{"id":1753,"date":"2009-12-02T20:08:13","date_gmt":"2009-12-02T17:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/12\/02\/postmodernizm\/"},"modified":"2009-12-02T20:08:13","modified_gmt":"2009-12-02T17:08:13","slug":"postmodernizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/12\/02\/postmodernizm\/","title":{"rendered":"POSTMODERN\u0130ZM"},"content":{"rendered":"

Postmodernizm<\/strong>, modernizmin sonras\u0131<\/em> ya da \u00f6tesi<\/em> anlam\u0131nda bir tan\u0131mlama olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait temel kavram ve perspektiflerin sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ve hatta bunlar\u0131n yads\u0131nmas\u0131yla birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Teori alan\u0131nda modernist sanat bi\u00e7imleri ve uygulamalar\u0131ndan koptu\u011fu iddia edilen bir dizi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan mimarl\u0131k, felsefe, edebiyat, g\u00fczel sanatlar gibi alanlarda yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr bi\u00e7imlerin i\u015faretleri olarak ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar zamanla di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok alanlara ve disiplinlere de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve sonu\u00e7ta bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak modernitenin sorgulanmas\u0131na ve a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bununla birlikte postmodernizmi yeni bir tarihsel evre olarak anlamaktansa modernizmin kendi i\u00e7inde bir a\u015fama ya da \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir d\u00f6nem olarak anlama \u00e7abalar\u0131 da s\u00f6zkonusudur. Postmodernizm, bu anlamda kendine y\u00f6nelik itiraz ve ele\u015ftirileri de i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde s\u00fcregiden bir modernizm\/modernite\/modernlik soru\u015fturmas\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizmin tarihsel ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00e7er\u00e7evesi<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7oklu yap\u0131s\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k de\u011ferlendirilmeleriyle, “Postmodernizm tam olarak nedir?” sorusuna birden fazla yan\u0131t vermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Postmodernizm<\/em> kimilerine g\u00f6re, bir d\u00f6nemin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zkonusu d\u00f6nem “Postmodern durum” (Lyotard) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni bir felsefi konseptin, yeni bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin, \u00fcslubun, yeni bir us\u00e7ulu\u011fun (modern us\u00e7ulu\u011fu a\u015fan farkl\u0131 bir us\u00e7ulu\u011fun), yeni bir s\u00f6ylemin de<\/em> ad\u0131d\u0131r postmodernizm. Bu, hem k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel hem de maddi nitelikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir d\u00f6nemin sona ermesi ve kendi i\u00e7inden<\/em> \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ilmesi anlam\u0131nda ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir kavramla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 yazarlara g\u00f6re 1943 y\u0131l\u0131 modernitenin bitti\u011fi varsay\u0131lan tarihtir.Nitekim temel olarak, Postmodernizm<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve pratiklerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n II.D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131<\/span> sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kesin bir d\u00f6nemle\u015ftirme yapmak ve tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 saptamak olanakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemekle birlikte ve hatta \u00f6nc\u00fclleri bizzat modernizm icinde yer almakla birlikte, Postmodernizm olarak ifade edilen s\u00fcreci ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, tarihsel zaman dilimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan II.D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndan itibaren ele almak yerinde olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra, \u00f6zellikle 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren, Fransa’da g\u00f6r\u00fclen teorik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda, Postmodernizm, felsefi olarak da kendini ifade etmeye ba\u015flar. Postyap\u0131salc\u0131 felsefe, Postmodernizmin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel felsefi arkaplan\u0131n\u0131 doldurmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde modernitenin \u00fclk\u00fcleri ihlal edilmi\u015f ve bu \u00fclk\u00fclere kaynakl\u0131k eden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imleri ya da temel kuramsal kavram ve kategoriler a\u00e7\u0131ktan sorgulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bilim, teknoloji, sanat, siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ad\u0131na yap\u0131lan her \u015feyin ortak amac\u0131 ilerleme ve insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesidir, oysa var\u0131lan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcrecin sonucunda var\u0131lan noktay\u0131 Lyotard, Meta-anlat\u0131lar<\/span>‘\u0131n (ya da B\u00fcy\u00fck Anlat\u0131lar’\u0131n) sonu olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/span>, \u0130dealizm ve Tarihselcilik olarak belirtebiliriz. Modernitenin projelerinin ( Rasyonellik, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, Evrensellik vb. gibi) ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek de\u011fil, bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n teorik temellerini anlamak ve a\u015fmak<\/em> postmodern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temel hedefidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca modern projelerin ele\u015ftirisi ve yeniden kullan\u0131ma sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak degil, bizzat modernitenin kendisini tan\u0131mlamakta kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel arg\u00fcmantasyon yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> yap\u0131bozum’<\/strong>a (daha do\u011fru bir degi\u015fle yap\u0131s\u00f6k\u00fcm’e )u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6keni<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

