler b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u0130ki ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklarda kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlama, tan\u0131ma, ba\u015fka insanlar\u0131 anlama ve tan\u0131madan daha \u00f6nce oldu\u011fundan, toplumsalla\u015fma \u00e7ocu\u011fun kendisiyle \u00e7evre aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 anlamas\u0131 ve kendi benli\u011fini \u00e7evreden ay\u0131rabilmesiyle ba\u015flar. \u0130ki ya\u015f\u0131na gelen \u00e7ocukta cinsel benlik geli\u015fir. Kendisinin k\u0131z ya da o\u011flan oldu\u011funu bilir. Ancak bu ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlayamaz. Ba\u015fka \u00e7ocuklara kar\u015f\u0131 ilk ilgi ve tepkiyi be\u015f alt\u0131 ayda g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flayan \u00e7ocuk, ancak iki \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015fka \u00e7ocuklarla ayn\u0131 grup i\u00e7inde bulunabilir. Oyun oynayabilir. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ocuk iki \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndan alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar akranlar\u0131yla birlikte olup oynayarak, toplum kurallar\u0131na uyma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131r, ilkokul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ocu\u011fun ana babas\u0131na olan ba\u011f\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. Arkada\u015f gruplar\u0131 ve okul, \u00e7ocu\u011fu aileden daha \u00e7ok etkiler. Arkada\u015f gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla birlikte olmay\u0131, i\u015fbirli\u011fini, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131, sorumluluk y\u00fcklenmeyi, haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmay\u0131, yar\u0131\u015fmay\u0131, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmay\u0131, kurallara uymay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131nda arkada\u015f gruplar\u0131 etkinlik kazan\u0131r.
Gen\u00e7lik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7evre daha geni\u015fler. Gen\u00e7, aile etkisinden ve \u00e7evresinden kurtulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcar. Daha \u00e7ok ya\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131yla birlikte bulunmak ister. Onlardan \u00e7ok etkilenir. Kar\u015f\u0131 cinsle arkada\u015fl\u0131k ve ili\u015fki kurup s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yer al\u0131r. Toplumsal kurallara, de\u011ferlere, yasalara uyma zorunlulu\u011fu, gen\u00e7te aileye, \u00e7evreye, okula, toplum kar\u015f\u0131 tepki olu\u015fturur. Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle bu kurumlar\u0131 be\u011fenmez, ele\u015ftirir, kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Toplumsal roller benimsendik\u00e7e, sorumluluk y\u00fcklendik\u00e7e bu durum kaybolur. Gencin i\u015f bulup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, askere gitmesi, evlenmesi gibi rol de\u011fi\u015fmeleri, ona toplum i\u00e7inde yeni bir yer ve rol kazand\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece gen\u00e7 o toplumun yeti\u015fkin bir \u00fcyesi olur.<\/p>\n

V\u0130CDANIN SES\u0130
\u00abElini vicdan\u0131na koy\u00bb, \u00abVicdan\u0131n\u0131n sesini dinle\u00bb, \u00abVicdan azab\u0131 \u00e7ekmek\u00bb gibi deyi\u015fler, ya\u015fam\u0131n ahlaksal alan\u0131yla ilgili olarak g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fmalarda s\u0131k s\u0131k ge\u00e7er.
Nedir vicdan? \u0130nsanda do\u011fu\u015ftan m\u0131 vard\u0131r, yoksa sonradan m\u0131 kazan\u0131l\u0131r? Bu sorular\u0131 do\u011fru yan\u0131tlamak toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin iyi bilinmesi ve de\u011ferlendirilmesiyle olas\u0131d\u0131r. Yoksa insanlar\u0131 do\u011fu\u015ftan \u00abiyiler\u00bb ve \u00abk\u00f6t\u00fcler\u00bb diye ay\u0131ran bir yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclebilir.
