Bu mektupta Hindistan konusundaki g\u00f6zlemlerimi sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmak niyetindeyim.<\/p>\n
\u0130ngiliz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hindistan’a nas\u0131l oldu da yerle\u015fti? B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011follar\u0131n[317] yenilmez g\u00fcc\u00fc Mo\u011fol valiler taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Valilerin g\u00fcc\u00fc Mahrattalar[318]
B\u00f6yle bir \u00fclke ve b\u00f6yle bir toplum, bunlar istilan\u0131n (sayfa 597) yazg\u0131sal kurban\u0131 de\u011filler miydi? Hindistan’\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihi konusunda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey bilmiyor olsayd\u0131k, Hindistan’\u0131n, \u015fu anda bile, masraflar\u0131n\u0131 Hindistan’\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir Hindistan ordusu taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngiliz esareti alt\u0131nda tutuldu\u011fu gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck ve ku\u015fku duyulmaz bir olgu varolmayacak m\u0131yd\u0131? \u00d6yleyse Hindistan istila edilme yazg\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7amazd\u0131, ve t\u00fcm ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihi, e\u011fer b\u00f6yle bir tarih varsa, ardarda u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 istilalar\u0131n tarihidir. Hindistan toplumunun bir tarihi, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse bilinen bir tarihi yoktur. Onun tarihi dedi\u011fimiz \u015fey, imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131 bu direnmeyen ve de\u011fi\u015fmeyen toplumun edilgin temeli \u00fczerine kurmu\u015f bulunan ve pe\u015fpe\u015fe gelen davetsiz yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n tarihinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Demek ki, sorun, \u0130ngilizlerin Hindistan’\u0131 fethetmeye haklar\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkler, Persler, Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmi\u015f Hindistan’\u0131, \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmi\u015f Hindistan’a ye\u011fleyip ye\u011flemeyece\u011fimizdir.
\u0130ngiltere’nin Hindistan’da yerine getirmesi gereken ikili bir g\u00f6revi vard\u0131r: biri y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131, \u00f6teki yenileyici \u2014 eski asyatik toplumun ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ve Asya’da Bat\u0131 toplumunun maddi temellerinin at\u0131lmas\u0131.
Pe\u015fpe\u015fe Hindistan’\u0131 istila etmi\u015f olan Araplar, T\u00fcrkler, Tatarlar, Mo\u011follar, tarihin \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca uyruklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kendileri, fethedilen barbar fetih\u00e7iler olarak, k\u0131sa zamanda, hintlile\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u0130ngilizler \u00fcst\u00fcn olan ilk fetih\u00e7ilerdi, ve, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Hint uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in eri\u015filmezdi. \u0130ngilizler, yerli topluluklar\u0131 par\u00e7alayarak, yerli sanayiin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kaz\u0131yarak, ve yerli toplumda b\u00fcy\u00fck ve y\u00fcce olan ne varsa yerlebir ederek bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131lar. Bunlar\u0131n Hindistan’daki egemenliklerinin tarih sayfalar\u0131, bu y\u0131k\u0131m \u00f6tesinde pek ba\u015fka bir \u015fey kaydetmiyor. Yenileme i\u015fi bu y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aras\u0131ndan zarzor se\u00e7ilebiliyor. Ama gene de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011follar zaman\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha peki\u015fmi\u015f ve yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan siyasal birlik, Hindistan’\u0131n yenilenmesinin ilk ko\u015fuluydu. \u0130ngiliz k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu birlik, \u015fimdi elektrikli telgraf ile g\u00fc\u00e7lenecek ve s\u00fcreklilik kazanacakt\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz e\u011fitim \u00e7avu\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen ve e\u011fitilen yerli ordu, Hindistan’\u0131n kendi kendisini kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen ilk davetsiz yabanc\u0131ya av olmaktan (sayfa 598) \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sine qua non’uydu.[1] Asyatik topluma ilk kez getirilmi\u015f olan ve esas olarak Hintlilerin ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ortak d\u00f6l\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen \u00f6zg\u00fcr bas\u0131n, yeniden-yap\u0131m\u0131n yeni ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir unsurudur. Bizzat Zemindaree ve Ryotwar,[319] i\u011fren\u00e7 olsalar bile, toprakta iki ayr\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imini gerektirmektedir \u2014 asyatik toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck desideratum’u[2] \u0130ngiliz g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda Kalk\u00fcta’da g\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fczce ve ihtiyatla \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren Hindistan yerlilerinden, h\u00fck\u00fcmet etme gereklerine sahip ve Avrupa bilimini sindirmi\u015f yeni bir s\u0131n\u0131f do\u011fmaktad\u0131r. Buhar, Hindistan’\u0131, Avrupa ile d\u00fczenli ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7ine sokmu\u015f, Avrupa’n\u0131n belliba\u015fl\u0131 limanlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm g\u00fcney-do\u011fu denizindekilere ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve onu dura\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n esas yasas\u0131 olan tecrit durumundan kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n buharl\u0131 gemilerle birle\u015fmesiyle, \u0130ngiltere ile Hindistan aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sekiz g\u00fcne inece\u011fi ve, bu bir zamanlar\u0131n efsane \u00fclkesinin, b\u00f6ylece, fiilen Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ilhak olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn \u00e7ok uzak de\u011fildir.
