{"id":274,"date":"2009-03-01T13:44:28","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T10:44:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-ucretli-emek-ve-sermaye-1bolum\/"},"modified":"2009-03-01T13:44:28","modified_gmt":"2009-03-01T10:44:28","slug":"k-marks-ucretli-emek-ve-sermaye-1bolum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-ucretli-emek-ve-sermaye-1bolum\/","title":{"rendered":"K. Marks: \u00dccretli Emek ve Sermaye (1.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)"},"content":{"rendered":"

FR\u0130EDR\u0130CH ENGELS’\u0130N G\u0130R\u0130\u015e’\u0130
Bu yap\u0131t, Neue Rheinische Zeitung’da[76] 4 Nisan 1849 tarihinden ba\u015flayarak bir dizi ba\u015fyaz\u0131 olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131. Marx’\u0131n 1847’de, Br\u00fcksel’de, Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Birli\u011finde[77] verdi\u011fi konferanslar, bu bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn temelini olu\u015fturur. Bu yap\u0131t, bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla, yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gazetenin 269’uncu say\u0131s\u0131nda, makalenin sonunda, “Devam edecek” notu ile verilen s\u00f6z, o s\u0131rada h\u0131zla birbiri \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmakta olan olaylar sonucu yerine getirilmedi: Macaristan’\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan istil\u00e2s\u0131,[78] bizzat gazetenin de kapanmas\u0131na (19 May\u0131s 1849) yola\u00e7an Dresden’deki, Iserlohn’daki, Elberfeld’deki ayaklanmalar, Pfalz ve Baden ayaklanmalar\u0131.[79] Marx’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bulunan yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda makalelerin geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin m\u00fcsveddelerine raslanmad\u0131.[80]
\u00dccretli Emek ve Sermaye’nin ayr\u0131 bir yay\u0131n olarak bro\u015f\u00fcr (sayfa 174) bi\u00e7iminde birka\u00e7 bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, sonuncusu, 1884’te Hottingen-Zurich’te, Schweizerische Genossenschafts-Bushruckerei (\u0130svi\u00e7re Bas\u0131n Kooperatifi) taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eimdiye kadar yay\u0131nlananlar, ilk metne harfi harfine uyuyordu. Ama bu yeni bask\u0131, propaganda bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc olarak, en az\u0131ndan 10.000 adet da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131r; bu bak\u0131mdan, Marx’\u0131n kendisinin de, bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, as\u0131l metinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmadan yeni bir bask\u0131ya izin verip vermeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden edemezdim.
K\u0131rklarda, Marx ekonomi politi\u011fin ele\u015ftirisini hen\u00fcz tamamlamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu, ancak ellilerin sonuna do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Onun i\u00e7in, Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131’n\u0131n birinci k\u0131sm\u0131ndan (1859) \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131lar\u0131, bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan, 1859’dan sonra yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bundan \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00f6yle deyimler, hatta ba\u015fl\u0131ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6yle t\u00fcmceler vard\u0131r ki, sonraki yap\u0131tlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan talihsiz, hatta yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. \u015euras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, geni\u015f okur y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan s\u0131radan yay\u0131nlarda, yazar\u0131n entelekt\u00fcel geli\u015fiminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bu ilk bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da bir yeri vard\u0131r, ve yazar\u0131n oldu\u011fu kadar okurlar\u0131n da, bu eski yap\u0131tlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemek haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve. benim de bunlar\u0131n tek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc olsun de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi akl\u0131m\u0131n k\u00f6\u015fesinden bile ge\u00e7irmemi\u015f olmam gerekirdi.
Ama, hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcyle i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda propaganday\u0131 ama\u00e7layan yeni bir bask\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu oldu\u011funda, i\u015f de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Bu durumda, Marx, elbette, 1849 tarihli eski a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131, yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyecekti. Ve bu bask\u0131 i\u00e7in, belliba\u015fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn noktalarda, bu amaca ula\u015fmak \u00fczere, baz\u0131 gerekli de\u011fi\u015fiklik ve eklemeleri yapmakla, Marx’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne uygun bir davran\u0131\u015fta bulundu\u011fumdan eminim, Okura \u015fimdiden s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum: bu, Marx’\u0131n 1849’da yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu de\u011fil, 1891’de yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak yazm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 bro\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Dahas\u0131, as\u0131l metin \u00f6yle \u00e7ok say\u0131da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ki, onu, daha ileride t\u00fcm yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden yeniden basmama dek, bu, \u015fimdilik, yeterli olacakt\u0131r.
Benim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin t\u00fcm\u00fc, bir tek nokta etraf\u0131nda toplan\u0131yor. As\u0131l metne g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i, kapitaliste, \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eme\u011fini satmaktad\u0131r; bu metne g\u00f6re ise, i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satmaktad\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik i\u00e7in bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmam (sayfa 175) gerekir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131, bu sorunun basit bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck oyunu de\u011fil, tersine, b\u00fct\u00fcn ekonomi politi\u011fin en \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rs\u00fcnler diye yapmal\u0131y\u0131m.
Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131, en g\u00fc\u00e7 ekonomik tahlillerin kendilerine kolayl\u0131kla anlat\u0131labildi\u011fi e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmemi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, b\u00f6ylesine karma\u015f\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca hi\u00e7 kavrayamam\u0131\u015f bizim “k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc” ve kendini be\u011fenmi\u015f ki\u015filerimizden ne kadar \u00fcst\u00fcn olduklar\u0131na burjuvazi kendisini inand\u0131rabilsin diye yapmal\u0131y\u0131m.
