Hindistan’\u0131n bir alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa inananlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fm\u0131yorum, ama bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de, Sir Charles Wood gibi Khuli Han’\u0131n otoritesine ba\u015fvurmuyorum. Ama, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Aurung-Zebe zaman\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131z; ya da Kuzeyde Mo\u011follar\u0131n, ve G\u00fcneyde de Portekizlilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 evreyi; ya da m\u00fcsl\u00fcman istilas\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Hindistan’daki Heptar\u015fi[313] \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ya da, isterseniz, daha da gerilere, antikiteye gidiniz; Hindistan sefaletinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u0131ristiyan yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bile \u00e7ok daha gerilerdeki bir evreye dayanan brahman\u0131n[314] kendi mitolojik kronolojisini al\u0131n\u0131z.
Ne var ki, \u0130ngilizlerin Hindistan’a getirdikleri sefaletin esas olarak farkl\u0131 ve t\u00fcm Hindistan’\u0131n daha \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ekmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan sonsuz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha yo\u011fun t\u00fcrden oldu\u011fundan ku\u015fkuya yer yoktur. \u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi[315] taraf\u0131ndan asyatik despotizmin \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015f bulunan ve Salsette Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131’ndaki[316] bizi \u00fcrk\u00fcten kutsal canavarlar\u0131n herbirinden daha canavarca bir bile\u015fim olu\u015fturan Avrupa despotizmini kasdetmiyorum. Bu, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca Hollanda’ninkinin bir taklididir ve \u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 nitelendirmek i\u00e7in, Java’n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz valisi Sir Stamford Faffles’\u0131n eski Hollanda Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi konusunda s\u00f6ylediklerini s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yinelemek yeterlidir:
“Salt kazan\u00e7 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan ve, bir Bat\u0131 Hindistan plantasyoncusunun insan m\u00fclk\u00fcne \u00f6dedi\u011fi al\u0131m paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6dememi\u015f oldu\u011fundan, uyruklar\u0131na bir Bat\u0131 Hindistan plantasyoncusununkinden daha az ilgi ya da anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren Hollanda Kumpanyas\u0131, halk\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 son zerresine, emeklerini en son damlas\u0131na kadar s\u0131zd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in mevcut despotizm mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece keyfi ve yar\u0131-barbar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti politikac\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcm denenmi\u015f dehalar\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n t\u00fcm tekelci \u00e7\u0131karc\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak onun k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”
Hindistan’daki t\u00fcm i\u00e7 sava\u015flar, istilalar, devrimler, fetihler, (sayfa 590) a\u00e7l\u0131klar, birbiri pe\u015fi s\u0131ra gelen bu eylemler \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak kadar karma\u015f\u0131k, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrlerse de, yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczeyde kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere, hen\u00fcz herhangi bir onar\u0131m belirtisi g\u00f6stermeksizin, Hindistan toplumunun t\u00fcm \u00e7er\u00e7evesini par\u00e7alam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenisini kazanmaks\u0131zin kendi eski d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6ylece yitmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Hindu’nun mevcut sefaletine \u00f6zel t\u00fcrden bir kasvet getirmekte ve \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekte olan Hindistan’\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn eski geleneklerinden ve t\u00fcm ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihinden ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.
