{"id":277,"date":"2009-03-01T14:25:19","date_gmt":"2009-03-01T11:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-serbest-ticaret-sorunu-uzerine\/"},"modified":"2009-03-01T14:25:19","modified_gmt":"2009-03-01T11:25:19","slug":"k-marks-serbest-ticaret-sorunu-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-serbest-ticaret-sorunu-uzerine\/","title":{"rendered":"K. Marks: Serbest Ticaret Sorunu \u00dczerine"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130ngiltere’de Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l serbest ticaretinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferidir. Serbest ticaretten s\u00f6zedilen her \u00fclkede imalatc\u0131lar\u0131n kafalar\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015fey, genel olarak tah\u0131l ve hammaddelerin serbest ticaretidir. Yabanc\u0131 tah\u0131l \u00fczerine koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fck konulmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7irkin bir \u015feydir; bu, halklar\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde spek\u00fclasyon yapmak demektir.
Ucuz g\u0131da, y\u00fcksek \u00fccret: \u0130ngiliz serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerinin u\u011frunda milyonlar harcam\u0131\u015f bulunduklar\u0131 tek ama\u00e7 budur, ve onlar\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi co\u015fku, daha \u015fimdiden K\u0131tada bulunan karde\u015flerine de s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel olarak s\u00f6ylemek (sayfa 221) gerekirse, serbest ticaret olmas\u0131n\u0131 dileyenler bunu i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmek i\u00e7in istemektedirler.
Ama gariptir ki, kendileri i\u00e7in her ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun ucuz g\u0131da \u00fcretilecek olanlar \u00e7ok nank\u00f6rl\u00fck etmektedirler. Fransa’da ucuz h\u00fck\u00fcmet ne denli az sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsa, \u0130ngiltere’de de ucuz g\u0131da o denli az sayg\u0131 g\u00f6rmektedir. Halk, bu fedakar baylar\u0131, Bowring, Bright ve hempalar\u0131n\u0131, en az\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanlar ve en utanmaz ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcler olarak g\u00f6rmektedir.
\u0130ngiltere’de herkes bilmektedir ki, liberaller ile demokratlar aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131m, serbest ticaret\u00e7iler ile \u00e7artistler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131m ad\u0131n\u0131 almaktad\u0131r.
\u015eimdi \u0130ngiliz serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerinin kendilerini esinlendiren iyi niyetlerini halka nas\u0131l kan\u0131tlad\u0131klar\u0131na bakal\u0131m.
Fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ilerine s\u00f6yledikleri \u015fuydu:
“Son otuz y\u0131l boyunca sanayimiz en b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeyi g\u00f6sterirken nas\u0131l oluyor da bizim \u00fccretlerimiz tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fine oranla \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor?
“Toprak beylerine \u00f6dedi\u011fimizi s\u00f6yledi\u011finiz vergi, i\u015f\u00e7i ba\u015f\u0131na, haftada \u00fc\u00e7 peni kadard\u0131r. Oysa 1815 ile 1843 aras\u0131nda el tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccreti haftada 28 \u015filinden 5 \u015filine, buhar tezgah\u0131 dokuyucusununki de 1823 ile 1843 aras\u0131nda haftada 20 \u015filinden 8 \u015filine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
“Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu d\u00f6nem boyunca, verginin toprak beylerine \u00f6dedi\u011fimiz k\u0131sm\u0131, hi\u00e7 bir zaman \u00fc\u00e7 peniyi ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir. Ve sonra, 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ekmek \u00e7ok ucuz ve i\u015fler de \u00e7ok iyi gitmekteyken siz bize ne dediniz? Dediniz ki, ‘E\u011fer mutsuzsan\u0131z bunun nedeni \u00e7ok fazla \u00e7ocu\u011funuzun bulunmas\u0131 (sayfa 222) ve evlili\u011finizin eme\u011finizden daha \u00fcretken olmas\u0131d\u0131r!’
“Bizlere s\u00f6yledi\u011finiz s\u00f6zler aynen b\u00f6yleydi, ve siz yeni yoksullar yasas\u0131 yapmaya ve i\u015fevleri, proletarya Bastille’leri kurmaya giri\u015ftiniz.”<\/p>\n

“Hakl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z de\u011ferli i\u015f\u00e7iler; ama, \u00fccretleri belirleyen yaln\u0131zca tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131 de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki rekabettir de.
“Ama bir \u015feyi \u00e7ok iyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, yani \u00fclkemizin kayalardan ve kum y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ibaret oldu\u011funu. Tah\u0131l\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7ek saks\u0131lar\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini hayal etmiyorsunuz herhalde. \u00d6yleyse sermayemizi ve eme\u011fimizi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle k\u0131s\u0131r bir toprak \u00fczerinde israf edece\u011fimize, tar\u0131mdan vazge\u00e7ip kendimizi yaln\u0131zca sanayie verecek olursak, b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa fabrikalardan vazge\u00e7ecek ve \u0130ngiltere, Avrupa’n\u0131n t\u00fcm geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 kendi k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgesi olmak \u00fczere, koca bir fabrika kenti haline gelecektir.”\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerine i\u015fte b\u00f6yle nutuk \u00e7eken imalat\u00e7\u0131, bir yandan da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcccar taraf\u0131ndan sorguya \u00e7ekilmektedir:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131racak olursak tar\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten yok ederiz; ama b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00f6teki uluslar\u0131 kendi fabrikalar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7irtip bizimkilerden sat\u0131n almaya zorlayamay\u0131z.