B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’n\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n Hindistan’\u0131n ilerlemesinde, \u015fimdiye dek, yaln\u0131zca ar\u0131zi, ge\u00e7ici ve istisnai bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Aristokrasi, Hindistan’\u0131 fethetmek, paraokrasi (moneyocrasy) ya\u011fmalamak, ve imalatokrasi (millocracy) ise yok pahas\u0131na satmak istemi\u015flerdir. \u0130malatokrasi, Hindistan’\u0131n verimli bir \u00fclke haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin kendileri i\u00e7in hayati bir \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ve bunun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7!n ona, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, sulama ve i\u00e7 ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131 arma\u011fan etmek gerekti\u011fini ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir. \u015eimdi de Hindistan \u00fczerine bir demiryolu a\u011f\u0131 kurmaya niyetleniyorlar. Ve bunu yapacaklard\u0131r. Uyand\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 tepkiler \u00f6nemsiz olsa gerektir.
\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini nakletme ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n son derecede k\u0131t olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Hindistan’\u0131n \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin felce u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkes\u00e7e biliniyor. De\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131t olu\u015fu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, do\u011fal bolluk ortas\u0131nda toplumsal yokluk durumunu, Hindistan’da oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir ba\u015fka yerde g\u00f6remeyiz. \u0130ngiliz Avam Kamaras\u0131n\u0131n bir komitesinin 1848’deki bir oturumunda, “tah\u0131l\u0131n quarter’\u0131 Kandeish’de 65. ile 85. aras\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131rken, toprak yollar ge\u00e7it vermez olduklar\u0131ndan, Kandeish’ten ikmal sa\u011flama olanaklar\u0131ndan yoksun olan (sayfa 599) insanlar\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan sokaklarda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Poonuh’ta tah\u0131l\u0131n 645. ile 705. aras\u0131nda sat\u0131lmakta” oldu\u011fu tan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
Demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n getirilmesi, set yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in toprak gereken yerlerde sarn\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla ve suyun de\u011fi\u015fik yollardan nakledilmesiyle tar\u0131msal ama\u00e7lara da hizmet edebilir. Do\u011fuda \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin sine qua non’u olan sulama, b\u00f6ylece, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir ve su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan do\u011fan ve s\u0131k s\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yerel a\u00e7l\u0131klar \u00f6nlenli\u015f olur. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n genel \u00f6nemi, sulanan topraklar\u0131n, Ghauts yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerde bile, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki sulanmayan topraklardan \u00fc\u00e7 misli daha \u00e7ok vergi \u00f6dedi\u011fini, on ya da oniki misli istihdam sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ve oniki ya da onbe\u015f misli k\u00e2r getirdi\u011fini an\u0131msarsak, apa\u00e7\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.