Postmodernizmdeki post<\/em> eki sonra<\/em> anlam\u0131na gelmekle birlikte modernizmden devam eden, ondan kaynaklanan ve onun sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 anlamlar\u0131na gelir. Postmodernizm, s\u00f6ylemlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klara ra\u011fmen bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kapan\u0131p ba\u015fka bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda bir kopu\u015f<\/strong>u ifade etmez. Burada modernizmle paradoksal bir ili\u015fki s\u00f6zkonusudur. Modernizmin kendi i\u00e7inde var\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n sonras\u0131, o s\u0131n\u0131rlardan itibaren geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck bir k\u00f6kten sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rma giri\u015fimi ve yeniden de\u011ferlendirme \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak belirtilebilir.<\/p>\n

Arnold Toynbee<\/span> Bir Tarih \u0130ncelemesi<\/em> (1939) adl\u0131 eserinde modern d\u00f6nemin I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’yla sona erdi\u011fini, bundan sonraki d\u00f6nemin postmodern d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek ilk kez postmodern<\/em> terimini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika’da yay\u0131nlanan bir \u015fiir antolojisinde<\/span> postmodern s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1950’lerde modernizmdeki hemen t\u00fcm olgulara bir tepki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p mimarl\u0131k, sanat, politika<\/span>, e\u011fitim, toplum gibi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanda kendinden iyice s\u00f6z ettirmeye ba\u015flayan postmodernizm 1980’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir kavram olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Post-modernizm; belli bir anlamda belli bir ideolojiyi ya da \u00f6\u011fretiyi hedeflemez. Baz\u0131 postmodern teorisyenlerin \u00f6zellikle belli ba\u015fl\u0131 ideolojilerle polemik halinde olmas\u0131 bunu yads\u0131maz. Post<\/em> \u00f6neki burada, bir sonral\u0131k<\/em> anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi kadar, \u00f6tesi<\/em> anlam\u0131na da gelir ve bu ba\u011flamda tart\u0131\u015fmalar belli bir ideoloji hakk\u0131nda de\u011fil de daha \u00e7ok ve as\u0131l olarak, ideolojinin ideoloji olmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Belli bir \u00f6\u011freti ya da felsefi fikir de\u011fil as\u0131l olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fretilerin ve felsefi sistemlerin \u00fczerinde durdugu kuramsal zemin sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu anlamda modernle\u015fme projesinin ve hatta Bat\u0131 felsefesi ya da Bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/span> denilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren genel ge\u00e7erlili\u011fe<\/em> sahip olan H\u00fcmanizm, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, kurtulu\u015f, evrensellik, bilim ve ak\u0131l<\/span> gibi nosyonlar da sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve yerlerinden edilir.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizmin, ekonomik ve toplumsal ko\u015fullar anlam\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda bulunabilir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel temelleri ise karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ok daha \u00f6ncelere uzanmaktad\u0131r, ama yine de bir belirleme yapmak gerekirse Nietzsche<\/span> ve sonras\u0131nda postmodernizmin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel kavram ve kategorilerinin ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bulabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizm, Postmodern durum, Postmodern felsefe<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Postmodernizm<\/strong>, Postmodern durum, Postmodern felsefe, daha da \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir anlamda olan Postyap\u0131salc\u0131 felsefe farkl\u0131 anlamlarda ve i\u00e7eriklerde ele al\u0131n\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizm, belirli bir durum icinde ve olumlu ya da olumsuz anlamda modernizmden farkl\u0131la\u015fan, t\u00fcm siyasal ve maddi\/toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimleri, \u00f6te yandan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve kuramsal \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel pratikleri kapsayan bir form\u00fclasyondur.<\/p>\n