Bebek do\u011fdu\u011funda ahlaksal bak\u0131mdan yans\u0131zd\u0131r (n\u00f6trd\u00fcr). O hen\u00fcz biyo-psikolojik bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnlenmesi toplumla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek, birey olacakt\u0131r. Her g\u00fcn yeni ya\u015fant\u0131lar kazanacak, de\u011ferler edinecek, davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imleri \u00f6\u011frenecektir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 anlayacak, sevecek, sayacakt\u0131r.
Toplumsalla\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7ocu\u011fun kendisiyle \u00e7evresi aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 anlamas\u0131 ve kendi benli\u011fini \u00e7evreden ay\u0131rabilmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftik. Buna, \u00e7ocu\u011fun kendi benli\u011fini denetleyerek di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hak ve isteklerini kabullenmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmesi s\u00fcrecidir de diyebiliriz.
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu denetleme \u00e7ocu\u011fa b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engellemeler, yasaklar yoluyla kazand\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ama as\u0131l yap\u0131lmak istenen ya da yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, onu inand\u0131rmak, ona neleri neden yapmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini anlatmakt\u0131r.
Ba\u015fka \u00e7ocu\u011fun oyunca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elinden almak isteyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011fe, \u00abHay\u0131r, onun oyunca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alma, bak karde\u015f a\u011fl\u0131yor, yaz\u0131k ona…\u00bb gibi s\u00f6zlerle onda sevgi, ac\u0131ma duygular\u0131 uyand\u0131rmaya, \u00f6teki \u00e7ocu\u011fu anlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Kendi oyuncaklar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka \u00e7ocuklarla payla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freterek \u00e7ocu\u011fu ilerde \u00abbirarada ya\u015fama\u00bb kavram\u0131na al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r\u0131z.
Bu \u00f6rnekte a\u00e7\u0131klamak istedi\u011fimiz ger\u00e7ek \u015fudur: \u0130nsan toplumsal bir varl\u0131k olarak \u00f6teki insanlarla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ferek varlan\u0131r, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Di\u011fer insanlara gereksinimi vard\u0131r. Onlarla uyum i\u00e7inde olmak, onlar taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmek, sevilmek, say\u0131lmak ister. Onlar\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, sever, sayar, \u00f6nce ana babas\u0131n\u0131, karde\u015flerini, yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131, daha sonra arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fal ko\u015fullarda gittik\u00e7e geli\u015fen bir sevme, anlama g\u00fcc\u00fcyle halk\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sever. Bu sevgi, sayg\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na yans\u0131r, onu bencillikten elcilli\u011fe, \u00f6zveriye y\u00f6neltir, giderek ulusu, vatan\u0131, insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00f6zgecide bulunmaya bile g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilir.
\u0130\u015fte toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde, insan do\u011fas\u0131na da uygun olarak \u00e7ocukta geli\u015fen insan sevgi ve sayg\u0131s\u0131, onda toplumsal bilincin, yani vicdan\u0131n da temelini olu\u015fturur. \u00c7ocuk ahlaksal de\u011ferleri bu sevgi ve sayg\u0131 nedeniyle benimser, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sindirir. \u00d6yle ki, ahlaksal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal, hukuksal, tanr\u0131sal yapt\u0131r\u0131mlardan korkarak, \u00e7ekinerek de\u011fil, do\u011frulu\u011funa inanarak, benimseyerek yapar.
\u0130nsanda sevgi ve sayg\u0131ya dayanmayan hi\u00e7bir e\u011fitim sistemi, hi\u00e7bir ahlaksal yarg\u0131, hatta dinsel emirler bile s\u00fcrekli olamaz. Ger\u00e7ekten de sevgi, g\u00fcven i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fmemi\u015f, ki\u015filik bozukluklar\u0131 g\u00f6steren insanlar\u0131n bencil, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na zarar verici davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131, ne ceza yasalar\u0131, ne cehennem korkusu, ne de toplumd\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lma, k\u0131nama korkusu engelleyebilmi\u015ftir.
Orta\u00e7a\u011fda Katolik Kilisesinin tutuculu\u011fu, cemaatine bask\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131, engizisyon i\u015fkenceleri dinde reform hareketiyle y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p gitmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsana sevgi ve sayg\u0131ya dayanan tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinler, Konfi\u00e7yus, Buda dini gibi ahl\u00e2k dinleri b\u00fcy\u00fck yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f, y\u00fczy\u0131llarca ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, daha da ya\u015fayabileceklerdir.