Klasik ekonomi politik,[81] fabrikat\u00f6r\u00fcn sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6dedi\u011fi \u015feyin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin emekleri oldu\u011fu yolundaki mevcut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131nai uygulamalardan devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f, fabrikat\u00f6r\u00fcn ticari gereksinmeleri, muhasebe ve fiyat hesaplamalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tamam\u0131yla yeterli olmu\u015ftur. Ama bunun ekonomi politi\u011fe saf\u00e7a aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla orada ger\u00e7ekten de ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yan\u0131lg\u0131lar ve karga\u015fal\u0131klar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Ekonomi, b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar\u0131n, bu arada “emek” diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 meta\u0131n da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmekte oldu\u011funu; bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kez bizzat metalar\u0131n \u00fcretimleriyle hi\u00e7 bir ili\u015fkisi bulunmayan ve, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da, fiyatlar\u0131n, kural olarak, salt raslant\u0131 sonucu belirleniyorlarm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ko\u015fullar sonucu y\u00fckselip d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olgusunu g\u00f6zlemlemektedir. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, bir bilim olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz,[82] ekonomi politi\u011fin ilk i\u015flerin den biri, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte metalar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bu raslant\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na gizlenen, ama ger\u00e7ekte, bu raslant\u0131n\u0131n kendisini de belirleyen yasay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak oldu. Ekonomi politik, \u00e7alkanma ve dalgalanmalar\u0131n etraf\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi sabit merkezi, y\u00fckselme ve al\u00e7alma aras\u0131nda gidip gelen s\u00fcrekli \u00e7alkant\u0131 halindeki bu meta fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde arad\u0131. Fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen yasa olarak metalar\u0131n de\u011ferini, b\u00fct\u00fcn fiyat dalgalanmalar\u0131n\u0131n onunla a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu dalgalanmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7 olarak gelip dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feri bulmak i\u00e7in, yola, meta fiyatlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
Klasik iktisat, b\u00f6ylece, bir meta\u0131n de\u011ferinin, bu meta\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ve \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan emek ile belirlendi\u011fini buldu; ve bu a\u00e7\u0131klama ile yetindi. Biz de, bir an i\u00e7in, burada durabiliriz. Ama yanl\u0131\u015f anlamlara meydan vermemek (sayfa 176) i\u00e7in, bu a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k tamam\u0131yla yetersiz bir hale geldi\u011fini an\u0131msataca\u011f\u0131m. Eme\u011fin de\u011fer yaratma \u00f6zelli\u011fini derinlemesine inceleyen ilk ki\u015fi Marx’t\u0131 ve bu incelemesiyle, bir meta\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde ya da ger\u00e7ekte zorunlu olan her eme\u011fin, bu metaya, b\u00fct\u00fcn ko\u015fullarda, harcanan eme\u011fin niceli\u011fine tekab\u00fcl eden b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir de\u011fer katmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buldu. Demek ki, bug\u00fcn, Ricardo gibi iktisat\u00e7\u0131larla birlikte, rasgele, bir meta\u0131n de\u011ferinin, onun \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli-emekle belirlendi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, bunu her s\u00f6yledi\u011fimizde, Marx’\u0131n bu konudaki ihtiyat kayd\u0131na da dolayl\u0131 olarak de\u011finmi\u015f oluruz. Burada bu kadar\u0131 yeterlidir; gerisi, Marx’\u0131n Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131’s\u0131nda (1859) ve Kapital’inin birinci cildinde bulunabilir.
Ama, iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar, de\u011ferin bu emek ile belirleni\u015fini “emek” meta\u0131na uygulad\u0131klar\u0131nda, \u00e7eli\u015fkiden \u00e7eli\u015fkiye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. “Emek”in de\u011feri nas\u0131l belirlenir? \u0130\u00e7erdi\u011fi gerekli-emekle. Ama bir i\u015f\u00e7inin, bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck, bir haftal\u0131k, bir ayl\u0131k, bir y\u0131ll\u0131k eme\u011finde ne kadar emek vard\u0131r? Bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck, bir haftal\u0131k, bir ayl\u0131k, bir y\u0131ll\u0131k emek vard\u0131r. E\u011fer emek b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc ise, o zaman, “eme\u011fin de\u011feri”ni, ger\u00e7ekten de, ancak emek ile ifade edebiliriz. Ama e\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz, bir saatlik eme\u011fin bir saatlik eme\u011fe e\u015fit oldu\u011fundan ibaretse, bir saatlik eme\u011fin de\u011feri konusunda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey bilmiyoruz demektir. Bu ise, bizi, amaca bir k\u0131l pay\u0131 olsun yakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131yor; oldu\u011fumuz yerde d\u00f6n\u00fcp duruyoruz.
Onun i\u00e7in, klasik iktisat, bir ba\u015fka yol denedi, ve \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: bir meta\u0131n de\u011feri, onun \u00fcretim maliyetine e\u015fittir. Peki ama, eme\u011fin \u00fcretim maliyeti nedir? Bu soruya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verebilmek i\u00e7in, iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar, mant\u0131\u011fa birka\u00e7 takla att\u0131rmak zorundad\u0131rlar. \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar, bizzat eme\u011fin, ne yaz\u0131k ki bilinemeyen \u00fcretim maliyetini ara\u015ft\u0131racaklar\u0131na, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretim maliyetini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Ve bu bulunabilir. Bu maliyet zamana ve ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir, ama belli toplum ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in, belli bir yer, belli bir \u00fcretim dal\u0131 i\u00e7in, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse olduk\u00e7a dar s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde, bu maliyet de bellidir. Bug\u00fcn biz, n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck ve durmadan artan bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ancak \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u2014alet, makine, hammadde ve ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131\u2014 sahiplerinin hesab\u0131na \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ya\u015fayabildi\u011fi kapitalist \u00fcretimin egemenli\u011fi (sayfa 177) alt\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Bu \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi temeli \u00fczerinde, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretim maliyeti, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir durumda kalmas\u0131, ve ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, hastal\u0131k ya da \u00f6l\u00fcm gibi nedenlerle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra yerinin bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u2014yani, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n gerekli say\u0131larda \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131\u2014 i\u00e7in ortalama olarak gerekli olan ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 miktar\u0131ndan \u2014ya da bunlar\u0131n para olarak fiyat\u0131ndan\u2014 ibarettir.