Demiryollar\u0131, askeri tesislerin miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n ve maliyetlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Fort St. William’\u0131n Kent Sorumlusu Alb. Warren, Avam Kamaras\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6zel komitesi \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu:
“\u00dclkenin uzak kesimlerinden bug\u00fcn ka\u00e7 g\u00fcnde ve hatta ka\u00e7 haftada haber al\u0131n\u0131yorsa o kadar saat i\u00e7inde haber alman\u0131n, ve birliklerle ve malzemeyle talimat g\u00f6nderilmesinin daha k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinin olanakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6yle pek itibar edilecek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler de\u011fildir. Birlikler \u015fimdikilerden daha uzak ve daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 merkezlerde tutulabilir ve bu \u015fekilde hastal\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kaybolan bir\u00e7ok hayat kurtar\u0131labilirdi. \u00c7e\u015fitli depolarda bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde malzeme bulundurmaya gerek kalmaz ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kay\u0131plar ve iklimin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat da \u00f6nlenirdi. Birliklerin say\u0131s\u0131 etkinlikleriyle do\u011frudan orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak azalt\u0131labilirdi.”
Biliyoruz ki, beledi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve k\u00f6y topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n iktisadi temeli par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, ama bunlar\u0131n en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6zelli\u011fi, toplumun kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z atomlara ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 hayatiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u00f6ysel tecrit, Hindistan’da, yollar\u0131n yoklu\u011funu yaratm\u0131\u015f, ve yol yoklu\u011fu da k\u00f6ysel tecridi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu plan \u00fczerinde, bir topluluk, \u00f6teki k\u00f6ylerle hemen hi\u00e7 bir ili\u015fkisi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, toplumsal ilerleme i\u00e7in ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz arzular ve \u00e7abalar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, belirli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kolayl\u0131klar d\u00fczeyinde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130ngilizler k\u00f6ylerin bu kendi kendine yeterli s\u00fcredurumunu k\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan, demiryollar\u0131, haberle\u015fme ve ili\u015fki kurma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yeni istek (sayfa 600) yaratacakt\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda, “demiryolu sisteminin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, ondan etkilenen her k\u00f6ye, Hindistan’\u0131n kal\u0131tsal ve maa\u015fl\u0131 k\u00f6y-zanaat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeteneklerini ilkin ortaya serecek, ard\u0131ndan da eksikliklerini giderecek olan \u00f6teki \u00fclkelerin bulu\u015flar\u0131na ve aletlerine ili\u015fkin bilgileri ve bunlar\u0131 elde etme ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 getirmek olacakt\u0131r.” (Champan, The Cotton and Commerce of India.)
. \u0130ngiliz imalatokrasisinin Hindistan’\u0131 demiryollar\u0131yla donatmaktan amac\u0131n\u0131n, kendi mamulleri i\u00e7in pamu\u011fu ve \u00f6teki hammaddeleri daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetlerle elde etmekten ibaret oldu\u011funu biliyorum. Ama demir ve k\u00f6m\u00fcre sahip bir \u00fclkenin geli\u015fimine makineyi bir kez soktunuz mu, onu, bunlar\u0131 imal etmekten al\u0131koyamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Demiryolu hareketinin ivedi ve o andaki gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in zorunlu olan ve do\u011frudan demiryollar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan sanayi kollar\u0131nda da makine kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karacak b\u00fct\u00fcn o s\u0131nai s\u00fcre\u00e7leri getirmeksizin, koskoca bir \u00fclke \u00fczerinde bir demiryolu a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fatamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, demiryolu sistemi, Hindistan’da, ger\u00e7ekten de modern sanayiin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olacakt\u0131r. Tamam\u0131yla yeni olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kendilerini al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Hintlilerin \u00f6zel yeteneklere sahip olmalar\u0131na ve gerekli makine bilgisini edinmelerine bizzat \u0130ngiliz yetkililer ne denli izin verirlerse, bu o denli kesinle\u015fecektir. Buharl\u0131 makineleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere y\u0131llard\u0131r istihdam edilmekte olduklar\u0131 Kalk\u00fcta darphanesindeki yerli makinistlerin yetenekleri ve ustal\u0131klar\u0131, Hardwar k\u00f6m\u00fcr b\u00f6lgesindeki birka\u00e7 buharl\u0131 makinede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yerliler, ve \u00f6teki durumlar bu olguya ili\u015fkin bol bol kan\u0131t sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi’nin[315]