Hazreti Muhammed’e, \u00abEn makbul ibadet nedir?\u00bb diye sormu\u015flar, \u00ab\u0130yi insan olmak, iyi insan olmak, iyi insan olmak,\u00bb diye yan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f. \u0130yi insan olman\u0131n ilk ko\u015fulu da insanlar\u0131 sevmek, anlamak, onlarla yard\u0131mla\u015fmak de\u011fil midir? Tasavvuf felsefesinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck ama\u00e7lardan biri de evren ve insanlarla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmek, \u00abummanda bir zerre\u00bb olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

EVRENSEL ERDEMLER
Ahl\u00e2k kurallar\u0131 toplumdan topluma ve ayn\u0131 toplumda zamanla de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte, t\u00fcm toplumlarda kal\u0131c\u0131, ortak olan evrensel ahl\u00e2k de\u011ferleri vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, (farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde de olsa) b\u00fcy\u00fcklere sayg\u0131, yard\u0131mseverlik, cesaret, yurtseverlik gibi erdemler evrenseldir.
Ahl\u00e2k\u0131n yeni\u00e7a\u011fa kadar dinsel nitelikte oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Yeni\u00e7a\u011fda ba\u015fta Avrupa’da R\u00f6nesans hareketiyle birlikte h\u00fcmanist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, insan haklar\u0131, e\u015fitlik, adalet fikirlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla ahl\u00e2k da laik bir nitelik kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dinler binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r insanlar\u0131n toplumsal ya\u015fam kurallar\u0131na uymalar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck etken olmu\u015flarsa da, dinlerin yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, dindarlar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flardan al\u0131koymaya yetmemi\u015ftir. Bir insan\u0131n iyi olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman dindar olmas\u0131yla e\u015fde\u011ferli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa insana sevgi ve sayg\u0131ya dayanan ahlaksal erdemler, laik bir vicdan\u0131n emirleri olabilmi\u015ftir.
\u00f6zetlersek, \u00e7ocu\u011fun toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde e\u011fitimi sevgi, sayg\u0131, anlay\u0131\u015f ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcye dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, toplumsal bilinci, yani vicdan\u0131 geli\u015fecek, onun iyi bir insan, iyi bir yurtta\u015f olmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli temel at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Yeti\u015fkin bir ki\u015fi oldu\u011funda, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyecek, kendi haklar\u0131yla ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 adalet duygusuyla belirleyecek, sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 inan\u00e7, istek, giderek \u00f6zveriyle yerine getirecektir.
Toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecindeki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131, insan karakterinin \u00e7izgilerini de belirler. Ki\u015finin g\u00fcvenilir, d\u00fcr\u00fcst, tutarl\u0131, yard\u0131msever, yi\u011fit, c\u00f6mert, insanl\u0131k idealine ba\u011fl\u0131, \u00f6zverili, yarat\u0131c\u0131 zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hizmetlerine adayan bir insan olmas\u0131 ya da bencil, h\u0131rsl\u0131, tutars\u0131z, hilek\u00e2r, cimri, yalanc\u0131, korkak biri olmas\u0131, bu \u00f6zelliklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, belki \u00e7o\u011funu ki\u015fili\u011finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirmesi, toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucudur.