Varsayal\u0131m ki, bu ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n para olarak fiyat\u0131, g\u00fcnde ortalama \u00fc\u00e7 mark\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r.
Demek ki, i\u015f\u00e7imiz, kendisini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran kapitalistten g\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 markl\u0131k bir \u00fccret almaktad\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, kapitalist, onu, diyelim ki, g\u00fcnde oniki saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapitalist, kabaca \u015f\u00f6yle hesap yapar:
\u0130\u015f\u00e7imizin \u2014bir tesviyecinin\u2014 bir g\u00fcnde tamamlayabilece\u011fi bir makine par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 yapmak zorunda oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Hammadde \u2014daha \u00f6nceden gerekli bi\u00e7imde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f demir ve pirin\u00e7\u2014 20 mark tutuyor. Buharl\u0131 makinenin k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketimi, ve bu ayn\u0131 buharl\u0131 makinenin, tornan\u0131n ve i\u015f\u00e7imizin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6teki aletlerin bu kullan\u0131mdan do\u011fan y\u0131pranma pay\u0131, bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7in, bir markl\u0131k bir de\u011feri temsil etmektedir. Varsay\u0131m\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re, bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccret, 3 markt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bizim s\u00f6zkonusu makine par\u00e7as\u0131, hepsi i\u00e7inde, 24 mark etmektedir. Ama kapitalist, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, m\u00fc\u015fterilerinden, ortalama olarak, 27 mark alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamaktad\u0131r, ya da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 harcamadan 3 mark daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131.
Kapitalistin cebine indirdi\u011fi bu 3 mark nereden geliyor? Klasik ekonominin iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, metalar, ortalama olarak, kendi de\u011ferlerinden sat\u0131l\u0131rlar, yani i\u00e7erdikleri gerekli-emek miktar\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eden fiyatlardan. Bizim makine par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n ortalama fiyat\u0131 \u201427 mark\u2014 demek ki, kendi de\u011ferine, yani bu par\u00e7a i\u00e7inde cisimle\u015fmi\u015f eme\u011fe e\u015fit olacakt\u0131r. Ama bu 27 marktan 21’i, bizim tesviyeci i\u015fe koyulmadan \u00f6nce de zaten var olan bir de\u011ferdi. 20 mark\u0131n\u0131 hammaddeler, bir mark\u0131n\u0131 da i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcketilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr, ya da [\u00fcretim -\u00e7.] s\u00fcrecinde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve etkinlikleri bu de\u011fer tutar\u0131nca azalm\u0131\u015f olan makineler ve aletler i\u00e7ermekteydi. Geriye kal\u0131yor hammaddenin de\u011ferine eklenmi\u015f olan 6 mark. Ama iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kendi varsay\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu 6 mark, ancak, i\u015f\u00e7imizin hammaddeye katm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu emekten ileri gelebilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin oniki (sayfa 178) saatlik eme\u011fi, b\u00f6ylece, 6 markl\u0131k yeni bir de\u011fer yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun oniki saatlik eme\u011fi, demek ki, 6 marka e\u015fit olacakt\u0131r. Ve b\u00f6ylece, biz de, en sonunda, “eme\u011fin de\u011feri”nin ne oldu\u011funu bulmu\u015f oluyoruz.
“Dur bakal\u0131m!” diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor tesviyecimiz. “Alt\u0131 mark m\u0131? Ama ben ancak \u00fc\u00e7 mark ald\u0131m! Benim kapitalist, oniki saatlik eme\u011fimin de\u011ferinin ancak \u00fc\u00e7 mark oldu\u011funa yemin bill\u00e2h ediyor, ve e\u011fer alt\u0131 mark isteyecek olursam, benimle alay eder. Ne demek oluyor bu?”
Eme\u011fin de\u011feri ile, \u00f6nceleri k\u0131s\u0131r bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc i\u00e7ine giriyor idiysek, \u015fimdi de, tam anlam\u0131yla i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz bir \u00e7eli\u015fki i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bulunuyoruz. Eme\u011fin de\u011ferini arad\u0131k ve bize gerekli olandan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 bulduk. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in, oniki saatlik eme\u011fin de\u011feri \u00fc\u00e7 markt\u0131r, kapitalist i\u00e7in ise, alt\u0131 markt\u0131r, ki bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fccret olarak i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00f6der, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc de kendisi i\u00e7in cebe atar. \u015eu halde, eme\u011fin, bir de\u011fil, iki de\u011feri, \u00fcstelik de birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 iki de\u011feri olmal\u0131yd\u0131!
Para olarak ifade edilen de\u011ferleri i\u015f zaman\u0131na indirgedi\u011fimiz anda, \u00e7eli\u015fki daha da ak\u0131l almaz bir hal al\u0131yor. Oniki saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda, alt\u0131 markl\u0131k yeni bir de\u011fer yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, alt\u0131 saatte \u00fc\u00e7 mark \u2014 i\u015f\u00e7inin oniki saatlik emek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 miktar. Oniki saatlik emek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7i, buna e\u015f bir de\u011fer olarak, alt\u0131 saatlik emek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc elde etmektedir. \u015eu halde, ya eme\u011fin biri \u00f6tekinin iki kat\u0131 olan iki de\u011feri vard\u0131r, ya da oniki alt\u0131ya e\u015fittir! Her durumda da tam bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011fa var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
Ne yaparsak yapal\u0131m, eme\u011fin al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ve eme\u011fin de\u011ferinden s\u00f6zetti\u011fimiz s\u00fcrece, bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiden hi\u00e7 bir zaman kurtulamayaca\u011f\u0131z. \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen de budur. Klasik ekonominin son kolu olan rikardocu okul, esas olarak bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlememesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden batm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Klasik iktisat bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza girmi\u015fti. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolunu bulan Marx oldu.