“… Hindistan halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131nai enerjiye sahiptir, sermaye biriktirmeye \u00e7ok yatk\u0131nd\u0131r, ve matematiksel zihin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve rakamlarda ve m\u00fcspet bilimde yetenek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fcd\u00fcr.” “Kavray\u0131\u015flar\u0131” diyor Bay Campbell, “m\u00fckemmeldir”.[320]
Demiryolu sisteminin sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan modern sanayi, Hindistan’daki kastlar\u0131n, Hint ilerlemesinin ve Hint g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde duran bu kesin engellerin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kal\u0131tsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecektir. (sayfa 601)
\u0130ngiliz burjuvazisinin yapmaya zorlanaca\u011f\u0131 her \u015fey, yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmakla kalmay\u0131p, bunlar\u0131n halk taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclk edinilmesine de ba\u011fl\u0131 olan toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131 ne de\u011fi\u015ftirecek, ne de bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 maddi olarak onaracakt\u0131r. Ama yapmamazl\u0131k edemeyecekleri \u015fey, her ikisinin de \u00f6nc\u00fcllerini ortaya koymak olacakt\u0131r. Zaten burjuvazi bundan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r ki? Burjuvazinin herhangi bir ilerlemeyi, bireyleri ve halklar\u0131 kan ve \u00e7irkef i\u00e7inde, sefalet ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanma i\u00e7inde s\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrmeden sonu\u00e7land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr?
Hindistanl\u0131lar, bizzat B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da halen egemen olan s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n yerine sanayi proletaryas\u0131 ge\u00e7ene dek, ya da Hintlilerin kendileri \u0130ngiliz boyunduru\u011funu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle k\u0131racak denli g\u00fc\u00e7lenene dek, kendi aralar\u0131na \u0130ngiliz burjuvazisi taraf\u0131ndan sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yeni toplum \u00f6\u011felerinin meyvelerini toplayamayacaklard\u0131r. Gene de, yumu\u015fakba\u015fl\u0131 yerlileri Prens Saltykov’un s\u00f6zlerini kullanacak olursak, en baya\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flara dahil olanlar\u0131 bile “plus fins et plusadroits que les Italiens”[3] olan, boyun e\u011fi\u015flerini bile belli bir sessiz soylulukla telafi eden, do\u011fal gev\u015fekliklerine kar\u015f\u0131n kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz subaylar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f olan, \u00fclkeleri dilimizin, dinimizin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015f bulunan ve jat[322] bi\u00e7iminde eski Alman tipini ve Brahman[314] bi\u00e7iminde eski Yunan\u0131 temsil eden bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ve ilgin\u00e7 \u00fclkenin, az\u00e7ok uzak bir d\u00f6nemde yeniden canlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyi g\u00fcvenle umabiliriz.
Baz\u0131 tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011finmelerde bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n Hindistan konusundan ayr\u0131lamam.
Sayg\u0131de\u011fer bi\u00e7imler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi \u00fclkesinden, \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere y\u00f6nelen burjuva uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6zlerimizin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yat\u0131yor. Bunlar m\u00fclkiyet savunucusudurlar, ama Bengal’dekine, Madras’takine ve Bombay’dakine benzer bir tar\u0131msal devrimi hi\u00e7 bir devrimci parti ba\u015flatabilmi\u015f midir? A\u00e7\u0131kg\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fcklerini basit yolsuzluklarla doyuramay\u0131nca, bunlar, Hindistan’da, bizzat o b\u00fcy\u00fck soyguncu Lord Clive’nin s\u00f6zlerini kullanacak olursak, i\u011fren\u00e7 zorbal\u0131klara ba\u015fvurmam\u0131\u015flar m\u0131d\u0131r? Avrupa’da ulusal bor\u00e7lar\u0131n dokunulmaz kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda lafebeli\u011fi ederlerken, Hindistan’da \u00f6zel tasarruflar\u0131n\u0131 \u015firketin (sayfa 602) kendi fonlar\u0131na yat\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan rayahlar\u0131n temett\u00fclerine elkoymam\u0131\u015flar m\u0131d\u0131r? “Kutsal dinimizi” korumak bahanesi alt\u0131nda Frans\u0131z devrimine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m verirken, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Hindistan’da, h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamam\u0131\u015flar m\u0131d\u0131r, ve Orissa ve Bengal tap\u0131naklar\u0131na akan hac\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndan para kazanmak i\u00e7in Juggemaut[312] tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndaki cinayet ve fuhu\u015f ticaretine el atmam\u0131\u015flar m\u0131d\u0131r? “M\u00fclk, D\u00fczen, Aile ve Din” adamlar\u0131 i\u015fte bunlard\u0131r.