\u00c7ocuk e\u011fitiminde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bask\u0131c\u0131 tutum, \u00e7ocu\u011fun sinmesine, silik kalmas\u0131na neden olabilir, ruhsal dengesizlikler yaratabilir. \u00c7ocu\u011fu s\u0131k s\u0131k cezaland\u0131rmak vicdan geli\u015fmesini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler. Onda su\u00e7luluk duygusu yarat\u0131r, \u00f6zg\u00fcvenini azalt\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz \u00e7ocu\u011fun davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmek amac\u0131yla cezaya da ba\u015fvurulabilir. Ancak ceza verilirken, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ya\u015f\u0131, ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleri ve i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fa neden ceza verildi\u011fi anlat\u0131lmal\u0131, cezalar su\u00e7la dengeli olmal\u0131, ge\u00e7erli nedenlere dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ceza en son ba\u015fvurulacak bir y\u00f6ntem olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocu\u011fu sevgiden yoksun b\u0131rakarak ya da bu yolla tehdit ederek cezaland\u0131rmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\u00f6te yandan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gev\u015feklik ve serbestlik de ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zararl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir kurala uymadan istedi\u011fini yapmaya al\u0131\u015fanlar sorumluluk y\u00fcklenemezler. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla kolay ili\u015fki kurup s\u00fcrd\u00fcremezler. Kimsenin hakk\u0131na sayg\u0131 duymaz, kimseye g\u00fcven vermezler.
G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, vicdan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fam boyu iyi bir denetim d\u00fczeni olarak geli\u015febilmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ana baba ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evrenin tutumuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130NSAN \u00c7OCUKLU\u011eUNUN TUTSA\u011eIDIR
Daha ileride g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilecek olan b\u00fct\u00fcn ruhbilim \u00f6\u011fretilerinin de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, insan \u00e7ocuklu\u011funun tutsa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131 bu tutsakl\u0131ktan erken ya\u015fta ba\u015flayan do\u011fru ve olumlu toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcreci kurtar\u0131r.
Ge\u00e7ip giden \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 bir daha geri gelmez. Ancak insan b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fam boyu bu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n izlerini ta\u015f\u0131r.
Ziya Osman Saba \u00ab\u00c7ocuklu\u011fum\u00bb adl\u0131 dizelerinde \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na \u00f6zlemi \u015f\u00f6yle dile getiriyor:<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklu\u011fum, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fum…
Uzakta kalan bah\u00e7eler.
O sabahlar, o geceler,
Gelmez g\u00fcnler \u00e7ocuklu\u011fum.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklu\u011fum, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fum…
Bir \u00e7ekmecede unutulmu\u015f,
Senelerle rengi solmu\u015f,
Bir tek resim \u00e7ocuklu\u011fum…<\/p>\n

Sabahattin Kudret Aksal \u00abGe\u00e7mi\u015f Zaman Ku\u015flar\u0131\u00bb adl\u0131 dizelerinde \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6neminin b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fama etkisini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

Horoz \u015fekeriymi\u015f gibi emiyorum
\u00c7ocuklu\u011fumu, yast\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n alt\u0131nda
Gece, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz elimde, sokaklarda.
G\u00f6ze g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen dallar aras\u0131ndan
Avl\u0131yorum ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kal\u0131t\u0131m, i\u00e7salg\u0131lar, zek\u00e2, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler, d\u00fcrt\u00fcler gibi biyolojik ve fizyolojik etkenlerin ki\u015fili\u011fin maddi temelini, bir ba\u015fka deyimle, altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftik. Bireyin g\u00f6zlerini d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ailesinden, ait oldu\u011fu toplumsal kesim, ulus ve uygarl\u0131\u011fa dek uzanan toplumsal \u00e7evren de ki\u015fili\u011fin manevi yan\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcstyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.Ki\u015fili\u011fin maddi temeline ili\u015fkin biyolojik ve fizyolojik etkenler geli\u015fmi\u015f hayvanlarda da varoldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, insan\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1377","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\n\u0130nsan Olma S\u00fcreci: Toplumsalla\u015fma | Prof.Dr.\u00d6zcan k\u00f6knel - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/11\/11\/insan-olma-sureci-toplumsallasma-profdrozcan-koknel\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130nsan Olma S\u00fcreci: Toplumsalla\u015fma | Prof.Dr.\u00d6zcan k\u00f6knel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kal\u0131t\u0131m, i\u00e7salg\u0131lar, zek\u00e2, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcler, d\u00fcrt\u00fcler gibi biyolojik ve fizyolojik etkenlerin ki\u015fili\u011fin maddi temelini, bir ba\u015fka deyimle, altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftik. 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