\u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n “emek”in \u00fcretim maliyeti olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri \u015fey, eme\u011fin de\u011fil, bizzat ya\u015fayan i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretim maliyeti idi. Ve bu i\u015f\u00e7inin kapitaliste satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey, kendi eme\u011fi de\u011fildi. “\u0130\u015fe fiilen ba\u015flar ba\u015flamaz”, diyor Marx, “art\u0131k, eme\u011fi onun olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bunun i\u00e7in de bu eme\u011fin \u015fimdi i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu olamaz.”[83] \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, olsa olsa (sayfa 179) gelecekteki eme\u011fini satabilir, yani belirli bir zaman i\u00e7inde belirli bir i\u015fi yerine getirece\u011fi \u00fczerine s\u00f6z kesebilir. Ama bunu yapmakla emek satm\u0131\u015f olmaz (ki bu eme\u011fin \u00f6nce harcanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekirdi), belirli bir zaman i\u00e7in (g\u00fcndelik i\u015f durumunda) ya da belirli bir \u00fcretim i\u00e7in (par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015f durumunda), i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kapitalistin emrine verir: kiraya verdi\u011fi, ya da satt\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ama bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7inin ki\u015fili\u011fine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve ondan ayr\u0131lamaz. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretim maliyeti, \u015fu halde, i\u015f\u00e7inin bizzat kendi \u00fcretim maliyeti ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r; iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n eme\u011fin \u00fcretim maliyeti dedikleri \u015fey, ger\u00e7ekte, i\u015f\u00e7inin ve, b\u00f6ylelikle de, onun i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretim maliyetidir. Ve b\u00f6ylece i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretim maliyetinden gerisin geriye i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferine varabiliriz ve, Marx’\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m\u0131 konusundaki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi (Kapital, Band IV, 3),[84] belirli bir nitelikteki i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan toplumsal olarak gerekli-emek miktar\u0131n\u0131 saptayabiliriz.
Peki ama i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kapitaliste satt\u0131ktan, yani \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u2014g\u00fcndelik ya da par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na\u2014 bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kapitalistin emrine verdikten sonra ne olur? Kapitalist, i\u015f\u00e7iyi, i\u015f i\u00e7in gerekli b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015feylerin \u2014hammaddelerin, yard\u0131mc\u0131 maddelerin (k\u00f6m\u00fcr, boya vb.), aletlerin, makinelerin\u2014 haz\u0131r oldu\u011fu atelyesine ya da fabrikas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i burada \u00f6lesiye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. G\u00fcndelik \u00fccreti, yukarda varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, \u00fc\u00e7 markt\u0131r \u2014 bu durumda, bu \u00fccreti, g\u00fcndelik ya da par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na kazan\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Burada da, gene, i\u015f\u00e7inin, kendi eme\u011fi ile, t\u00fcketilen hammaddelere oniki saatte alt\u0131 markl\u0131k bir yeni de\u011fer katt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsay\u0131yoruz, ki bu yeni de\u011feri, kapitalist, yap\u0131m\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f par\u00e7ay\u0131 satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman paraya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Kapitalist, bununla, i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00fc\u00e7 mark\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6der; \u00f6teki \u00fc\u00e7 mark\u0131 da kendisine al\u0131koyar. Ama e\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i, oniki saatte alt\u0131 markl\u0131k bir de\u011fer yarat\u0131yorsa, alt\u0131 saatte de , \u00fc\u00e7 markl\u0131k bir de\u011fer yarat\u0131r. Demek ki, kapitalist i\u00e7in alt\u0131 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakla, i\u015f\u00e7i, \u00fccret olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 mark\u0131n e\u015fde\u011ferini kapitaliste zaten geri \u00f6demi\u015f oluyor. Alt\u0131 saatlik bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan sonra ikisi de \u00f6de\u015fmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131rlar, birbirlerine tek fenik bile bor\u00e7lu de\u011fillerdir.
“Dur bakal\u0131m!” diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor bu kez de kapitalist. “Ben i\u015f\u00e7iyi b\u00fct\u00fcn bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7in, oniki saatli\u011fine kiralad\u0131m. Oysa (sayfa 180) alt\u0131 saat ancak yar\u0131m g\u00fcn eder. Haydi bakal\u0131m \u00f6teki alt\u0131 saat da doluncaya kadar i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na \u2014 ancak o zaman \u00f6de\u015fmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z!” Ve i\u015f\u00e7i, ger\u00e7ekten de, “kendi iste\u011fiyle” kabul etti\u011fi ve alt\u0131 i\u015f saatine malolan bir \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7in oniki saatlik b\u00fct\u00fcn bir g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00fcstlendi\u011fi anla\u015fmaya uymak zorundad\u0131r.