\u00c7ok eski zamanlardan beri Asya’da, genellikle, \u00fc\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmet bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olagelmi\u015ftir: Maliye, ya da i\u00e7 ya\u011fma; Sava\u015f, ya da d\u0131\u015f ya\u011fma; ve nihayet Kamu Hizmetleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u0130klim ve co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar, \u00f6zellikle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra’dan ba\u015flay\u0131p Arabistan’dan, \u0130ran’dan, Hindistan’dan ve Tartari’den[1] ge\u00e7ip Asya’n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek da\u011fl\u0131k yerlerine kadar uzanan engin \u00e7\u00f6l alanlar\u0131, kanallar ve su \u015febekeleri ile yap\u0131lan yapay sulamay\u0131 Do\u011fu tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temeli yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r’da ve Hindistan’da oldu\u011fu gibi, sel sular\u0131, Mezopotamya, \u0130ran, vb. topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bereketini art\u0131rmakta kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; sulama kanallar\u0131n\u0131 beslemekte bunlardan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Flanderler’de[2] ve \u0130talya’da oldu\u011fu gibi Bat\u0131’da da \u00f6zel giri\u015fimi g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc i\u015fbirli\u011fine itmi\u015f bulunan suyun bu bi\u00e7imde ekonomik ve ortakla\u015fa kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc i\u015fbirli\u011fini harekete ge\u00e7irmekte uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve co\u011frafik boyutlar\u0131n \u00e7ok geni\u015f oldu\u011fu Do\u011fu’da, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin merkezi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fcdahalesini zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece b\u00fct\u00fcn asyatik h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere yerine getirmeleri gereken iktisadi bir i\u015flev kamu hizmetleri sa\u011flama i\u015flevi d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmete dayanan ve sulaman\u0131n ve aka\u00e7laman\u0131n ihmal edilmesiyle derhal bozulan topra\u011f\u0131n bu yapay bereketlendirilmesi, bir zamanlar \u00e7ok parlak bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015flenen Palmira, Petra, Yemen’deki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar gibi, M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n, \u0130ran’\u0131n ve Hindistan’\u0131n geni\u015f b\u00f6lgeleri gibi koskoca alanlar\u0131, \u015fimdi, tersi durumda \u00e7ok garip g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131ra\u00e7 ve \u00e7\u00f6l halinde bulu\u015fumuzu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r; bu, ayr\u0131ca, bir tek y\u0131k\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fclkenin n\u00fcfusunu y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu nas\u0131l t\u00fcketti\u011fini ve onu (sayfa 591) t\u00fcm kendi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ekip kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.
\u015eimdi, Do\u011fu Hindistan’daki \u0130ngilizler, ard\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n maliye ve sava\u015f bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015fler, ama kamu hizmetleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ihmal etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130ngilizlerin serbest rekabet, laissez-faire ve laissez-aller[3] ilkelerine g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi olanaks\u0131z olan tar\u0131mdaki bozulma bundand\u0131r. Ama asyatik imparatorluklarda tar\u0131m\u0131n bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet zaman\u0131nda bozuldu\u011funu, bir ba\u015fka h\u00fck\u00fcmet zaman\u0131nda ise yeniden canland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye \u00e7ok al\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131z. Avrupa’da hasad\u0131n iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc mevsime g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmesi gibi, buralarda da hasat iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere tekab\u00fcl eder. \u015eu halde, t\u00fcm Asya d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda bir yenilik yaratan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u00f6nemde bir olay buna e\u015flik etmemi\u015f olayd\u0131, tar\u0131m\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve ihmali, k\u00f6t\u00fc olsa bile, davetsiz gelen \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan Hindistan toplumuna indirilen son darbe olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclemezdi. Hindistan’\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015finin siyasal y\u00f6n\u00fc ne denli de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrse g\u00f6r\u00fcns\u00fcn, toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131, en eski uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk on y\u0131l\u0131na dek, de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi onbinlerce e\u011firici ve dokumac\u0131 yaratan eltezgah\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131k, bu toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mihveri