Postmodern durum<\/em>, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda belirginle\u015fen, sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal d\u00fczenleni\u015flerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan genel durumu<\/em> i\u015faret ederken, postmodern felsefe<\/em> postmodernizmdeki tutum ve e\u011filimlerin felsefi\/ teorik arkaplan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Postmodern felsefe, genel olarak belirgin bir \u015fekilde Platon’dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan felsefe gelene\u011finin (“metafiziksel felsefe<\/span>” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan) yads\u0131nmas\u0131 giri\u015fimidir. “\u00d6zc\u00fcl\u00fck”, “temelcilik”, “ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik”, “nesnellik”, “\u00f6zne” ya da “ben” gibi modern felsefeye i\u00e7kin kavramlar\u0131n genel ge\u00e7erlilikleri sorgulanmakta ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6lc\u00fcde yads\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Postyap\u0131salc\u0131 felsefe<\/em> ise, farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerce farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ortaya konulmu\u015f yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k-sonras\u0131<\/em> belli bir felsefe e\u011filiminin genel ad\u0131d\u0131r ve postmodern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en \u00f6nemli kuramsal aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizm – Modernizm kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Modernizm\/Modernlik<\/th>\nPostmodernizm\/Postmodernlik<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Hiyerar\u015fi, d\u00fczen, merkezile\u015ftirilmi\u015f kontrol<\/td>\nAnar\u015fi, d\u00fczenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, merkezi kontrolun kalkmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck politik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar (millet-devlet, parti)<\/td>\nMikropolitik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, kurumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, kimlik\u00e7i politikalar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Milli kimli\u011fin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn s\u00f6ylemi; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve etnik orijinler miti<\/td>\nLokal s\u00f6ylemler, b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6ylemlerin ironik y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131: orijine ait mitoslar\u0131n\u0131n aksi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bilim ve teknoloji vas\u0131tas\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerleme s\u00f6ylemi<\/td>\n\u0130lerlemeye \u015f\u00fcpheyle bakmak, teknoloji kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 reaksiyonlar, yeni \u00e7a\u011f dinleri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temsilcilerin ve medyan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u201cger\u00e7e\u011fe\u201d inan\u00e7, \u201corijinalin\u201d i\u00e7tenli\u011fi<\/td>\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 realite, imaj doygunlu\u011fu, taklid\u00een ger\u00e7ek olandan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131, ger\u00e7ekte var olmayan \u015feylerin sunulmas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n var olanlardan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bilgide uzmanla\u015fma, her \u015feyi kapsama: ansiklopediler<\/td>\nK\u0131lavuzluk, bilgi y\u00f6netimi, sadece ihtiya\u00e7 halinde bilgi, Web, \u0130nternet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kitle k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, kitle t\u00fcketimi<\/td>\nK\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn kitlesel olmamas\u0131 (demassified culture), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pazarlar, az \u00fcretim<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Medya yay\u0131n\u0131<\/td>\nBirbirini etkileyen, m\u00fc\u015fteriye hizmet eden medyan\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7ok miktarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck medya\u2019lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 (Network ve Web)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Merkezile\u015fmi\u015f bilgi<\/td>\nDa\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilgi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fcksek ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ayr\u0131m\u0131; y\u00fcksek veya resmi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn normatif ve otoriter olmas\u0131nda konsens\u00fcs<\/td>\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131 pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr hakimiyetinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi; pop\u00fcler ve y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131; pop k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yeni de\u011ferler kazanmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve amac\u0131n sanat olmas\u0131<\/td>\nProses, performans, \u00fcretim olarak sanat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sanat: sanat\u00e7\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan meydana getirilen orijinal bir objedi<\/td>\nSanat: dinleyiciler ve alt k\u00fclt\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan meydana getirilen k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yeniden i\u015flenmesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genel s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck hissi (sanat, m\u00fczik ve edebiyatta)<\/td>\nMelezlik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin yeniden birbirlerine ba\u011flanmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