Par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada da durum t\u0131pat\u0131p ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Varsayal\u0131m ki, i\u015f\u00e7imiz, oniki saatte bir metadan oniki par\u00e7a yap\u0131yor. Bu par\u00e7alardan herbiri, hammadde ve y\u0131pranma olarak iki marka malolmakta ve 2,5 marka sat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bundan \u00f6nceki ayn\u0131 varsay\u0131mlara g\u00f6re, demek ki, kapitalist, i\u015f\u00e7iye, par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na 25 fenik verecektir; bu, oniki par\u00e7a i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 mark etmektedir ki, bunu kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de i\u015f\u00e7inin oniki saate gereksinmesi vard\u0131r; oniki par\u00e7an\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kapitalistin eline 30 mark ge\u00e7er; bundan hammaddeler ve y\u0131pranma i\u00e7in 24 mark indirildi\u011finde geriye alt\u0131 mark kal\u0131r ki, kapitalist bunun \u00fc\u00e7 mark\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccret olarak i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00f6der, \u00fc\u00e7 mark\u0131n\u0131 da cebine atar. T\u0131pk\u0131 yukar\u0131daki gibi. Burada da i\u015f\u00e7i, alt\u0131 saat kendisi i\u00e7in yani \u00fccretini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in (oniki saatin herbirinde yar\u0131m\u015far saat), ve alt\u0131 saat da kapitalist i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
En iyi iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, “emek”in de\u011ferinden yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece \u00fcstesinden gelemedikleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck, “emek”in de\u011fil de, “i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc”n\u00fcn de\u011ferinden yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ortadan kaybolur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn kapitalist toplumunda, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar gibi bir metad\u0131r, ama gene de, tamam\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir meta. Yani, de\u011fer yaratan bir g\u00fc\u00e7, bir de\u011fer kayna\u011f\u0131 olmak ve, ger\u00e7ekten de, uygun bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bizzat kendisinde olandan daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yaratan bir de\u011fer kayna\u011f\u0131 olmak gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir niteli\u011fi vard\u0131r. \u00dcretimin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumunda, insan\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, bir g\u00fcnde, bizzat kendisinde bulunandan ve kendisinin maloldu\u011fundan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fer \u00fcretmekle kalmaz; her yeni bilimsel bulguyla, her yeni teknik bulu\u015fla, g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fcretiminin g\u00fcnl\u00fck maliyeti a\u015fan bu fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar, ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc azal\u0131r; \u00f6te yandan da, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7inin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 almaks\u0131z\u0131n eme\u011fini kapitaliste arma\u011fan etmek zorunda oldu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc artar.
\u0130\u015fte bug\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumumuzun t\u00fcm ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 budur: b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferleri yaratan tek ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc de\u011fer s\u00f6z\u00fc, emek s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u00f6teki ifadesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey (sayfa 181) de\u011fildir ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist toplumumuzda, belirli bir meta\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi toplumsal olarak gerekli-emek miktar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan bir deyimdir. Ne var ki, i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen bu de\u011ferler, i\u015f\u00e7ilere ait de\u011fildir. Bu de\u011ferler, hammaddelerin, makinelerin, aletlerin ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131n almalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan birikmi\u015f paran\u0131n sahiplerine aittir. Demek ki, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131ndan kendisine kalan, bu y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr ancak. Ve az \u00f6nce g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kendine sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve olsa olsa toprak sahipleri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmek zorunda oldu\u011fu geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm, her yeni bulgu ve bulu\u015fla daha da artar, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen b\u00f6l\u00fcm (adam ba\u015f\u0131na hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) ya \u00e7ok yava\u015f ve \u00f6nemsiz bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterir, ya yerinde sayar, ya da hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda azal\u0131r.
Ama gitgide artan bir h\u0131zla birbirinin yerini alan bu bulgu ve bulu\u015flar, insan eme\u011finin her g\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artan bu \u00fcretkenli\u011fi, nihayet, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist ekonomiyi ortadan kald\u0131racak bir \u00e7eli\u015fkiye yola\u00e7ar. Bir yanda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye gelmez b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte zenginlikler ve al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn bollu\u011fu; \u00f6te yanda ise, toplumun proleterle\u015fmi\u015f, \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler haline gelmi\u015f ve i\u015fte bu y\u00fczden de bu \u00fcr\u00fcn bollu\u011funu kendilerine maledemez hale sokulmu\u015f geni\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131. Toplumun, son derece zengin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir s\u0131n\u0131f ile m\u00fclkten yoksun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fccretliler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, toplumun \u00fcyelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir yoksullu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 hemen hemen korunmam\u0131\u015f, giderek hi\u00e7 korunmam\u0131\u015f durumda iken, o toplumun, kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilip bo\u011fulmas\u0131 sonucunu verir. Bu durum, her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha sa\u00e7ma, daha gereksiz olmaktad\u0131r. Bu duruma son verilmelidir, verilebilir. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u2014belki biraz s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ama herhalde ahl\u00e2k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 k\u0131sa bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminden sonra\u2014 toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn bireylerinin, daha \u015fimdiden zaten varolan muazzam \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin planl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geni\u015fletilmesi sayesinde, ve herkes i\u00e7in zorunlu ve e\u015fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile, ya\u015famdan zevk alma, geli\u015fme ve bedenin ve usun b\u00fct\u00fcn yeteneklerini i\u015fletebilme ara\u00e7 ve olanaklar\u0131ndan herkesin e\u015fit bir bi\u00e7imde ve durmadan artan bir bolluk i\u00e7inde yararlanabilece\u011fi yeni bir (sayfa 182) toplum d\u00fczeni olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bu yeni toplumsal d\u00fczeni elde etme kararl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n giderek artmakta oldu\u011funu yar\u0131nki Bir May\u0131s, ve \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 3 May\u0131s pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc,[85] Okyanusun her iki yakas\u0131nda da, tan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131r bize. (sayfa 183)<\/p>\n

Londra, 30 Nisan 1891\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 FR\u0130EDR\u0130CK ENGELS<\/p>\n

Vorw\u00e4rts, 13 May\u0131s 1891,
n\u00b0 109’a ek olarak ve
Karl Marx, Lohnarbeit und Kapital,
Berlin 1891, ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bro\u015f\u00fcr olarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

\u00dcCRETL\u0130 EMEK VE SERMAYE<\/p>\n

I<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7evreler taraf\u0131ndan, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ve ulusal sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n maddi temelini olu\u015fturan ekonomik ili\u015fkileri ortaya koymam\u0131\u015f olmakla k\u0131nand\u0131k. Biz bu ili\u015fkilere, kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak, yaln\u0131zca siyasal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda kendilerini do\u011frudan \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 yerde de\u011findik.