“Sonu\u00e7 ne olur? Ben \u015fu anda \u00fclkede sahip bulundu\u011fum m\u00fc\u015fterileri yitiririm, yerli ticaret de pazarlar\u0131n\u0131.”\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130malat\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilere d\u00f6n\u00fcp d\u00fckkanc\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verir:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Siz onu bize b\u0131rak\u0131n! Tah\u0131l \u00fczerindeki g\u00fcmr\u00fckten bir kez kurtulduk mu, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan daha ucuz tah\u0131l ithal edece\u011fiz. Sonra da, tah\u0131l ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fclkelerde \u00fccretler artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda da biz \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrece\u011fiz.
“B\u00f6ylece zaten sahip bulundu\u011fumuz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklere ek olarak, bir de daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip olaca\u011f\u0131z ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerle K\u0131tay\u0131 bizden sat\u0131n almaya kolayca zorlayaca\u011f\u0131z.” (sayfa 223)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ama \u015fimdi \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ve tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri de tart\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
“Peki ama, Tanr\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131na, bizler ne olaca\u011f\u0131z?
“Ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na m\u0131 \u00e7arpt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131z? Ayaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki topra\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ekilip al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 kabullenecek miyiz?”
Tah\u0131l Yasas\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Birlik, buna yan\u0131t olarak, Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerindeki toptan etkisi konusunda en iyi \u00fc\u00e7 yaz\u0131ya \u00f6d\u00fcller vermekle yetindi.
Bu \u00f6d\u00fclleri, yaz\u0131lar\u0131 binlerce n\u00fcsha halinde boydan boya t\u00fcm k\u00f6ylere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan Hope, Morse ve Greg baylar ald\u0131lar.
\u00d6d\u00fcl kazananlardan ilki, kendisini, yabanc\u0131 tah\u0131l\u0131n serbest ithalinden ne kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7inin ve ne de tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7isinin zarar g\u00f6rmeyip, yaln\u0131zca toprak a\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rece\u011fini kan\u0131tlama i\u015fine veriyor. “Kirac\u0131 \u0130ngiliz \u00e7ift\u00e7isinin” diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor \u00f6fkeyle, “Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan korkmas\u0131na gerek yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir \u00fclke bu kadar \u00e7ok tah\u0131l\u0131 \u0130ngiltere kadar ucuza \u00fcretemez.
“Demek ki, tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fse bile, bu size dokunmayacakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f yaln\u0131zca d\u00fc\u015fecek olan rant\u0131 etkileyecek, dura\u011fan kalacak olan s\u0131nai k\u00e2r\u0131 ve \u00fccretleri etkilemeyecektir.”
\u00d6d\u00fcl kazananlar\u0131n ikincisi, Bay Morse, bunun tersine, yasalar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fcklerin tah\u0131l i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir zaman kazancl\u0131 bir fiyat sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in kendisini b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara sokuyor.
Bu iddias\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek \u00fczere yabanc\u0131 tah\u0131l ithal edildi\u011fi her seferinde tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere’de epeyce y\u00fckseldi\u011fi, ve az tah\u0131l ithal edildi\u011finde ise fiyat\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olgusunu anmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00f6d\u00fcl kazan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, y\u00fcksek fiyatlara yola\u00e7an\u0131n ithalat olmay\u0131p, itlialata yola\u00e7an\u0131n y\u00fcksek (sayfa 224) fiyatlar oldu\u011funu unutuyor.
Ve \u00f6d\u00fcl kazan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tam tersine, tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131ndaki her y\u00fckseli\u015fin hem kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7i i\u00e7in ve hem de i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in k\u00e2rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, ama toprak a\u011fas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00e2rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.
B\u00fcy\u00fck bir imalatc\u0131 olan ve makalesi b\u00fcy\u00fck kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere seslenen \u00f6d\u00fcl kazan\u0131c\u0131lardan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, Bay Greg, bu t\u00fcr budalal\u0131klarla ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olamazd\u0131. Onun dili daha bilimseldir.
O, Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n rant\u0131, ancak tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 da y\u00fckseltmekle y\u00fckseltebilece\u011fini ve tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131n\u0131 ise, ancak, sermayeyi kendisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli topra\u011fa uygulamaya zorlayarak y\u00fckseltebilece\u011fini kabul ediyor ve bunu \u00e7ok basit bir bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.
E\u011fer yabanc\u0131 tah\u0131l ithal edilmeyecek olursa, n\u00fcfus artmas\u0131na orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, verimlili\u011fi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toprak kullanmak gerekecektir ki, bu topraklar\u0131n ekimi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck harcamalar\u0131 gerektirecek ve bunun sonucu olarak da, bu topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc daha pahal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.
Tah\u0131l\u0131n zorunlu bir sat\u0131\u015f durumu oldu\u011fundan, fiyat, ister istemez, en pahal\u0131 toprak \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131 ile belirlenecektir. Bu fiyatla daha iyi kalitedeki toprak \u00fczerindeki \u00fcretim maliyeti aras\u0131ndaki fark, rant\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, e\u011fer Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu tah\u0131l fiyat\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rant d\u00fc\u015ferse, bunun nedeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli topra\u011f\u0131n art\u0131k ekilmemesidir. Demek ki, rant\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ile kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olacakt\u0131r.
Bay Greg’in dilini anla\u015f\u0131labilir k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in bu s\u00f6zler gerekliydi.
“Tar\u0131mla ge\u00e7inemeyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iler” diyor Bay Greg ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanayide bulacaklard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere gelince, bunlar\u0131n k\u00e2r etmemesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Toprak beyleri bunlara ya \u00e7ok ucuza toprak satmak zorunda (sayfa 225) kalacaklard\u0131r, ya da kira anla\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu, kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere topra\u011fa b\u00fcy\u00fck tutarlarda sermaye uygulama, daha geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tar\u0131msal makine kullanma ve ayr\u0131ca, tah\u0131l yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk sonucu olan \u00fccretlerdeki genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015ften \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, el eme\u011finden tasarruf etme olana\u011f\u0131 verecektir.”
