{"id":1750,"date":"2009-12-02T19:59:00","date_gmt":"2009-12-02T16:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/12\/02\/oryantalizm\/"},"modified":"2009-12-02T19:59:00","modified_gmt":"2009-12-02T16:59:00","slug":"oryantalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/12\/02\/oryantalizm\/","title":{"rendered":"ORYANTAL\u0130ZM"},"content":{"rendered":"

Oryantalizm<\/strong> ya da di\u011fer adlar\u0131yla Do\u011fu bilimi<\/strong>, \u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>, \u015earkiyat<\/strong>, Do\u011fubilim<\/strong>; Yak\u0131n ve Uzak Do\u011fu toplum ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, dilleri ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli ve bat\u0131 merkezli ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne verilen ortak ad.<\/p>\n

Terim, kimi \u00e7evrelerce olumsuz bir yan anlamla 18. ve 19.y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki sanayi kapitalizminin geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminin zihniyeti taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillendirilmi\u015f Amerikal\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Do\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakta kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu anlamda do\u011fuculuk Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/span> \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 beyaz adam\u0131n Do\u011fu haklar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan, \u00f6tekile\u015ftirici, de\u011filleyici ve \u00f6nyarg\u0131 dolu yorumlar\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir. Terimi bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ve olumsuz manada kitaplar\u0131nda -\u00f6zellikle de Orientalism (1978) kitab\u0131nda- kullanan en \u00fcnl\u00fc ki\u015fi Edward Said<\/span>‘dir. Bernard Lewis gibi bat\u0131l\u0131 akademisyenler ise Said taraf\u0131ndan kelimeye y\u00fcklenen bu olumsuz imalar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Said ve ele\u015ftirisini izleyen bir\u00e7ok sosyal bilimci, Oryantalizmin Bat\u0131’n\u0131n emperyalist eylemlerine katk\u0131da bulunan bir kurgu oldu\u011fu, asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7 masum bir imgelem veya disiplin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131’n\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik co\u011frafyalar\u0131na s\u0131zma giri\u015fimlerinin fikri, bilimsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Oryantalizm taraf\u0131ndan te\u00e7hizatland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir.<\/p>\n

Terimin Anlam\u0131<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Kelimenin latince tabanl\u0131 di\u011fer dillerde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 “orientalism<\/em>“dir. K\u00f6keni ise g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fu\u015funu ifade eden Latince oriens<\/em> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayanmaktad\u0131r ve co\u011frafi manada do\u011fuyu g\u00f6stermekte kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kelimenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ve Do\u011fu’ya y\u00f6nelik Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131’ya y\u00f6nelik Do\u011fulu \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131nda da Oksidentalizm terimi t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde hen\u00fcz Uzak Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri tam olarak bilinmedi\u011finden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Orta Do\u011fu denilen b\u00f6lge Do\u011fu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu ile ilgili anlay\u0131\u015flar Bat\u0131l\u0131 ka\u015fiflerin Asya’n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 seyahatlerle de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Oryantalizmin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri bazen Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin, Hristiyan Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcn savunmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Voltaire, Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fck<\/span> inanc\u0131n\u0131n, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa \u00fcst\u00fcn olan rasyonel Deizm’i destekledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinde (Hristiyan Bat\u0131’n\u0131n aksine) var olan dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcy\u00fc ve Mandarin \u00c7ini<\/span>‘ndeki bilginli\u011fi \u00f6vm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Abraham Anquetil-Duperron<\/span>, Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kutsal metinleri olan Avesta’y\u0131 terc\u00fcme etmi\u015f, William Jones<\/span> ise Hint-Avrupa dilleri \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk d\u00f6nem tarihi ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bu geli\u015fmeler Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131ndaki Hindistan’\u0131n kontrol\u00fc konusundaki \u00e7eki\u015fme ortam\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerindeki topluluklar\u0131 daha etkili bir \u015fekilde kontrol etme amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fcyordu. James Mill gibi liberal iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerini, medeniyetlerinin statik ve yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olu\u015fu nedeniyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemekteydi. Karl Marx bile “Asya modeli \u00fcretim”in de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011finden s\u00f6z etmekteydi. Hristiyan evanjelistler ise Do\u011fu dinlerinin geleneklerini hurafe olarak g\u00f6rerek yermekteydiler.<\/p>\n

Budizm ve Hinduizm \u00fczerine ilk ciddi Avrupa k\u00f6kenli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Eugene Burnouf<\/span> ve Max M\u00fcller<\/span> gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larca yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130slamiyetle ilgili ilk ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda “Oriental Studies” (Do\u011fu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131) akademik bir disiplin olarak ihdas edildi. Yine de akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, “anla\u015f\u0131lmaz ve hilekar Do\u011fulu” gibi \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 tav\u0131rlar ve yayg\u0131n kli\u015feler de artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da da “konu\u015fmaya de\u011fmez T\u00fcrk (Unspeakable Turk<\/em>)” tabirinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme rast gelmektedir. Do\u011fu sanat\u0131 ve edebiyat\u0131 hala “egzotik” ve Klasik Yunan-Roma ideallerine g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Do\u011funun politik ve iktisadi sistemlerinin genellikle feodal “do\u011fu despotizmi” \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ataletiyle ilerlemeye engel oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekteydi. Pek \u00e7ok ele\u015ftirel teorisyenler do\u011fuculu\u011fun bu bi\u00e7imini beyaz adam\u0131n daha geni\u015f ve ideolojik s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Edward Said<\/span>‘in G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu<\/strong> (Orient<\/em>) tabiri Do\u011fu’yu Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenim, Bat\u0131l\u0131 bilin\u00e7 ve Bat\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan politik g\u00fc\u00e7lerce \u00e7evrelenen temsiller sistemine i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu (Orient) Bat\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in vard\u0131r ve Bat\u0131 ile ili\u015fkisin i\u00e7inde ve onun taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilir. O, Bat\u0131’ya yabanc\u0131 olan di\u011feri (Other) ve onun alt\u0131 (inferior) olan\u0131 yans\u0131tan bir aynad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oryantalizm<\/strong>, Do\u011fu’ya ili\u015fkin ideolojik \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar ve perspektiflerin hakim oldu\u011fu, d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f (veya Do\u011fulula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f-Orientalized) yaz\u0131, vizyon ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma tarz\u0131d\u0131r. O, t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ifade edilen Do\u011fu<\/em> imaj\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oryantal<\/strong> (Do\u011fulu) bu tip d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi temsil eden ki\u015fidir. Erke\u011fi feminen, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz ama yine de garip bir \u015fekilde Bat\u0131l\u0131, beyaz kad\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden ki\u015fi olarak tasvir edilir. Do\u011fulu kad\u0131n ise \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 derecede egzoteik ve hakimiyet alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaya isteklidir. Do\u011fulu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fan bir kli\u015fedir.<\/p>\n