Avrupa kadar geni\u015f ve 150 milyon akra sahip bir \u00fclke olan Hindistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u0130ngiliz sanayiinin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Ama unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z ki, bunlar, \u015fimdi kurulmu\u015f bulunan t\u00fcm \u00fcretim sisteminin ancak organik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bu \u00fcretim, sermayenin y\u00fcce egemenli\u011fine dayan\u0131yor. Sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesi, sermayenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak varolabilmesi i\u00e7in zorunludur. Bu merkezile\u015fmenin d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisi, halen her uygar kentte etkin olan ekonomi politi\u011fin do\u011fas\u0131ndaki organik yasalar\u0131 en devasa boyutlarda ortaya sermekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmaz. Tarihin burjuva d\u00f6nemi, yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n maddi temelini yaratmak zorundad\u0131r \u2014 bir yanda, insano\u011flunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f bulunan evrensel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fkiyi ve bu ili\u015fkinin ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131; \u00f6te yanda, insan\u0131n \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin geli\u015ftirilmesini ve maddi \u00fcretimin do\u011fal ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bilimsel bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netilmesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini. Jeolojik devrimler yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l yaratt\u0131larsa, burjuva sanayii ve ticareti de bir yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6yle yarat\u0131rlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumsal devrim, burjuva \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131na ve modern \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lere egemen duruma gelince ve bunlar\u0131 en ileri halklar\u0131n ortak denetimine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131ncad\u0131r ki, insano\u011flunun ilerleyi\u015fi, hayat suyunu yaln\u0131zca bo\u011fazlanm\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n kafatas\u0131ndan i\u00e7en o korkun\u00e7 putatap\u0131c\u0131n\u0131nkine benzemekten \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. (sayfa 603)<\/p>\n
22 Temmuz 1853’te Marx
taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n
New-York Daily Tribune,
8 A\u011fustos 1853, n\u00b0 3840’ta
yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n
\u0130mza: Karl Marx.<\/p><\/div>\n
Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n[1] Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ko\u015fuluydu. -\u00e7.
[2] \u0130vedi gereksinmesi. -\u00e7.
[3] “\u0130talyanlardan daha kibar ve daha becerikli.”[321] -\u00e7.<\/p>\n
[309] “Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011fi” ve “Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011finin Gelecekteki Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makaleler Marks’\u0131n ulusal-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sorunu konusundaki en iyi yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ikisidir. \u00c7ok zengin do\u011fal kaynaklara ve eski bir uygarl\u0131\u011fa sahip bir \u00fclke olan Hindistan’daki \u0130ngiliz egemenli\u011fi \u00f6rne\u011fi ile Marks, kapitalist devletlerin Do\u011funun iktisaden geri \u00fclkeleri \u00fczerinde kurduklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci egemenlik sisteminin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc niteliklerini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda Marks, Hindistan’\u0131n \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan istilas\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesinin belliba\u015fl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 izlemekte ve \u0130ngilizlerin Hindistan’da giri\u015ftikleri ya\u011fman\u0131n gene \u0130ngiltere’deki b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ve parababalar\u0131 oligar\u015fisinin bir zenginle\u015fme ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenme kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Marks, Hindistan’\u0131n ancak ya metropollerdeki bir proleter devrim sonucu, ya da Hindistan halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerine kar\u015f\u0131 verecekleri bir kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 sonucu kurtulabilece\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
“Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011fi” ve “Hindistan’da \u0130ngiliz Egemenli\u011finin Gelecekteki Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131”n\u0131n bu ciltte yer alan metni, K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, (Progress Publishers, Moscow 1969, s. 488-493 ve 494-499) adl\u0131 yap\u0131ttan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. -589, 596.