Dr. Bowring, bir a\u00e7\u0131k toplant\u0131da, “\u0130sa Serbest Ticarettir ve Serbest Ticaret de \u0130sa’d\u0131r” diye hayk\u0131rarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu iddialara bir de dinin takdisini ba\u011f\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u00d6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fckler ucuz ekme\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7ilere cazip g\u00f6stermek hesab\u0131yla yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Ayr\u0131ca, fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc oniki saatten on saate indirecek olan On Saat Yasas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 sava\u015fmakla u\u011fra\u015fan ayn\u0131 imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6sterdikleri bu ani hay\u0131rseverli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar nas\u0131l anlayabilirlerdi ki?
Bu imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n hay\u0131rseverlikleri konusunda bir fikir edinmek \u00fczere, b\u00fct\u00fcn fabrikalarda halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan fabrika y\u00f6netmeliklerini an\u0131msat\u0131r\u0131m sizlere, baylar.
Her imalat\u00e7\u0131, isteyerek ya da istemeyerek yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f her kusura para cezalar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren d\u00fczenli bir ceza yasas\u0131na sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir iskemleye oturma bahts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frayacak olsa; f\u0131s\u0131ldayacak veya konu\u015facak, ya da g\u00fclecek olsa; birka\u00e7 dakika ge\u00e7 gelecek olsa; makinenin herhangi bir par\u00e7as\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lacak ya da istenilen kalitede i\u015f \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmayacak olsa, vb., vb., i\u015f\u00e7i belirli bir miktar para \u00f6demektedir. Bu para cezalar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin ger\u00e7ekten yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarar-ziyandan her zaman daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ve i\u015f\u00e7iye para cezas\u0131na \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in her olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere, fabrika saati ileri al\u0131nmakta ve iyi mal durumuna getirmesi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7iye k\u00f6t\u00fc hammadde verilmektedir. Kurallar\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fneme olaylar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltmakta yeterince usta olmayan g\u00f6zeticiler i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar.
G\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz ki, baylar, bu ki\u015fisel yasalar, bu t\u00fcrden yasa-\u00e7i\u011fnenmeleri yaratmak \u00f6zel amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lmakta ve (sayfa 226) para yapmak amac\u0131yla da yasa-\u00e7i\u011fnemeleri imal edilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece nominal \u00fccretleri azaltmak ve i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7 bir denetimi bulunmayan kazalardan bile k\u00e2r sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla her yola ba\u015fvurmaktad\u0131r.
S\u0131rf onlar\u0131n kaderlerini iyile\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z harcamalara girebileceklerine i\u015f\u00e7iyi inand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hay\u0131rseverlerle bu imalat\u00e7\u0131lar ayn\u0131 ki\u015filerdir. Demek ki bunlar, bir yandan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccretlerini fabrika y\u00f6netmelikleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bi\u00e7imde kemirirlerken, \u00f6te yandan da ayn\u0131 \u00fccretleri Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Birlik arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tekrar y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck fedakarl\u0131klara katlanmaktad\u0131rlar.
Bunlar, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck harcamalarla baz\u0131 bak\u0131mlardan Birli\u011fin resmi ikametgah\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck saraylar yapt\u0131rmakta; serbest ticaretin akidelerini telkin etsinler dlye \u0130ngiltere’nin d\u00f6rtbir k\u00f6\u015fesine misyonerler ordusu g\u00f6ndermekte; i\u015f\u00e7iyi kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 konusunda ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in binlerce bro\u015f\u00fcr bast\u0131r\u0131p bedava olarak da\u011f\u0131tmakta; bas\u0131n kendilerinden yana \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n diye pek b\u00fcy\u00fck tutarlar harcamakta; serbest ticaret hareketini y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in geni\u015f bir idari sistem \u00f6rg\u00fctlemekte ve a\u00e7\u0131k toplant\u0131larda t\u00fcm belagat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130\u015fte bu toplant\u0131lar\u0131n birinde bir i\u015f\u00e7i \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu:
“Toprak beyleri bizim kemiklerimizi satacak olsalar, bunlar\u0131 bir buhar de\u011firmeninden ge\u00e7irip un yapmak \u00fczere ilk sat\u0131n alacak ki\u015filer siz imalat\u00e7\u0131lar olurdunuz.”\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7iler, toprak beyleri ile sanayi kapitalistleri aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemini \u00e7ok iyi anlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00dccretlerin azalt\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in ekme\u011fin flyat\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve rant ne denli d\u00fc\u015ferse s\u0131nai k\u00e2r\u0131n o denli y\u00fckselece\u011fini \u00e7ok iyi bilmektedirler. \u0130ngiliz serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerinin havarisi, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc iktisat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Ricardo, bu noktada i\u015f\u00e7ilerle tamamen ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncededir. Ekonomi politik konusundaki \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131nda* \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: (sayfa 227)
“Kendi tah\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00fcretmek yerine … daha ucuz bir fiyattan … gereksinmemizi kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek yeni bir pazar ke\u015ffedersek, \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015fer, k\u00e2rlar y\u00fckselir. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, yaln\u0131zca topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flenmesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7inin de\u011fil, ticaret ve imalatta \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lanlar\u0131n da t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fccretlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.”
Ve baylar, daha \u00f6nceleri be\u015f frank alan i\u015f\u00e7inin, \u015fimdi tah\u0131l daha ucuz diye, eline yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rt frank ge\u00e7mesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanmay\u0131n.