oldular. \u00c7ok eski zamanlardan beri Avrupa, Hint eme\u011finin \u00e7ok be\u011fenilen dokumas\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kendi k\u0131ymetli madenlerinden g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle kuyumcuya, s\u00fcse olan a\u015fk\u0131n, en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fla, neredeyse \u00e7\u0131plak dola\u015fanlar\u0131n bile \u00e7o\u011fu kez kulaklar\u0131na bir \u00e7ift alt\u0131n k\u00fcpe takacak ve boyunlar\u0131ndan da herhangi bir alt\u0131n ziynet salland\u0131racak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu Hint toplumunun bu vazge\u00e7ilmez \u00fcyesine malzeme sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. El ve ayak parmaklar\u0131na tak\u0131lan y\u00fcz\u00fckler de \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar kadar \u00e7ocuklar da el ve ayak bileklerinde \u00e7o\u011fu kez alt\u0131n ya da g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften a\u011f\u0131r bilezikler ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131, ve evlerde alt\u0131n ya da g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften tanr\u0131 heykellerine raslan\u0131yordu. Hint eltezgah\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alayan ve \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yokeden, davetsiz gelen \u0130ngiliz olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ngiltere, Hint pamuklu kuma\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa pazarlar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakmakla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r i\u015fe; ard\u0131ndan Hindistan’a ipli\u011fi sokmu\u015f ve (sayfa 592) sonunda da pamuklu kuma\u015f\u0131n anavatan\u0131n\u0131 pamuklu kuma\u015fa bo\u011fmu\u015ftur. 1818’den 1836’ya kadar \u0130ngiltere’den Hindistan’a yap\u0131lan iplik ihracat\u0131, 1’e 5.200 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1824’te Hindistan’a yap\u0131lan \u0130ngiliz muslinleri ihracat\u0131 1.000.000 yard\u0131 bulmazken, 1837’de 64.000.000 yard\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda, Dakka’n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu, 150.000 ki\u015fiden 20.000’e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dokumalar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc Hint kentlerinin bu bi\u00e7imde s\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, hi\u00e7 de olabileceklerin en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fildi. \u0130ngiliz buharl\u0131 makinesi ve bilimi, Hindistan’\u0131n her yerinde tar\u0131m ile imalat sanayii aras\u0131ndaki birli\u011fi y\u0131kt\u0131.
Bu iki durum \u2014Hintlinin, bir yanda, b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fu halklar\u0131 gibi, tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve ticaretinin temel ko\u015fulu olan b\u00fcy\u00fck kamu hizmetlerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmete birakm\u0131\u015f olmasi, \u00f6te yanda, \u00fclkenin her yerine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tar\u0131msal ve s\u0131nai u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131n yerel birli\u011fi ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck merkezlerde topla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131\u2014, bu iki durum, en eski zamanlardan beri, belirli \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir toplumsal sistem getirmi\u015ftir \u2014 bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birliklerin herbirine kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerini ve farkl\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 veren k\u00f6y sistemini. Bu sistemin \u00f6zg\u00fcn niteli\u011fi, \u0130ngiliz Avam Kamaras\u0131n\u0131n Hindistan i\u015flerine ili\u015fkin eski bir resmi raporunda yer alan \u015fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki anlat\u0131mdan da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
“Co\u011frafik olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bir k\u00f6y, birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz ya da bin arkl\u0131k ekime elveri\u015fli ve elveri\u015fsiz topraklar\u0131 kapsayan bir arazi par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r; siyasal olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, bir korporasyonu ya da kasaba y\u00f6netimini and\u0131r\u0131r. Memur ve hizmetlilerden olu\u015fan kurulu\u015fu \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir: genel olarak k\u00f6y\u00fcn i\u015flerine bakan, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 gideren, polise nezaret eden ve kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcnde has\u0131lat\u0131 toplama i\u015fini y\u00fcr\u00fcten ve bu i\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131yla artan ki\u015fisel etkinli\u011finin, ve durum ile ve halk\u0131n i\u015fleri ile olan yak\u0131n ilgisinin, kendisini, bu g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in en uygun ki\u015fi haline getirdi\u011fi potail, ya da ba\u015fmukim. Kurnum, tar\u0131msal hesaplar\u0131 tutar ve buna ili\u015fkin her \u015feyi kaydeder. Tallier ve totie, ki bunlardan birincisinin g\u00f6revi su\u00e7 ve kabahatler konusunda bilgi