New York mimarisi ve dizayn\u0131<\/td>\nLos Angeles ve Las Vegas mimarisi ve dizayn\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Derinlere uzanan k\u00f6kler\/derinlik<\/td>\nK\u00f6k g\u00f6vdeler\/y\u00fczeysellik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Niyet ve gayede ciddiyet<\/td>\nOyun, ironi, resmi ciddiyete tepki<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Birle\u015fmi\u015flik duygusu, benli\u011fin merkez olmas\u0131; \u201cferdiyet\u00e7ilik\u201d, birle\u015fmi\u015f kimlik<\/td>\nB\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck duygusu ve benli\u011fin merkez olmamas\u0131, \u00e7oklu ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 kimlikler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Organik ve inorganik aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131k farkl\u0131l\u0131k, insan ve makine.<\/td>\nOrganik ve inorganik Siborg kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131; insan-makine-elektronik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cinsel farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re \u015fekillenmi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fczeni, tek cinsiyetler, pornografinin d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131<\/td>\n\u00c7ift cinsiyetlilik, pornografi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Determinizm<\/td>\nIndeterminizm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n anlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak kitap, yaz\u0131l\u0131 bilgi sistemi olarak k\u00fct\u00fcphane<\/td>\nYaz\u0131l\u0131 medyan\u0131n fiziki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak y\u00fcksek-medya,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Makine<\/td>\nBilgi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130lkel<\/td>\n\u0130leri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nesne (object)<\/td>\n\u00d6zne (subject)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ger\u00e7eklik; Ger\u00e7ek (realite)<\/td>\nFiilen olmasa da isim olarak var olma (virtual); Hayal (imaj)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maddi olan<\/td>\nManevi olan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7ekicilik<\/td>\n\u0130ticilik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kural<\/td>\nAnar\u015fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mekan<\/td>\nMekans\u0131zl\u0131k; Zaman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ev<\/td>\nAnakent (metropol)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Postmodernizmin siyasal y\u00f6nelimleri<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu s\u00f6ylemde art\u0131k \u00f6nemli olan daha do\u011fru bilginin<\/em> ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, do\u011fruluk kategorisinin i\u015fleyi\u015f mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u015fifre edilmesi ve bu ba\u011flamda yeni do\u011frular\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Genel ahlaksal anlay\u0131\u015flar ve ilkeler art\u0131k ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmi\u015ftir; ahlaksal normlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanan ko\u015fullar, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gereklili\u011fidir. Postmodern Etik<\/span>, modernizmin evrensel ve sabit ahlak ilkelerinin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini g\u00f6stererek, genel ahlak ilkelerini g\u00f6relile\u015ftirir. Dinden sonra bilimin egemenliginin de y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla, “her \u015fey uyar” noktas\u0131na var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nerme, \u00f6ncelikle bilimin stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve do\u011fruluk iddialar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6relille\u015ftirmek \u00fczere, bir bilim felsefecisi olan Paul Feyarebend<\/span>‘ten gelir.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizmin, siyasal y\u00f6nelimleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, hem<\/em> radikal hem<\/em> muhafazak\u00e2r oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.Hem her iki y\u00f6nelimin postmodern temsilcileri s\u00f6zkonusudur, hem de belirli ba\u011flamlarda her iki y\u00f6nelimin de ayn\u0131 noktada birlikte olmas\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusudur.Postmodernizmin tutarlilik kayg\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fctmeyi\u015fi (Eklektizm<\/span>) siyasal alandaki konumlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Birey, kimlik, k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda radikal,<\/em> sistemi de\u011fi\u015ftirme alan\u0131nda muhafazak\u00e2rd\u0131r<\/em>. Ancak, radikallik ve muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 da postmodern okumada anlam de\u011fi\u015fimlerine u\u011frar ya da ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle bilinen anlam yap\u0131lar\u0131 yap\u0131bozuma u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131r pek \u00e7ok kavram ve kategoride oldu\u011fu gibi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla postmodernizmin ne<\/em> radikal ne de<\/em> muhafazak\u00e2r olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Makro siyaset<\/span> modeli Mikro siyaset<\/span> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, Maj\u00f6r olan Min\u00f6r olan ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bunu geleneksel siyasal alan\u0131n kategorileriyle tan\u0131mlamak do\u011fru sonu\u00e7lar vermeyecektir. Postmodernizm, en genel anlamda, “B\u00fcy\u00fck anlat\u0131lara”, “B\u00fcy\u00fck projelere”, “B\u00fcy\u00fck ilkelere” itirazd\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131d\u0131r. Buradan itibaren teorik ve politik alanda postmodern konumlan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u015feceresi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