Onun \u00fccretleri k\u00e2rlara k\u0131yasla hep d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015f midir ve kapitalistlerinkiyle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, toplumsal durumunun k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu apa\u00e7\u0131k ortada de\u011fil midir? Kald\u0131 ki, asl\u0131nda u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarar daha da fazlad\u0131r.
Tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek ve \u00fccretler de daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, ekmek t\u00fcketiminden yap\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tasarruf, i\u015f\u00e7inin ba\u015fka \u015feylerden yararlanmas\u0131na yetiyordu. Ama ekmek \u00e7ok ucuz, ve bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fccret de \u00e7ok ucuz olur olmaz, ba\u015fka e\u015fyalar almak i\u00e7in ekmekten art\u0131k hemen hi\u00e7 tasarruf yapamaz.
\u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7ileri, \u0130ngiliz serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerine onlar\u0131n kuruntular\u0131n\u0131 ya da yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 yutmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir; ve e\u011fer buna kar\u015f\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7iler, toprak beylerine kar\u015f\u0131 olanlarla dava birli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015flarsa, bu, feodalizmin son kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yoketmek amac\u0131 i\u00e7in, ve u\u011fra\u015facak yaln\u0131zca bir tek d\u00fc\u015fman b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7indi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin hesab\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toprak beyleri, imalat\u00e7\u0131lardan intikam almak i\u00e7in, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin otuz y\u0131ldan beri bo\u015f yere talep etmekte olduklar\u0131 ve Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan On Saat Yasas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irilmesinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerle dava birli\u011fi yapt\u0131lar.
Dr. Bowring, iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar Kongresinde, kendi iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcketilmek \u00fczere \u0130ngiltere’ye ka\u00e7 ba\u015f s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, ne kadar jambon, domuz past\u0131rmas\u0131, k\u00fcmes (sayfa 228) hayvan\u0131 vb., ithal edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in cebinden uzun bir liste \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, o s\u0131rada Manchester ve di\u011fer fabrika kentlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ba\u015flamakta olan bunal\u0131m y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kendilerini soka\u011fa at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 sizlere s\u00f6ylemeyi ne yaz\u0131k ki unutmu\u015ftur.
Ekonomi politikte, ilke olarak, bir tek y\u0131la ait rakamlar, genel yasalar form\u00fcle etmekte asla temel al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Her zaman i\u00e7in alt\u0131-yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ortalama d\u00f6nem al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r \u2014 modern sanayiin bolluk, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretim, duraksama, bunal\u0131m gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli evrelerden ge\u00e7ip ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7evrimini tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zaman d\u00f6nemi.
Ku\u015fkusuz, b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek olsa, \u2014ve bu serbest ticaretin zorunlu sonucudur\u2014 bir frankla daha \u00f6nce ald\u0131\u011f\u0131mdan \u00e7ok daha fazla \u015fey sat\u0131n alabilirim. Ve i\u015f\u00e7inin frank\u0131 herhangi bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n frank\u0131 kadar ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00d6yleyse serbest ticaret i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca bir tek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck var bunda, o da, frank\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer metalarla de\u011fi\u015fmezden \u00f6nce, i\u015f\u00e7inin, ilkin eme\u011fini kapitalistle de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131dir. E\u011fer bu de\u011fi\u015fimde i\u015f\u00e7i, ayn\u0131 emek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her zaman ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en frank\u0131 elde ettiyse ve di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fse, b\u00f6yle bir pazarl\u0131ktan her zaman kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Zorluk yaratan nokta, b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde benim ayn\u0131 para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok meta elde edip etmeyece\u011fim de\u011fildir.
\u0130ktisatc\u0131lar, eme\u011fin di\u011fer metalarla de\u011fi\u015fildi\u011fi andaki fiyat\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rlar hep. Ama emegin sermaye ile kendi de\u011fi\u015fimini tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle g\u00f6rmezden gelirler.
Metalar \u00fcreten makineyi harekete ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in daha az harcama gerekince, bu makinenin bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan ve i\u015f\u00e7i diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015feyler de daha ucuza malolacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar daha ucuzsa, eme\u011fin de, ki o da bir metad\u0131r, fiyat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecektir ve, daha sonra da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, bu meta, emek, di\u011fer metalara oranla \u00e7ok (sayfa 229) daha asa\u011f\u0131lara d\u00fc\u015fecektir. E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i, h\u00e2l\u00e2 iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n iddialar\u0131na g\u00fcvenmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa, g\u00f6recektir ki, frank cebinde eriyip gitmi\u015ftir ve geriye elinde kala kala bir be\u015f metelik kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Bunun \u00fczerine iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar size \u015f\u00f6yle diyeceklerdir: “Eh, i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki rekabetin, ki serbest ticaret alt\u0131nda elbette azalmayacakt\u0131, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden \u00fccretleri metalar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlar\u0131yla uyumluluk i\u00e7ine sokaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyoruz. Ama, \u00f6te yandan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck meta fiyatlar\u0131 t\u00fcketimi art\u0131racakt\u0131r, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcketim, \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 getirecektir ki, bunu da i\u015f\u00e7ilere olan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir talep izleyecektir, ve i\u015f\u00e7ilere olan bu daha b\u00fcy\u00fck talebi de \u00fccretlerde bir y\u00fckselme izleyecektir.”
. Bu iddian\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00e7izgisi \u015funa varmaktad\u0131r: Serbest ticaret, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri art\u0131r\u0131r. E\u011fer sanayi geli\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrse, e\u011fer zenginlik, e\u011fer \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7, e\u011fer, tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle, \u00fcretken sermaye artarsa, eme\u011fe olan talep, eme\u011fin fiyat\u0131, ve bunun sonucu olarak da \u00fccret oranlar\u0131 y\u00fckselir.