edinmek ve bir k\u00f6yden \u00f6tekine seyahat eden kimselere e\u015flik etmek ve onlar\u0131 korumakt\u0131r; ikincisinin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131 daha \u00e7ok do\u011frudan k\u00f6yle ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir ve g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcnleri korumak ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak da vard\u0131r. K\u00f6y\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan, ya da (sayfa 593) anla\u015fmazl\u0131k durumnunda bu konuda kan\u0131tlar g\u00f6steren s\u0131n\u0131rc\u0131. Tank ve Suyollar\u0131 Y\u00f6neticisi, tar\u0131msal ama\u00e7l\u0131 su da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. K\u00f6y ayinlerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten Brahman. Bir k\u00f6ydeki \u00e7ocuklara kum \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yazmay\u0131 ve okumay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretirken g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6\u011fretmen, Takvim-Brahman, ya da m\u00fcneccim, vb.. Bu memur ve hizmetliler, genel olarak, bir k\u00f6y kurulu\u015funu olu\u015ftururlar; ama \u00fclkenin baz\u0131 kesimlerinde kurulu\u015f bu kadar geni\u015f de\u011fildir; yukarda tan\u0131mlanan baz\u0131 g\u00f6rev ve i\u015flevler ayn\u0131 kimsede birle\u015firler; \u00f6teki yerlerde ise, kurulu\u015f, yukarda say\u0131lan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far. \u00dclke sakinleri, bu basit beledi h\u00fck\u00fcmet bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri ya\u015fayagelmi\u015flerdir. K\u00f6y s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7ok nadiren de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir; bazan sava\u015f, k\u0131tl\u0131k ya da hastal\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden k\u00f6ylerin kendileri zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler ve hatta yok olmu\u015flarsa da, ayn\u0131 ad, ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar, ayn\u0131 m\u00fclkler, ve hatta ayn\u0131 aileler y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu s\u00fcregelmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6y sakinleri, krall\u0131klar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 konusunu kendilerine hi\u00e7 dert edinmemi\u015flerdir; k\u00f6y b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, k\u00f6y\u00fcn hangi g\u00fcce devredildi\u011fi, ya da hangi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ile ilgilenmemi\u015flerdir; i\u00e7 ekonomisi de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Potail h\u00e2l\u00e2 ba\u015fmukimdir, ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 k\u00f6y\u00fcn kad\u0131s\u0131 ya da sulh yarg\u0131c\u0131, ve tahsildan ve rentor’u olarak hareket etmektedir.”
Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f toplumsal organizma bi\u00e7imleri, \u0130ngiliz vergi tahsildar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u0130ngiliz askerinin sert m\u00fcdahalesinden \u00e7ok, \u0130ngiliz buharl\u0131 makineleri ve \u0130ngiliz serbest ticareti ile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fler ve yokolmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu aile topluluklar\u0131, onlara kendi kendilerine yetme g\u00fcc\u00fc veren el dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, el e\u011firmecili\u011finin ve el tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n o \u00f6zg\u00fcn bile\u015fimi i\u00e7inde, ev sanayiine dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. E\u011firiciyi Lancashire’a, dokumac\u0131y\u0131 ise Bengal’e yerle\u015ftiren, ya da Hintli e\u011firicinin ve dokumac\u0131n\u0131n her ikisini birden yokeden \u0130ngiliz m\u00fcdahalesi, bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yar\u0131-barbar, yar\u0131-uygar topluluklar\u0131n iktisadi temellerini ortadan kald\u0131rarak bunlar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015f ve, b\u00f6ylece, Asya’da o zamana dek g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck, ve do\u011fruyu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, biricik toplumsal devrimi yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Bu onbinlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan ataerkil ve zarars\u0131z toplumsal organizman\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve parampar\u00e7a edilmesini, y\u0131k\u0131mlar i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmesini ve bunlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan bireylerin ayn\u0131 zamanda (sayfa 594) eski uygarl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerini ve kal\u0131tsal ya\u015fam ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmelerini g\u00f6rmek ne denli tiksinti yaratsa bile, saf ve sevimli k\u00f6y topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n, zarars\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerine kar\u015f\u0131n, her zaman Do\u011fu despotizminin temellerini olu\u015fturmu\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131, bunlar\u0131n insan zihnini olabilecek en dar \u00e7er\u00e7eve ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onu hurafenin kar\u015f\u0131 konmaz