Gizli Oryantalizm<\/strong> bilin\u00e7sizdir, Do\u011funun ne oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda belirsiz bir kesinli\u011fe sahiptir. Onun temel i\u00e7eri\u011fi statik ve belirlidir. Do\u011fu ayr\u0131, egzantirik, geri, farkl\u0131, tensel ve pasif g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Despotizme e\u011filimli ve ilerlemeden uzakt\u0131r. Onun ilerlemesi ve erdemi hakk\u0131nda Bat\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 terimlerle h\u00fckme var\u0131l\u0131r ki o her zaman \u00f6tekidir, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve fethe a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Di\u015fil bir n\u00fcfuz edilebilirlik ve kayg\u0131s\u0131z bir uysall\u0131k sergiler.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k Oryantalizm<\/strong> ise \u00fczerine konu\u015fulan ve eylemde bulunulan \u015feydir. Do\u011fu<\/em> hakk\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen enformasyon ve bilgiyi ve Do\u011fucu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede politik kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. O, gizli oryantalizmin s\u00f6z ve eylemde ifade edilen halidir.<\/p>\n

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Sanat ve Edebiyatta Oryantalizm<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres’in T\u00fcrk Hamam\u0131 Tablosu “Le Bain turc,” 1862<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Do\u011fulu Despotizm<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Do\u011fulu Stillerin Taklidi<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans’dan 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l Bat\u0131l\u0131 tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na kadar Bat\u0131’da \u00c7in seramikleri taklit edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bunda da k\u0131smen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunmu\u015ftur. Chinoiserie terimi Bat\u0131 Avrupa’daki dekorasyonda kullan\u0131lan \u00c7in temalar\u0131 modas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f, r\u00f6nesans ve barok sanatlar\u0131nda Kuzey Afrika M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrklerin tasvirlerine rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu eserlerde Do\u011fu egzotik ve yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u015fehvet d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Viktoryen \u0130ngiltere’nin Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisiyle tensel olan her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00f6nyarg\u0131 ve \u0130slam ordular\u0131n\u0131n Hristiyan d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tehdit etti\u011fi inan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan beslenen \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu eserlerde bug\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evrelerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam eden bir Do\u011fu mitinin do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an temalar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z Resim Akademisi y\u00f6neticisi Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres’in T\u00fcrk Hamam\u0131 tablosu Do\u011fu’yu erotikle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve Bat\u0131’da herkes\u00e7e kabul edilen kad\u0131n formlar\u0131n\u0131 genelle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sanatta oryantelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f imajlar 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda bile var olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00f6rneklerinden biri de Matisse’nin do\u011fucu \u00e7\u0131plak tablolar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu eserlerde Do\u011fu ekseriyetle Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir aynas\u0131 olarak veya onun gizli ve gayrime\u015fru y\u00f6nlerini ifade etme i\u015flevini g\u00f6rmektedir. Gustave Flaubert’in Salammb\u00f4 adl\u0131 roman\u0131nda Kuzey Afrika’daki antik Kartaca antik Roma’n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir engel olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Kartaja k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc romanda ahlaken yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve tehlikeli bi\u00e7imde cezbedici bir erotizmin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yerdir. Bu roman daha sonraki antik Sami k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine ili\u015fkin portreleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fucu sanatta sadece Do\u011fu’nun bat\u0131 in\u015fas\u0131 tensel \u015fehvet d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc resmedilmemi\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda Do\u011fu’nun kan ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ile simgelenen despotik ve barbar bir do\u011faya sahip oldu\u011fu \u015feklindeki do\u011fu\u015fu k\u00f6keni olduk\u00e7a eski bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131ya dayal\u0131 imgeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oryantalizm ya da di\u011fer adlar\u0131yla Do\u011fu bilimi, \u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u015earkiyat, Do\u011fubilim; Yak\u0131n ve Uzak Do\u011fu toplum ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, dilleri ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli ve bat\u0131 merkezli ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne verilen ortak ad. Terim, kimi \u00e7evrelerce olumsuz bir yan anlamla 18. ve 19.y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki sanayi kapitalizminin geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminin zihniyeti taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillendirilmi\u015f Amerikal\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Do\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1750","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-resim-sanati-akimlari"},"yoast_head":"\nORYANTAL\u0130ZM - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/12\/02\/oryantalizm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ORYANTAL\u0130ZM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Oryantalizm ya da di\u011fer adlar\u0131yla Do\u011fu bilimi, \u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u015earkiyat, Do\u011fubilim; Yak\u0131n ve Uzak Do\u011fu toplum ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, dilleri ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli ve bat\u0131 merkezli ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne verilen ortak ad. 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