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in en uygun ko\u015ful, sermayenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesidir. Bu kabullenilmelidir. Sermaye dura\u011fan kalacak olursa, sanayi de yaln\u0131zca dura\u011fanla\u015fmakla kalmaz, ama zay\u0131flar ve bu durumda ilk kurban i\u015f\u00e7i olacakt\u0131r. Gidip kapitalistin \u00f6n\u00fcnde, duvar\u0131n dibine dizilecektir. Ve sermayenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi halinde i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in en iyisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz bu durumda onun kaderi ne olacakt\u0131r? Gene ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, gidip duvar\u0131n dibine dizilecektir. \u00dcretken sermayenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, sermaye birikimi ve yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 demektir. Sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve daha \u00e7ok makine kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6zel h\u00fcnerini yok eder ve bu h\u00fcnerli i\u015fin yerine herkesin yapabilece\u011fi eme\u011fi koyarak i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti art\u0131r\u0131r.
\u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bir i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00fc\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini yapabilecek duruma getirmesiyle, bu rekabet daha da \u015fiddetlenir. Ayn\u0131 (sayfa 230) sonucu makine, \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f boyutlarda yarat\u0131r. Sanayi kapitalistlerini durmadan \u00e7o\u011falan ara\u00e7larla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlayan \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerdeki b\u00fcy\u00fcme, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayicileri y\u0131kar ve onlar\u0131 proletarya saflar\u0131na atar. Sonra, faiz oran\u0131n\u0131n sermaye birikimine orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle, art\u0131k ald\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00e2r paylar\u0131yla (temett\u00fclerle) ge\u00e7inemeyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck rantiyerler sanayie girmeye zorlan\u0131rlar ve b\u00f6ylece proleterlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fi\u015firirler.
Ensonu, \u00fcretken sermaye ne denli artarsa, o denli gereksinmelerini bilmedi\u011fi pazar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yapmak zorunda kal\u0131r, \u00fcretim o denli t\u00fcketimin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er, arz o denli talebi zorlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak da bunal\u0131mlar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fiddeti artar. Ama buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, her bunal\u0131m da sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r ve proletaryaya kat\u0131lmalar yarat\u0131r.
Demek ki, \u00fcretken sermaye b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki rekabet bundan \u00e7ok daha fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Eme\u011fin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkes i\u00e7in azal\u0131rken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in eme\u011fin k\u00fclfeti artar.
1829’da, Manchester’de, 36 fabrikada 1.088 pamuk iplik\u00e7isi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. 1841’de bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 448’den fazla de\u011fildi ama, 1829’da 1.088 iplik\u00e7inin nezaret etti\u011finden 53.353 tane daha fazla meki\u011fe nezaret ediyorlard\u0131. El eme\u011fi \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcn artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda artm\u0131\u015f bulunsayd\u0131, iplik\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1.848’e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekirdi; geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f makine, demek ki, 1.100 i\u015f\u00e7iyi i\u015fsiz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n verecekleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden biliyoruz. Bu bi\u00e7imde i\u015flerini kaybedenler, derler, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrden i\u015fler bulacaklard\u0131r. Dr. Bowring, \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar Kongresinde bu iddiay\u0131 yinelemekten geri kalmad\u0131, ama buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kendi kendisini tekzip etmekten geri durmad\u0131.
1835’te, Dr. Bowring, Avam Kamaras\u0131nda serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerin kendilerine uzaktan g\u00f6stermekte olduklar\u0131 o yeni t\u00fcrden i\u015fleri bulamayan ve \u00e7ok uzun bir s\u00fcreden beri a\u00e7 dola\u015fan Londral\u0131 50.000 el tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131s\u0131 konusunda (sayfa 231) bir konu\u015fma yapt\u0131.
Dr. Bowring’in bu konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 pasajlar\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fiz:
“Dokumac\u0131lar\u0131n bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 … kolayca \u00f6\u011frenilen \u2014ve daha ucuz \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan durmadan istilaya u\u011frayan\u2014 bir i\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ko\u015fulundan ileri gelmektedir. \u0130\u015f rekabetinin \u00e7ok fazla olmas\u0131 durumunda, talepteki \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir duraksama … bir bunal\u0131m yarat\u0131r. El tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131lar\u0131, daha \u00f6tesinde insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k dayanamayaca\u011f\u0131 bu durumun e\u015fi\u011findedirler ve ufak bir gecikme onlar\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahkum eder. … Makinelerdeki iyile\u015ftirmeler, … her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn biraz daha el eme\u011finin yerini alarak, ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde, pek \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ici s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 da beraberlerinde getirirler. … Ulusal yarar, ancak baz\u0131 bireylerin zarara u\u011framalar\u0131 pahas\u0131na sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilir. Geride kalm\u0131\u015f olanlara baz\u0131 \u015feylere malolmaks\u0131z\u0131n man\u00fcfakt\u00fcrlerde ilerleme oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir; ve b\u00fct\u00fcn ke\u015fifler aras\u0131nda el tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n durumunu en do\u011frudan etkileyen buhar tezgah\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok e\u015fyada el dokumac\u0131s\u0131 daha \u015fimdiden yenik d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f durumdad\u0131r; daha bir s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcnde de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak teslim olmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131r.”