aleti haline getirdi\u011fini, geleneksel kurallara k\u00f6le etti\u011fini, onu her t\u00fcrl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckten ve tarihsel erkten yoksun b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z. B\u00fct\u00fcn dikkatini sefil bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rarak imparatorluklar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmalar\u0131, anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131z vah\u015fetler, koskoca kentlerin n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n katledilmeleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kendisini l\u00fctfedip farkeden herhangi bir sald\u0131rgan\u0131n \u00e7aresiz kurban\u0131 olan do\u011fa olaylar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ilgiden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeyerek seyirci kalm\u0131\u015f bu barbarca bencilli\u011fi unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z. Bu haysiyetsiz, hareketsiz ve bitkisel ya\u015fam\u0131n, bu edilgin varolu\u015f bi\u00e7iminin, \u00f6te yanda, bunun tersine, vah\u015fi, ama\u00e7s\u0131z, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir yak\u0131p y\u0131kma g\u00fcc\u00fc uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Hindistan’da cinayetin kendisini bir dinsel ayin haline getirdi\u011fini unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar\u0131n kast ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve k\u00f6lelik y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bozulmu\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131, insani \u00e7evresi \u00fczerinde egemen duruma getirecekleri yerde onu d\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirdiklerini, kendi kendine geli\u015fmekte olan bir toplumsal durumu hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyen do\u011fal bir yazg\u0131 haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini ve b\u00f6ylece, insan\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fa egemeni insan\u0131n maymun Hanuman[4] inek Sabbala[5] \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u015fkla diz \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle te\u015fhir ederek, do\u011faya hayvanca bir tap\u0131nma getirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z.
\u0130ngiltere’nin, Hindistan’da bir toplumsal devrimi yarat\u0131rken, ancak en i\u011fren\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karlara g\u00f6re hareket etti\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131 kabul ettirmede aptalca davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudur. Ama sorun bu de\u011fildir. Sorun, insano\u011flunun, Asya’n\u0131n toplumsal durumunda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir devrim olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tamamlay\u0131p tamamlayamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer tamamlayamayacaksa su\u00e7u ne olursa olsun, bu devrimi getirmekle \u0130ngiltere, tarihin bilin\u00e7siz aleti olmu\u015ftur.
\u00d6yleyse, eski bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 (sayfa 595) manzara bize ne denli ac\u0131 gelirse gelsin, tarih a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Goethe ile birlikte \u015f\u00f6yle hayk\u0131rmaya hakk\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r:<\/div>\n
Alplere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Himalayalar\u0131 ile, Lombardiya ovalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Bengal ovalar\u0131 ile, Apeninlere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Dekkanlar\u0131 ile, Sicilya adas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Seylan adac\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Hindistan, Asyatik boyutlarda bir \u0130talya’d\u0131r. Toprakta ayn\u0131 zengin \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, ve siyasal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmde ayn\u0131 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k. \u0130talya nas\u0131l zaman zaman istilac\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 ile ayr\u0131 ulusal y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlara ufalanm\u0131\u015fsa, Hindistan’\u0131n da, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n, Mo\u011follar\u0131n,[310] ya da \u0130ngilizlerin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar, kent say\u0131s\u0131 kadar hatta k\u00f6y say\u0131s\u0131 kadar \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan devletlere ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bununla birlikte, Hindistan toplumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u0130talya de\u011fil, Do\u011fu \u0130rlanda’d\u0131r. Ve \u0130talya ile \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n sefahat d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile elem d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bu garip bile\u015fimi, Hindistan dininin eski geleneklerinde (sayfa 589) \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu din, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, bir \u015fehvet co\u015fkunlu\u011fu dini ve nefse eziyet eden bir sofuluk dinidir; bir Linyam[311] ve Juggemaut[312] dinidir; Ke\u015fi\u015f ve Bayedere dinidir.