Sorun, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn tarihi i\u00e7inde izlemek ve elimizde zaten bulunan ve her g\u00fcn tazelenen tarihsel malzeme ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, \u015eubat ve Martla[86] ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n da \u2014Fransa’da cumhuriyet\u00e7i burjuvalar\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 \u00fczerinde feodal mutlakiyete kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m veren burjuva ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n da\u2014 yenilgisine yola\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Fransa’da “hilesiz cumhuriyet”in zaferinin, ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u015eubat Devrimine kahramanca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u0131 (sayfa 184) ile yan\u0131t vermi\u015f olan uluslar\u0131n da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc oldu\u011funu; ve son olarak, Avrupa’n\u0131n, devrimci i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yenilgisi ile, yeniden eski \u00e7ifte k\u00f6leli\u011fine, \u0130ngiliz-Rus k\u00f6leli\u011fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ampirik olarak tan\u0131mlamakt\u0131. Paris’teki Haziran sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131, Viyana’n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Berlin’in Kas\u0131m 1848 traji-komedisi, Polonya’n\u0131n, \u0130talya’n\u0131n ve Macaristan’\u0131n umutsuz \u00e7abalar\u0131, \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u2014 Avrupa’da burjuvazi ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 niteleyen ve bize de, amac\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan ne kadar uzak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrse g\u00f6r\u00fcns\u00fcn her devrimci ayaklanman\u0131n devrimci i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 zafere ula\u015f\u0131ncaya dek ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmak zorunda oldu\u011funu, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplumsal reformun, proleter devrimi ile feodal kar\u015f\u0131-devrimin bir d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde silahlarla boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015fecekleri ana kadar bir hamhayal olarak kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olan belliba\u015fl\u0131 etmenler i\u015fte bunlard\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte oldu\u011fu gibi bizim sunu\u015f bi\u00e7imimizde de, Bel\u00e7ika ile \u0130svi\u00e7re, biri burjuva monar\u015fisinin model devleti, \u00f6teki burjuva cumhuriyetinin model devleti olarak, kendilerinin Avrupa devriminden oldu\u011fu kadar s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletler olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sanan, ve b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihsel tabloda karikat\u00fcre yak\u0131n, traji-komik fresklerdi.
Okurlar\u0131m\u0131z, 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n koskoca siyasal bi\u00e7imler alarak geli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olduklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u015fimdi, art\u0131k, burjuvazinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011finin oldu\u011fu kadar, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6leli\u011finin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik ili\u015fkilerle de daha yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmenin zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir.
\u00dc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck kesim halinde \u015fu konular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z: 1. \u00dccretli emek ile sermaye aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, i\u015f\u00e7inin k\u00f6leli\u011fi, kapitalistin egemenli\u011fi; 2. orta burjuva s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc denen katman\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sistem alt\u0131ndaki ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri; 3. \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa uluslar\u0131n\u0131n burjuva s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n zorbas\u0131 \u2014\u0130ngiltere\u2014 taraf\u0131ndan ticari boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi.
Ekonomi politi\u011fin en ilkel kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n bile \u00f6nceden bilindi\u011fini varsaymaks\u0131z\u0131n, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar yal\u0131n ve herkesin anlayabilece\u011fi bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in anla\u015f\u0131labilir olmay\u0131 istiyoruz. Zaten Almanya’n\u0131n her yan\u0131nda, en basit ekonomik ili\u015fkiler konusunda, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczenin patentli savunucular\u0131ndan tutun da Almanya’da (sayfa 185) prenslerden de daha bol olan sosyalist keramet\u00e7ilere ve bilinmedik siyasal dehalara var\u0131ncaya kadar herkeste, bilgisizlik ve en garip fikirlerden meydana gelme bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmektedir.
O halde, ilk soruyu ele alal\u0131m: \u00dccret nedir? Nas\u0131l belirlenir?
E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilere, “\u00fccretiniz ne kadar?” diye bir soru sorulsayd\u0131, kimi, “i\u015fverenimden g\u00fcnde bir mark al\u0131yorum”, kimi de, “iki mark al\u0131yorum” vb. diyeceklerdi. Hepsi de, ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunduklar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fkollar\u0131na g\u00f6re, belirli bir i\u015fin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir yardal\u0131k bezin dokunmas\u0131, ya da bir sayfal\u0131k bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n dizilmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendi patronlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131 farkl\u0131 para tutarlar\u0131 s\u0131ralayacaklard\u0131. Bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hepsi, bildirdikleri tutarlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n, bir noktada birle\u015feceklerdir: \u00fccret, kapitalistin belirli bir i\u015fzaman\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da belirli bir i\u015fin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6dedi\u011fi para tutar\u0131d\u0131r.