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<\/a><\/div>\n

Helmut Jahn<\/span>:Sony Center’\u0131n Kubbesi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Postmodernizmin tarih\u00e7esi ve modernite ele\u015ftirisi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Modernizm ve hedefleri<\/span><\/p>\n

Modernizm, ayd\u0131nlanma<\/span> ilkelerini temel alan toplumsal projenin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Ayd\u0131nlanma ise, inanca kar\u015f\u0131 bilgiyi, teolojiye kar\u015f\u0131 bilimi \u00f6n plana alan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemidir. Modernizm, ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini temel al\u0131r. \u0130lerlemeye inan\u0131r. Ak\u0131l ve bilimi ilerlemenin arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Nesnel, evrensel ve yeg\u00e2ne bilginin ak\u0131l ve deney yoluyla edinilebilir oldu\u011funa y\u00f6nelik epistemolojik konum, b\u00fct\u00fcn modernist \u00f6\u011fretilerde sabit noktad\u0131r. Modernizm bu halde, her t\u00fcr \u00f6\u011fretiye dayanak olacak olan bir epistemolojik ve tarihsel bilin\u00e7<\/span> zeminidir.<\/p>\n

Kilisenin ve feodalizmin bin y\u0131ll\u0131k egemenli\u011fine son veren burjuvazi ‘e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve karde\u015flik’ ilkeleri ile tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Burjuvazi ger\u00e7ekten bu ilkeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bilim, teknik ve sanat alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemelerle insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devaml\u0131 ileri gidece\u011fi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Kendinin fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> olarak \u00f6znenin bu ilerleme ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmede tarihsel bilginin ve tarih yasalar\u0131n\u0131n bilgisinin sahibi olarak yer alaca\u011f\u0131 da sabit bir veriydi. Modernizme ilk ele\u015ftirileri getiren Romantiklerden<\/span>, yine ayn\u0131 teorik zeminde modernizmin hedeflerine ula\u015fmaktaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n teorik ele\u015ftirisini olduk\u00e7a derinlikli yapan Marksizme kadar her \u00f6\u011freti ya da felsefe dahil olmak \u00fczere, sonradan postmodern felsefenin yo\u011fun sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na hedef olacak olan bu konumlara<\/em> ve hedeflere<\/em> sahiptir.<\/p>\n

2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/span>‘n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m, bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ahlaki ve etik de\u011ferlerini alt\u00fcst etmi\u015ftir. Buradan itibaren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler bu tarihe sebep olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel temellerle de hesapla\u015fma aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. Modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kendisini temellendirdigi ilke ve arg\u00fcmanlara y\u00f6nelim bu \u015fekilde kuramsal bir y\u00f6nelim haline gelmi\u015ftir. Modernizm icerden ele\u015ftirisi postmodernizmden cok daha \u00f6nce, bizzat modernizmin kurulu\u015f ve geli\u015fme evrelerin de bile g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sorgulamalar postmodern konumlardaki gibi olmasa da \u00f6nemli \u00f6lc\u00fcde modernizmi icerden zorlayan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na vard\u0131ran y\u00f6nelimlerdir.Modernle\u015fme hedeflerine ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra ayd\u0131nlanma ilk olarak Marx<\/span>, Nietzsche<\/span> ve Freud gibi isimler taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirilmeye ve sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marx, Freud, Nietzsche<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Marx, ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n olumlu yanlar\u0131na (bilimin geli\u015fmesi, inan\u00e7 yerine bilgi, usa g\u00fcven vb.) sahip \u00e7\u0131karken, ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu: ‘\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet; e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve karde\u015flik’ ilkeleri ile z\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7indedir. H\u00fcmanizmi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc getirecek sistem sosyalizmdir. Tarihin \u00f6znesi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r ve gercek anlamda Ayd\u0131nlanma projesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek olan da bu \u00f6znedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin kurucusu burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla burjuva toplumu belli bir anda ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 ideallerle \u00e7eli\u015fkiye d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Marx bu \u00e7eli\u015fkinin maddi olarak toplumsal ekonomik ve ve siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda. Ancak Marx t\u00fcm bu k\u00f6ktenci ele\u015ftirilerinde yine de ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 ilkelere (ak\u0131l, nesnellik,ilerleme, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck vb.) ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131r.Ama ele\u015ftirel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131, bir anlamda onun kendi hedeflerinden ve niyetlerinden de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekten geri kalmaz.<\/p>\n