[312] Juggernaut (Jagannath) \u2014 Hindu tarn\u0131s\u0131 Kri\u015fna ya da Vi\u015fnu’nun adlar\u0131ndan biri. Juggernaut Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 rahipleri y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal haclardan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar elde ediyorlar ve bayaderlerin, tap\u0131nakta ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, fuh\u015funu te\u015fvik ediyorlard\u0131. Juggernaut’a tap\u0131nma, inanm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kendi nefslerine eziyet etmelerinde ve kendilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmelerinde ifadesini bulan, tantanal\u0131 dinse ayinlerle ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fanatisizmle belirginle\u015fmekteydi. Juggernaut’un an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lan y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck festivalde hac\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131, kendilerini, putu ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00fcy\u00fck araban\u0131n tekerlekleri alt\u0131na at\u0131yorlard\u0131. -590, 603.
[314] Brahmanlar \u2014 \u00dcyeleri k\u00f6ken olarak ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 rahipler katman\u0131ndan gelen d\u00f6rt eski Hint kast\u0131ndan biri. \u00d6teki Hint kastlar\u0131 gibi, bu da sonradan aralar\u0131nda yoksulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n da bulunduklar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli mesleklere ve toplumsal konumlara sahip insanlar\u0131 da aras\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -590.
[315] Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi \u2014 \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131n\u0131n Hindistan, \u00c7in ve \u00f6teki Asya \u00fclkelerindeki aleti olan \u0130ngiliz ticaret \u015firketi 1600’de kurulmu\u015ftur. 1833’de kabul edilen \u015firket stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ili\u015fkin yasa, \u015firketin tekel hakk\u0131n\u0131 Hindistan’\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ile s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131. \u015eirket 1858’de tasfiye edildi. -590.
[317] B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011fol \u2014 Kendilerine padi\u015fah diyen Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlar\u0131na Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n verdi\u011fi ad. -597.
[318] Mahrattalar \u2014 Deccan’\u0131n kuzey-bat\u0131 kesiminde ya\u015fayan Hint halk\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Mahrattalar B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe indirmi\u015fler ve feodal \u00fcst tabakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden istila sava\u015flar\u0131na giri\u015fti\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devret kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Mahratta prenslikleri i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmelerle zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hindistan’da egemenli\u011fi ele ge\u00e7irme sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ve i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmelerle zay\u0131flayan Mahrattalar, 1803-05 Anglo-Mahratta Sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda onlara boyun e\u011fdiren \u0130ngiliz Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi’ne yem oldular. -597.
[319] Zemindar ve Ryotwar sistemleri \u2014 \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6neticilerin 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Hindistan’a getirdikleri iki t\u00fcr toprak vergisi sistemi. -599.
[320] G. Campbell, Modern India: a Sketch of the System of Civil Government, London 1852, s. 50-60. -601.
[321] Marks, bu s\u00f6zleri A. D. Saltykov’un kitab\u0131 Letter sur l’Inde, Paris 1848, s. 61’den aktar\u0131yor. -602.
[322] Jatlar \u2014 Kuzey Hindistan’da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden olu\u015fan bir kast grubu; askeri feodalleri de i\u00e7ermekteydi. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Jat k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri Mo\u011fol feodallerinin y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k ayaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. -602.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Londra, Cuma, 22 Temmuz 1853 Bu mektupta Hindistan konusundaki g\u00f6zlemlerimi sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmak niyetindeyim. \u0130ngiliz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hindistan’a nas\u0131l oldu da yerle\u015fti? B\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011follar\u0131n[317] yenilmez g\u00fcc\u00fc Mo\u011fol valiler taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Valilerin g\u00fcc\u00fc Mahrattalar[318] B\u00f6yle bir \u00fclke ve b\u00f6yle bir toplum, bunlar istilan\u0131n (sayfa 597) yazg\u0131sal kurban\u0131 de\u011filler miydi? Hindistan’\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihi konusunda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey bilmiyor olsayd\u0131k, Hindistan’\u0131n, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-271","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-karl-marx-friedrich-engels-arsivi"},"yoast_head":"\n
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![](\"images\/stories\/karl_marx.jpg\")
Londra, Cuma, 22 Temmuz 1853<\/p>\n