Daha ileride de \u015f\u00f6yle diyor:
“Hindistan Genel Valisi ile Do\u011fu Hindistan Kumpanyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda Dakka el tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131lar\u0131 konusunda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131\u015fmalar var elimde. … Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Do\u011fu Hindistan Kumpanyas\u0131, Hindistan tezgahlar\u0131ndan y\u0131lda 6.000.000-8.000.000 par\u00e7a pamuklu mal tutar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131yordu. Talep, giderek 1.000.000’un biraz \u00fcst\u00fcne kadar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, ve \u015fimdi de hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kesilmi\u015ftir. 1800’de, Birle\u015fik Devletler, Hindistan’dan yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 800.000 par\u00e7a pamuklu al\u0131yordu; 1830’da ise 4.000 bile de\u011fil. 1800’de Portekiz’e 1.000.000 par\u00e7a sevk edilmi\u015fti; 1830’da ise yaln\u0131zca 20.000. Mutlak a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa indirgenmi\u015f yoksul Hindistan (sayfa 232) dokumac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n durumlar\u0131ndaki peri\u015fanl\u0131k korkun\u00e7tur. Ve bunun nedeni neydi? Daha ucuz \u0130ngiliz mamullerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131. … Bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc, geri kalanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u015fta tar\u0131m olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fka i\u015flere ge\u00e7tiler. \u0130\u015flerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmemek, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz a\u00e7l\u0131k demekti. Ve \u015fu anda oras\u0131, Dakka b\u00f6lgesi, \u0130ngiltere’nin buhar tezgahlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f iplik ve pamuklu kuma\u015flarla dolup ta\u015fmaktad\u0131r. … B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada g\u00fczellikleri ve zerafetleriyle \u00fcn yapm\u0131\u015f Dakka muslinleri de ayn\u0131 nedenden yok edilmektedir. Ve Hindistan’daki bir s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u015fu anda \u00e7ekmekte oldu\u011fu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bir benzerini daha ticaret tarihinde bulmak zordur.”
Dr. Bowring’in konu\u015fmas\u0131 daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc verdi\u011fi olgular kesindir ve bu olgular\u0131 yumu\u015fatmak i\u00e7in kullandi\u011fi s\u00f6zc\u00fckler, t\u00fcm serbest ticaret va\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n ortak ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Dr. Bowring, i\u015f\u00e7ileri, yerleri daha az masrafl\u0131 \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla doldurulmas\u0131 gereken \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131t\u0131yor. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi emek, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ender t\u00fcrden bir emekmi\u015f; dokumac\u0131lar\u0131 yoketmi\u015f bulunan makineye de, gene ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ender bir makineymi\u015f gibi davran\u0131yor. Bir g\u00fcn el tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n akibetine u\u011framayacak hi\u00e7 bir t\u00fcr el eme\u011finin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutuyor.
“El eme\u011finin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yerini almak, ya da erkek yerine kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, ya da e\u011fitilmi\u015f zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yerine kendi kendisine hareket eden \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131k makinesi koymak, makinelerdeki her iyile\u015ftirmenin sa\u015fmaz amac\u0131 ve e\u011filimidir asl\u0131nda. Water-twist ya da thorostle cotton mills’de, e\u011firme i\u015fi, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle onalt\u0131 ve daha yukar\u0131 ya\u015flardaki kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131k makinesi yerine kendi kendisine hareket eden \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131k makinesi koymaktan ama\u00e7, erkek iplik\u00e7ilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p, delikanl\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 al\u0131koymakt\u0131.”
Serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerin en co\u015fkulusu Dr. Ure’nin bu s\u00f6zleri, Dr. Bowring’in itiraflar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlama g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. (sayfa 233) Dr. Bowring baz\u0131 bireysel zararlardan s\u00f6zediyor ve ayn\u0131 zamanda da bireysel zararlar\u0131n t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 yok etti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor; ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7ici s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan s\u00f6zediyor ve bunlardan s\u00f6zederken de bu ge\u00e7ici zararlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7o\u011funluk i\u00e7in, ya\u015famdan \u00f6l\u00fcme, geri kalanlar i\u00e7in ise, daha iyi bir durumdan daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcne geci\u015f demeye geldi\u011fini yads\u0131m\u0131yor. E\u011fer daha \u00f6tede bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sanayiin ilerlemesinden ayr\u0131lmaz olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ulusun refahi i\u00e7in gerekli bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyorsa, bununla s\u00f6ylemek istedi\u011fi \u015fey, burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131n, zorunlu olarak, emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ibarettir.
Dr. Bowring’in yok olmakta olan i\u015f\u00e7ilere sundu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn tesellinin ve asl\u0131nda serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri t\u00fcm tazminat \u00f6\u011fretisinin vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta \u015fudur:
Yok olan siz binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i, umutsuzlu\u011fa kap\u0131lmay\u0131n! G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz arkada kalmadan \u00f6lebilirsiniz. S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z yok olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, her zaman, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n onu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131rma korkusuna kap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n katliamdan ge\u00e7irmesine yeter bollukta olacakt\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki, e\u011fer sermaye, onlar\u0131 tekrar tekrar s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclecek malzemesini, yani i\u015f\u00e7ileri g\u00f6zetmeyecek olursa, nas\u0131l olur da yararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131labilir?
\u00d6yleyse, serbest ticaret uygulamas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n durumu \u00fcst\u00fcnde ne etki yapacakt\u0131r? sorusunu, h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi gereken sorun olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcp durmak niye? Quesnay’den Ricardo’ya dek ekonomi politik\u00e7ilerce form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn yasalar, serbest ticareti h\u00e2l\u00e2 t\u00f6kezletmekte olan engellerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunduklar\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu yasalar, serbest ticaretin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu yasalardan ilki, rekabetin her meta\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 asgari \u00fcretim maliyetine indirgemesidir. B\u00f6ylece, \u00fccret, asgari eme\u011fin do\u011fal fiyat\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. (sayfa 234) Peki, \u00fccretlerin asgarisi nedir? \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in; onu, ne denli k\u00f6t\u00fc olursa olsun, kendisini ayakta kalabilecek bir duruma sokmak i\u00e7in; ve ne denli az olursa olsun, kendi neslini \u00e7o\u011faltmas\u0131 i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez olan e\u015fyalar\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ne gerekiyorsa o kadar.