Hem sol hem de sa\u011fda taraftar bulan Nietzsche ise, ‘Der Fortschritt ist bloss eine moderne Idee, das heisst eine falsche Idee.’ (\u0130lerleme yaln\u0131zca modern bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir, fakat yanl\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce.) diyerek modernle\u015fmenin temel ilkelerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nietzsche ilerleme, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve hakikat kavramlari gibi temel ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ogu yerde yads\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O zamana kadar entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelerde geni\u015f kabul g\u00f6ren d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve anlay\u0131\u015f (modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/em>) ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha iyi ve daha g\u00fczel bir d\u00fcnyaya dair \u00f6zlem ve hayaller art\u0131k sona ermi\u015fti. Bu \u00f6zlem ve hayallerin kendilerinin sona ermesinden daha ziyade as\u0131l olarak bunlara kaynakl\u0131k eden fikirlerin ve onlar\u0131n teorik dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erliliklerinin sorgulanmas\u0131 ve yads\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na var\u0131lmas\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka kaynak da Sigmund Freud olarak belirtilebilir. Psikanaliz kuram\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle de bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n<\/span> ke\u015ffi ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 ilkelerin temelindeki kavramlar\u0131 ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6nde sorunlu hale getirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zne, \u00f6znellik, ger\u00e7eklik, benlik, bilgi, bili\u015f vb. t\u00fcrde kavramlar, akl\u0131n niteligine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar Freud’la birlikte ve Freud’dan sonra yeni bir y\u00f6n kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve pek \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Huzursuzluklar\u0131<\/span> ‘nda Freud, mevcut toplumsal sistemin ve onun dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygarl\u0131k modelinin, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunur.<\/p>\n

Postmodernizme y\u00f6nelik itirazlar<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Oysa bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr (Habermas<\/span>, Antony Giddens<\/span>, Michel Touraine<\/span> gibi) bir d\u00f6nemin kapanmas\u0131 olarak modernizmin sona ermesini kabul etmezler. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemle\u015ftirme onlara g\u00f6re hem olanaks\u0131z hem de faydas\u0131zd\u0131r.Bununla birlikte bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler de postmodern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcg\u00fc bir cok olgu ve yeni durumlar\u0131 kabul etmektedirler.Fakat bu yeni ger\u00e7eklikler modernizmin i\u00e7erisindeki olgular olarak degerlendirilir.Modernlik tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f bir proje<\/em> (Habermas) olarak ya da postmodernizm denilen yeni durum modernli\u011fin radiklalle\u015fmesinin<\/em> (Giddens) bir sonucu olarak de\u011ferlendirilir bu e\u011filimlerde.<\/p>\n

Bu kar\u015f\u0131t konumlar\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduran Agnes Heller<\/span> ve Ference Feher<\/span>, postmodernizmi \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlarlar;<\/p>\n

\n
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“postmodernite, ne bir tarihsel d\u00f6nem, ne de iyi tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f karekteristik \u00f6zellikleri olan politik ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir e\u011filimdir. Tersine postmodernite; d\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgilerini, moderniteyle ve moderniteye havale edilmi\u015f sorunlarla problemi olanlar\u0131n, moderniteyi su\u00e7lamak isteyenlerin ve gerek modernitenin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n gerekse \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz a\u00e7mazlar\u0131n\u0131n bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karanlar\u0131n \u00e7izdi\u011fi, modernitenin daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 zaman ve mekan\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki bir \u00f6zel kollektif zaman ve mekan olarak anla\u015f\u0131labilir”.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

Burada anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, postmodernizmi kabul etmeyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, genel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak, postmodernizm olarak beliren yeni<\/em> durumu modernitenin kendi i\u00e7indeki \u00f6zel bir evre ya da d\u00f6nem olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedirler.Bunu form\u00fcle edi\u015fleri, \u00e7\u0131karsamalar\u0131 ve postmodernizmi ele\u015ftirme y\u00f6nelimlerindeki hedef ve gerek\u00e7eler de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte, genelde b\u00f6yle bir yakla\u015f\u0131ma sahip olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Postmodernizm, modernizmin sonras\u0131 ya da \u00f6tesi anlam\u0131nda bir tan\u0131mlama olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait temel kavram ve perspektiflerin sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ve hatta bunlar\u0131n yads\u0131nmas\u0131yla birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Teori alan\u0131nda modernist sanat bi\u00e7imleri ve uygulamalar\u0131ndan koptu\u011fu iddia edilen bir dizi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan mimarl\u0131k, felsefe, edebiyat, g\u00fczel sanatlar gibi alanlarda yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr bi\u00e7imlerin i\u015faretleri olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1753","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-resim-sanati-akimlari"},"yoast_head":"\nPOSTMODERN\u0130ZM - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/12\/02\/postmodernizm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"POSTMODERN\u0130ZM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Postmodernizm, modernizmin sonras\u0131 ya da \u00f6tesi anlam\u0131nda bir tan\u0131mlama olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait temel kavram ve perspektiflerin sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ve hatta bunlar\u0131n yads\u0131nmas\u0131yla birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. 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