Kapitalist, bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, para ile onlar\u0131n emeklerini sat\u0131n al\u0131yor g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Onlar da, kapitaliste bu para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda emeklerini satarlar. Ama bu, ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte b\u00f6yledir. Oysa ger\u00e7ekte onlar\u0131n para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapitaliste satt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kapitalist bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bir g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, haftal\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na vb. sat\u0131n al\u0131r. Ve sat\u0131n ald\u0131ktan sonra da, i\u015f\u00e7ileri ba\u015ftan \u015fart ko\u015fulan s\u00fcre boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak, bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131r. Kapitalist, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015fg\u00fc\u00e7lerini sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ayn\u0131 para, \u00f6rne\u011fin iki mark kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, iki kilo \u015feker, ya da belirli bir miktarda herhangi bir ba\u015fka meta sat\u0131n alabilirdi. \u0130ki kilo \u015feker sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu iki mark, iki kilo \u015fekerin fiyat\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn oniki saatlik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu iki mark, oniki saatlik i\u015fin fiyat\u0131d\u0131r. Demek ki, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc bir metad\u0131r, \u015fekerden ne eksik, ne fazla. Birincisi saatle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr, ikincisi ise teraziyle.
\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, metalar\u0131n\u0131, yani i\u015fg\u00fc\u00e7lerini kapitalistin meta\u0131 ile, yani para ile de\u011fi\u015firler, ve bu de\u011fi\u015fim, belirli bir oranda olur. \u015eu kadar paraya, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fu kadar s\u00fcreyle kullan\u0131lmas\u0131. Oniki saatlik dokuma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 2 mark. Peki bu 2 mark, 2 mark kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131n alabilece\u011fim b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar\u0131 da temsil etmez mi? \u015eu halde i\u015f\u00e7i, kendi meta\u0131n\u0131, yani i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, her t\u00fcrden \u00f6teki metalarla de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir ve bu, belirli bir (sayfa 186) orana g\u00f6re olmu\u015ftur. Kapitalist, i\u015f\u00e7iye 2 mark vermekle, g\u00fcnl\u00fck eme\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ona \u015fu kadar et, \u015fu kadar giyecek, \u015fu kadar yakacak, \u0131\u015f\u0131k vb vermi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, bu 2 mark, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalarla de\u011fi\u015filme oran\u0131n\u0131, yani i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fim-de\u011ferini ifade eder. Bir meta\u0131n para olarak hesaplanan de\u011fi\u015fim-de\u011feri, onun fiyat\u0131 denen \u015feydir. \u00dccret, genellikle eme\u011fin fiyat\u0131 denilen i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc fiyat\u0131na, ancak insan\u0131n etinde, kan\u0131nda sakl\u0131 bulunan bu \u00f6zg\u00fcn meta\u0131n fiyat\u0131na verilen addan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.
Herhangi bir i\u015f\u00e7iyi, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir dokumac\u0131y\u0131 alal\u0131m. Kapitalist ona dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 ve ipli\u011fi sa\u011flar. Dokumac\u0131 i\u015fe koyulur, ve iplik beze d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Kapitalist, bezi al\u0131r ve onu \u00f6rne\u011fin 20 marka satar. O halde, dokumac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccreti, bezin, 20 mark\u0131n, kendi eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Hi\u00e7 de de\u011fil. Dokumac\u0131, bez sat\u0131lmadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce belki de bezin dokunmas\u0131 bitmeden \u00f6nce, \u00fccretini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu halde kapitalist, bu \u00fccreti, bezin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan alaca\u011f\u0131 paradan de\u011fil, \u00f6nceden biriktirilmi\u015f paradan \u00f6der. Nas\u0131l ki, i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131 ve iplik dokumac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011filse, ayn\u0131 \u015fey dokumac\u0131n\u0131n kendi meta\u0131, yani kendi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 metalar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Olabilir ki, kapitalist, bezi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir al\u0131c\u0131 bulamaz. Olabilir ki, bezin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi miktar, \u00fccreti bile \u00e7\u0131karamaz. Ya da bezini dokumac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretine k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde satabilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n dokumac\u0131yla hi\u00e7 bir ilgisi yoktur. Kapitalist, dokumac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, servetinin, sermayesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sat\u0131n al\u0131r, t\u0131pk\u0131 servetinin \u00f6teki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle de hammaddeyi \u2014ipli\u011fi\u2014 ve i\u015f aletini \u2014dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131\u2014 sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi. Bunlar\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131ktan sonra, ki bu sat\u0131n al\u0131nan \u015feyler aras\u0131nda bezin \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli olan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc de vard\u0131r, art\u0131k yaln\u0131z kendisinin olan hammaddelerle ve i\u015f aletleri ile \u00fcretim yapar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fimdi i\u015f aletleri, \u00fcr\u00fcnde ya da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131nda dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131 ne kadar pay sahibiyse o kadar pay sahibi olan bizim dokumac\u0131y\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir.
\u015eu halde \u00fccret, i\u015f\u00e7inin kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi meta i\u00e7inde sahip oldu\u011fu pay de\u011fildir. \u00dccret, kapitalistin onlarla kendisi i\u00e7in belirli bir miktarda \u00fcretken i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha \u00f6nceden varolan metalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. (sayfa 187)
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, demek ki, onu elinde bulunduran\u0131n, yani \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7inin kapitaliste satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir metad\u0131r. \u00dccretli i\u015f\u00e7i bunu neden satar? Ya\u015famak i\u00e7in.