“Sollte diese qual uns gu\u00e4len,
Da sie unsere Lust vermehrt.
Hat nicht Myriaden Seelen
Timur’s Herrschaft aufgezehrt?”[6]
(sayfa 596)<\/p>\n
10 Haziran 1853’te Marx
taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r <\/p>\n
New-York Daily Tribune,
25 Haziran 1853, n\u00b0 3804’te
yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r
<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\nDipnotlar<\/strong><\/div>\n[1] Asya ve Avrupa’da, Japon Denizinden Dinyeper’e kadar uzanan, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kesin olarak belli olmayan tarihsel bir b\u00f6lge. -\u00e7.\u00a0
[2] Bat\u0131 Bel\u00e7ika ve Kuzey Fransa’da Kuzey Denizine kom\u015fu bir b\u00f6lge. -\u00e7.\u00a0
[3] “B\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z yaps\u0131nlar, b\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z ge\u00e7sinler” (ekonomik ili\u015fkiler alan\u0131nda devletin m\u00fcdahale etmemesi ve serbest ticaret \u00fczerinde \u0131srar eden burjuva iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerin slogan\u0131). -Ed.\u00a0
[4] Maymun olan bir Hint tanr\u0131s\u0131. -Ed.\u00a0
[5] \u0130ne\u011fin temsil etti\u011fii bir Hint tanr\u0131s\u0131 -Ed.\u00a0
[6] \u00a0 \u00a0 “Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck haz veriyor diye,
Bu ac\u0131 bizi yiyip bitirmeli midir?
Timur y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda de\u011fil midir ki,
Ruhlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fczce telef edilmi\u015ftir?”
(Goethe’nin West\u00f6stlicher Divan, An Suleika’s\u0131ndan.) -Ed.\u00a0<\/p>\n
[309] “Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011fi” ve “Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011finin Gelecekteki Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makaleler Marks’\u0131n ulusal-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sorunu konusundaki en iyi yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ikisidir. \u00c7ok zengin do\u011fal kaynaklara ve eski bir uygarl\u0131\u011fa sahip bir \u00fclke olan Hindistan’daki \u0130ngiliz egemenli\u011fi \u00f6rne\u011fi ile Marks, kapitalist devletlerin Do\u011funun iktisaden geri \u00fclkeleri \u00fczerinde kurduklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci egemenlik sisteminin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc niteliklerini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda Marks, Hindistan’\u0131n \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan istilas\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesinin belliba\u015fl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 izlemekte ve \u0130ngilizlerin Hindistan’da giri\u015ftikleri ya\u011fman\u0131n gene \u0130ngiltere’deki b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ve parababalar\u0131 oligar\u015fisinin bir zenginle\u015fme ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenme kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Marks, Hindistan’\u0131n ancak ya metropollerdeki bir proleter devrim sonucu, ya da Hindistan halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerine kar\u015f\u0131 verecekleri bir kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 sonucu kurtulabilece\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
“Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011fi” ve “Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011finin Gelecekteki Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131”n\u0131n bu ciltte yer alan metni, K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, (Progress Publishers, Moscow 1969, s. 488-493 ve 494-499) adl\u0131 yap\u0131ttan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. -589, 596.\u00a0
[310] Mo\u011follar \u2014 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Hindistan’\u0131 istila eden ve 1526’da Kuzey Hindistan’da B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu kuran Orta Asya’n\u0131n do\u011fusundan gelme T\u00fcrk soyundan a\u015firetler. S\u00fcrekli i\u00e7 sava\u015flar ve b\u00fcy\u00fcyen feodal ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 e\u011filimler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bu imparatorluk 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -589.\u00a0
[311] Limgam dini \u2014 Lingayat’\u0131n (Siva ilah\u0131n\u0131n simgesi “linga”dan gelir) G\u00fcney Hindistan mezhebi aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olan Siva ilah\u0131na tap\u0131nma; hi\u00e7 bir kast fark\u0131 tan\u0131maz; orucu, kurbanlar\u0131 ve hacc\u0131 reddeder. -590.\u00a0