Ama sanmay\u0131n\u0131z ki, i\u015f\u00e7i yaln\u0131zca bu asgari \u00fccreti al\u0131r, ve hele hi\u00e7 sanmay\u0131n\u0131z ki, bunu her zaman al\u0131r.
Hay\u0131r, bu yasaya g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n baht\u0131 bazan bundan daha iyi olacakt\u0131r. Baz\u0131 zamanlar bu asgarinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir \u015fey al\u0131r, ama bu fazlal\u0131k, onun s\u0131nai duraksama d\u00f6nemlerinde bu asgarinin alt\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccretlerin yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 kapamaya yarayacakt\u0131r yaln\u0131zca. Yani, d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem gelen belirli bir zaman s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde, sanayiin bolluk, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretim, duraksama ve bunal\u0131m dalgalanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00e7evrimde, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bu gereksinmelerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ve alt\u0131nda ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc birlikte hesaplanacak olsa, g\u00f6rece\u011fiz ki, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bu asgariden ne fazla, ne de eksik alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, yani i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, herhangi bir miktarda sefalet ve bahts\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131ktan ve s\u0131nai sava\u015f alan\u0131nda bir s\u00fcr\u00fc ceset b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra kendisini bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak muhafaza etmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Ama b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n ne \u00f6nemi var ki? S\u0131n\u0131f aynen, hatta daha fazlas\u0131yla gene varolacakt\u0131r; say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.
Ama hepsi bundan ibaret de\u011fil. Sanayiin ilerleyi\u015fi, daha az pahal\u0131 ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yarat\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece biran\u0131n yerini alkol, y\u00fcnl\u00fc ve keten bezinin yerini pamuklu, ve ekme\u011fin yerini de patates alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Demek ki, eme\u011fi daha ucuz ve daha k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u0131da ile ya\u015fatacak ara\u00e7lar bulunduk\u00e7a, \u00fccretler asgarisi de s\u00fcrekli olarak d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu \u00fccretler, insan\u0131 ya\u015famak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda b\u0131rakmakla ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fi, ona bir makine hayat\u0131 ya\u015fatmakla tamaml\u0131yorlar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n basit bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olmaktan ba\u015fka bir de\u011feri yoktur ve kapitalistin de ona davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 buna g\u00f6re olmaktad\u0131r. (sayfa 235)
Emek meta\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fccret asgarisinin bu yasas\u0131, iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n varsay\u0131m\u0131 olan serbest ticaret, ger\u00e7ek bir olgu durumuna geldi\u011fi oranda do\u011frulanacaktir. \u00d6yleyse iki \u015feyden biri: ya serbest ticaret varsay\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm ekonomi politi\u011fi reddetmeliyiz, ya da bu serbest ticaret alt\u0131nda ekonomik yasalar\u0131n t\u00fcm \u015fiddetinin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131rt\u0131na binece\u011fini kabullenmeliyiz.
\u00d6zetleyelim: toplumun mevcut ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda serbest ticaret nedir? Sermayenin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sermayenin ilerlemesini h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u0131n\u0131rlamakta olan birka\u00e7 ulusal engeli de devirdiniz mi, ona tam bir hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. \u00dccretli eme\u011fin sermayeye olan ili\u015fkisinin varolmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011finiz s\u00fcrece, meta de\u011fi\u015fiminin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar ne denli elveri\u015fli olurlarsa olsunlar, ortada her zaman s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclecek bir s\u0131n\u0131f varolacakt\u0131r. Sermayenin daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, sanayi kapitalistleriyle \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanan serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerin bu iddialar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ger\u00e7ekten g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Tersine, bunun tek sonucu, bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha da a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.
Bir an i\u00e7in varsayal\u0131m ki, art\u0131k ne Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131 ve ne de yerel g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri diye bir \u015fey vard\u0131r; yani asl\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin bug\u00fcn kendi sefil durumunun nedeni olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn raslansal ko\u015fullar t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yok edilmi\u015flerdir ve siz de onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ger\u00e7ek d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131 saklayan bunca perdeyi kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r.
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f sermayenin kendisini g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileriyle engellenen sermayeden daha az k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmedi\u011fini g\u00f6recektir.
Baylar! Soyut \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sizi aldatmas\u0131na izin vermeyin. Kimin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc? Bu, bir ki\u015finin bir ba\u015fka ki\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fil, sermayenin i\u015f\u00e7iyi ezme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. (sayfa 236)
Serbest ticaret \u00fcst\u00fcne dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fczenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden hareketle, serbest rekabete yetki vermeyi neden s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek isteyesiniz ki?
Serbest ticaretin bir ve ayn\u0131 ulusun de\u011fi\u015fik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ne t\u00fcrden bir karde\u015flik yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f bulunuyoruz. Serbest ticaretin yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki uluslar aras\u0131nda kuraca\u011f\u0131 karde\u015flik de bundan daha karde\u015f\u00e7e olmayacakt\u0131r. Kozmopolit s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc evrensel karde\u015flik diye adland\u0131rmak ancak burjuvazinin beyninde do\u011fabilecek bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z rekabetin bir \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olaylar, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131nda daha devasa boyutlarda yinelenirler. Olsa olsa \u00f6d\u00fcl kazan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z Hope, Morse ve Greg baylar\u0131n tezleri kadar de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan bu konudaki serbest ticaret safsatas\u0131 \u00fczerinde daha fazla durmam\u0131z\u0131n bir gere\u011fi yok.