Ama, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131, emek, i\u015f\u00e7inin kendi ya\u015fam faaliyetidir, kendi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n tezah\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ve i\u015fte, i\u015f\u00e7inin gerekli ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ya\u015fam faaliyetidir. B\u00f6ylece, ya\u015fam faaliyeti, kendisi i\u00e7in bir varolabilme arac\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. O, ya\u015famak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Hatta kendisine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, kendi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de\u011fil, daha \u00e7ok, ya\u015fam\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir \u00f6zveridir. Bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na devretti\u011fi bir metad\u0131r. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, kendi faaliyetinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de, bu faaliyetinin amac\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kendisi i\u00e7in \u00fcretti\u011fi \u015fey, dokudu\u011fu ipek, madenden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131n, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saray de\u011fildir. Kendisi i\u00e7in \u00fcretti\u011fi \u015fey, \u00fccrettir, ve ipek, alt\u0131n, saray onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde belirli bir miktar ge\u00e7im arac\u0131na, belki de pamuklu bir fanilaya, bir miktar bak\u0131r paraya ve bir bodrum kat\u0131na indirgenir. Peki ya bu oniki saat boyunca dokuyan, iplik e\u011firen, yol a\u00e7an, tornaya \u00e7eken, ev yapan, k\u00fcrek sallayan, ta\u015f k\u0131ran, y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan vb. i\u015f\u00e7i, bu oniki saatlik dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, iplik e\u011firmeye, yol a\u00e7maya, tornac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, duvarc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, k\u00fcrek sallamaya, ta\u015f k\u0131rmaya kendi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n bir belirtisi gibi, kendi ya\u015fam\u0131 gibi mi bakar? Tam tersine, onun i\u00e7in ya\u015fam, bu i\u015fin bitti\u011fi yerde, masada, kahvede, yatakta ba\u015flar. \u00d6te yandan, bu oniki saatlik emek, kendisi i\u00e7in dokuma, e\u011firme, yol a\u00e7ma vb. olarak de\u011fil, kendisini masaya, kahveye, yata\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcren kazan\u00e7 olarak anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. E\u011fer ipekb\u00f6ce\u011fi, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir t\u0131rt\u0131l olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in koza \u00f6rseydi, tam bir \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i olurdu.
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, her zaman bir meta olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emek, her zaman \u00fccretli emek, yani \u00f6zg\u00fcr emek olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6le kendi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00f6le sahibine satm\u0131yordu, nas\u0131l ki \u00f6k\u00fcz de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmeti k\u00f6yl\u00fcye satmazsa. K\u00f6le, efendisine i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ile birlikte, bir defada ve t\u00fcmden sat\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00f6le, bir efendinin elinden \u00f6tekinin eline ge\u00e7ebilen bir metad\u0131r. Kendisi bir metad\u0131r ama, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc onun kendi meta\u0131 de\u011fildir. Serf, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131z bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc satar. Toprak sahibinden bir \u00fccret almaz; daha \u00e7ok o, kendisi, toprak sahibine bir hara\u00e7 \u00f6der.
Serf topra\u011fa aittir ve topraktan elde edilenleri topra\u011f\u0131n sahibine teslim eder. \u00d6te yanda, \u00f6zg\u00fcr emek\u00e7i, kendisini satar (sayfa 188) ve hem de par\u00e7a par\u00e7a satar. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n 8, 10, 12, 15 saatini, g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rmayla, en \u00e7ok art\u0131ranlara, hammaddelerin, i\u015f aletlerinin ve ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahiplerine, yani kapitalistlere satar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, ne bir k\u00f6le sahibine, ne de topra\u011fa aittir, ama g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n 8, 10, 12, 15 saati bunu sat\u0131n alana aittir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, kendisini kiralayan kapitalisti istedi\u011fi an terkeder, ve kapitalist de, art\u0131k onun s\u0131rt\u0131ndan k\u00e2r elde etmedi\u011fi, ya da umdu\u011fu k\u00e2r\u0131 elde etmedi\u011fi anda kendisine yol verir. Ama ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n biricik kayna\u011f\u0131 kendi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn sat\u0131m\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7i, kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddetmeksizin al\u0131c\u0131lar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, yani kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 terkedemez. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u015fu ya da bu kapitaliste de\u011fil, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fa aittir, ve dahas\u0131, kendisini satmak, yani bu kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inden bir al\u0131c\u0131 bulmak ona d\u00fc\u015fer.
Sermaye ile \u00fccretli emek aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde daha derinlere dalmadan \u00f6nce, \u015fimdi k\u0131saca, \u00fccretin belirlenmesinde hesaba kat\u0131lan en genel ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z.
\u00dccret, g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fumuz gibi, belirli bir meta\u0131n, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131d\u0131r. Demek ki, \u00fccret de b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ayn\u0131 yasalarla belirlenir. O halde burada sorulacak soru \u015fudur: bir meta\u0131n fiyat\u0131 nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

FR\u0130EDR\u0130CH ENGELS’\u0130N G\u0130R\u0130\u015e’\u0130 Bu yap\u0131t, Neue Rheinische Zeitung’da[76] 4 Nisan 1849 tarihinden ba\u015flayarak bir dizi ba\u015fyaz\u0131 olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131. Marx’\u0131n 1847’de, Br\u00fcksel’de, Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Birli\u011finde[77] verdi\u011fi konferanslar, bu bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn temelini olu\u015fturur. Bu yap\u0131t, bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla, yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gazetenin 269’uncu say\u0131s\u0131nda, makalenin sonunda, “Devam edecek” notu ile verilen s\u00f6z, o s\u0131rada h\u0131zla birbiri \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmakta olan olaylar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-274","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-karl-marx-friedrich-engels-arsivi"},"yoast_head":"\nK. Marks: \u00dccretli Emek ve Sermaye (1.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-ucretli-emek-ve-sermaye-1bolum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"K. Marks: \u00dccretli Emek ve Sermaye (1.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"FR\u0130EDR\u0130CH ENGELS’\u0130N G\u0130R\u0130\u015e’\u0130 Bu yap\u0131t, Neue Rheinische Zeitung’da[76] 4 Nisan 1849 tarihinden ba\u015flayarak bir dizi ba\u015fyaz\u0131 olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131. Marx’\u0131n 1847’de, Br\u00fcksel’de, Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Birli\u011finde[77] verdi\u011fi konferanslar, bu bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn temelini olu\u015fturur. 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