[312] Juggernaut (Jagannath) \u2014 Hindu tarn\u0131s\u0131 Kri\u015fna ya da Vi\u015fnu’nun adlar\u0131ndan biri. Juggernaut Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 rahipleri y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal haclardan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar elde ediyorlar ve bayaderlerin, tap\u0131nakta ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, fuh\u015funu te\u015fvik ediyorlard\u0131. Juggernaut’a tap\u0131nma, inanm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kendi nefslerine eziyet etmelerinde ve kendilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmelerinde ifadesini bulan, tantanal\u0131 dinse ayinlerle ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fanatisizmle belirginle\u015fmekteydi. Juggernaut’un an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lan y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck festivalde hac\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131, kendilerini, putu ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00fcy\u00fck araban\u0131n tekerlekleri alt\u0131na at\u0131yorlard\u0131. -590, 603.\u00a0
[313] Heptar\u015fi (yedimi y\u00f6netim) \u2014 \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7ilerin, \u0130ngiltere’deki yedi Anglo-Sakson krall\u0131ktan olu\u015fan orta\u00e7a\u011f ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki (6-8. y\u00fczy\u0131llar) siyasal sistemi belirtmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir terim. Marks bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan istila edilmezden \u00f6nce Deccan’daki (Orta ve G\u00fcney Hindistan) feodal par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in kullanmaktad\u0131r. -590.\u00a0
[314] Brahmanlar \u2014 \u00dcyeleri k\u00f6ken olarak ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 rahipler katman\u0131ndan gelen d\u00f6rt eski Hint kast\u0131ndan biri. \u00d6teki Hint kastlar\u0131 gibi, bu da sonradan aralar\u0131nda yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n da bulunduklar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli mesleklere ve toplumsal konumlara sahip insanlar\u0131 da aras\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -590.\u00a0
[315] Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi \u2014 \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131n\u0131n Hindistan, \u00c7in ve \u00f6teki Asya \u00fclkelerindeki aleti olan \u0130ngiliz ticaret \u015firketi 1600’de kurulmu\u015ftur. 1833’de kabul edilen \u015firket stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ili\u015fkin yasa, \u015firketin tekel hakk\u0131n\u0131 Hindistan’\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ile s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131. \u015eirket 1858’de tasfiye edildi. -590.\u00a0
[316] Bombay’\u0131n kuzeyinde yeralan Salsette Adas\u0131, 109 tane budist ma\u011fara tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ile \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. -590.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Londra, Cuma, 10 Haziran 1853 Hindistan’\u0131n bir alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa inananlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fm\u0131yorum, ama bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de, Sir Charles Wood gibi Khuli Han’\u0131n otoritesine ba\u015fvurmuyorum. Ama, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Aurung-Zebe zaman\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131z; ya da Kuzeyde Mo\u011follar\u0131n, ve G\u00fcneyde de Portekizlilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 evreyi; ya da m\u00fcsl\u00fcman istilas\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Hindistan’daki Heptar\u015fi[313] \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ya da, isterseniz, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-270","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-karl-marx-friedrich-engels-arsivi"},"yoast_head":"\n
K. Marks: Hindistan'da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011fi - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-hindistanda-ingiliz-egemenligi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"K. Marks: Hindistan'da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011fi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Londra, Cuma, 10 Haziran 1853 Hindistan’\u0131n bir alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa inananlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fm\u0131yorum, ama bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011frulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de, Sir Charles Wood gibi Khuli Han’\u0131n otoritesine ba\u015fvurmuyorum. 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![](\"images\/stories\/karl_marx.jpg\")
Londra, Cuma, 10 Haziran 1853<\/p>\n