\u00d6rne\u011fin bize deniliyor ki, serbest ticaret uluslararas\u0131 bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yaratacakt\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylelikle her \u00fclke, kendi do\u011fal \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerine en uygun d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fcretimde bulunacakt\u0131r.
Kahve ve \u015fekerin Bat\u0131 Hint adalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal kaderi oldu\u011funa belki de inan\u0131yorsunuz baylar.
Bundan, iki y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce, ticaret diye bir sorunu olmayan do\u011fa, buralara ne \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ne de kahve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 dikmi\u015fti.
Ve belki de yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ldan az bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde orada ne kahve ne de \u015feker bulacaks\u0131n\u0131z, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hindistan, daha ucuz \u00fcretimi sayesinde, Bat\u0131 Hint adalar\u0131n\u0131n bu s\u00f6zde do\u011fal kaderiyle daha \u015fimdiden ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. Ve Bat\u0131 Hint adalar\u0131, do\u011fal zenginlikleriyle birlikte, \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in daha \u015fimdiden ezelden beri el ile dokumaya mahkum edilmi\u015f Dakka dokumac\u0131lar\u0131 kadar a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fck haline gelmi\u015flerdir.
Bir \u015fey daha hi\u00e7 bir zaman unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r: bir zamanlar nas\u0131l her \u015fey bir tekel halini ald\u0131ysa, bug\u00fcn de, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6tekilere egemen olan baz\u0131 sanayi dallar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve (sayfa 237) bunlar kendilerinden en geni\u015f bir bi\u00e7imde yararlanan uluslara d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n kumandas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylece uluslararas\u0131 ticarette pamuk, tek ba\u015f\u0131na, giyim e\u015fyas\u0131 imalat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki hammadelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u00fcketimde kullan\u0131lan ve man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr\u00fcn en geli\u015fmi\u015f bulundu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde en ucuz bir bi\u00e7imde \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri dengelemek \u00fczere her sanayi dal\u0131ndaki birka\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fi vurgulamalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7t\u00fcr.
Serbest ticaret\u00e7iler bir ulusun ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndan nas\u0131l zenginle\u015febilece\u011fini anlayam\u0131yorlarsa, buna \u015fa\u015fmamam\u0131z gerek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu baylar bir \u00fclke i\u00e7inde bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ba\u015fka bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndan kendisini nas\u0131l zenginle\u015ftirdi\u011fini de anlamay\u0131 reddediyorlar.
Baylar, sanmay\u0131n\u0131z ki ticaret \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ele\u015ftirirken himayecilik sistemini savunmak gibi bir niyet ta\u015f\u0131yoruz.
Ki\u015fi, eski rejimin dostu olmadan da anayasa rejimine d\u00fc\u015fman oldu\u011funu ilan edebilir.
Bundan ba\u015fka, himayeci sistem, belirli bir \u00fclkede sanayi kurman\u0131n, yani \u00fclkeyi d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 duruma getirmenin arac\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir, ve d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan sonra da serbest ticarete az\u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k zaten var demektir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, himayeci sistem, bir \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00f6zg\u00fcr rekabeti geli\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131m eder. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, burjuvazinin kendisini bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak hissettirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde, Almanya’da \u00f6rne\u011fin, koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fckler elde etmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7abalara giri\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fckler burjuvaziye, feodalizme ve mutlakiyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 silah olarak, kendi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma ve ayn\u0131 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde serbest ticareti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme arac\u0131 olarak hizmet ederler.
Ama, genel olarak, serbest ticaret sisteminin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn himayeci sistemi de tutucudur.
Serbest ticaret sistemi, eski uluslar\u0131 par\u00e7alar ve proletarya (sayfa 238) ile burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7 noktas\u0131na iter. Tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle, serbest ticaret sistemi toplumsal devrimi h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte yaln\u0131zca bu devrimci anlam\u0131ylad\u0131r ki, baylar, ben serbest ticaretten yanay\u0131m. (sayfa 239)<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong>
[*] Frans\u0131zca olarak Br\u00fcksel’de \u015eubat 1848 ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan Marks’\u0131n Serbest Ticaret Sorunu \u00dczerine adl\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131, Marx ve Engels’in dostu ve \u00f6\u011frencisi Joseph Weydemeyer taraf\u0131ndan Almancaya \u00e7evrilip ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Almanya’da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Engels’in arzusu \u00fczerine bu yap\u0131t, 1885’te Felsefenin Sefaleti’nin ilk Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131na ek olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve o zamandan bu yana bu kitab\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bas\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130ngiltere’de Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l serbest ticaretinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferidir. Serbest ticaretten s\u00f6zedilen her \u00fclkede imalatc\u0131lar\u0131n kafalar\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015fey, genel olarak tah\u0131l ve hammaddelerin serbest ticaretidir. Yabanc\u0131 tah\u0131l \u00fczerine koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fck konulmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7irkin bir \u015feydir; bu, halklar\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde spek\u00fclasyon yapmak demektir. Ucuz g\u0131da, y\u00fcksek \u00fccret: \u0130ngiliz serbest ticaret\u00e7ilerinin u\u011frunda milyonlar harcam\u0131\u015f bulunduklar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-277","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-karl-marx-friedrich-engels-arsivi"},"yoast_head":"\nK. Marks: Serbest Ticaret Sorunu \u00dczerine - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/01\/k-marks-serbest-ticaret-sorunu-uzerine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"K. 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