![](\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2b\/AleksandrPushkin.jpg\/200px-AleksandrPushkin.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Aleksandr Sergeyevi\u00e7 Pu\u015fkin (Rus\u00e7a: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f\u0443\u0301\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d (26 May\u0131s, 1799 – 10 \u015eubat, 1837): Rus \u015fair ve yazar. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus \u015fairi ve Rus edebiyat\u0131’n\u0131n kurucusu kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Aleksandr Sergeevi\u00e7 Pu\u015fkin, 1799\u2019da Moskova\u2019da do\u011far. Babas\u0131 Sergey Lvovi\u00e7, soylu bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fudur. Annesi Nadejda Osipovna Hannibal\u2019in ne kadar soylu biri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememiz i\u00e7in ise dedesi Etiyopya’l\u0131 Hannibal\u2019in Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Petro\u2019nun vaftiz \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu\u011funu belirtmemiz yeterli olacakt\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00e7ok soylu bir ailenin \u00fcyesidir Pu\u015fkin. Annesi ve babas\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc ve ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6steri\u015f d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fc insanlard\u0131r. Zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu balolarda ge\u00e7irdikleri i\u00e7in Pu\u015fkin, anne ve baba \u015fefkatinden uzak bir \u00e7ocuk olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Pu\u015fkin, ilk bilgilerini yabanc\u0131 e\u011fitmenlerden edinir. Hen\u00fcz sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Frans\u0131zcas\u0131 Rus\u00e7as\u0131 kadar iyidir. On bir ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve alayc\u0131 yazarlar\u0131na hayran oldu\u011fu Frans\u0131z Edebiyat\u0131\u2019n\u0131 neredeyse ezberlemi\u015ftir ve Frans\u0131z \u015fiirler ve komediler yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6neminin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u015fair ve yazarlar\u0131, Pu\u015fkin\u2019in evine gelip gidenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak hi\u00e7biri onu kendisine durmadan tuhaf masallar anlat\u0131p, eski Rus t\u00fcrk\u00fcleri s\u00f6yleyen dad\u0131s\u0131 kadar etkilemez. Ya\u015fl\u0131 dad\u0131s\u0131 Arina\u2019n\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131, Pu\u015fkin\u2019in \u00e7ocukluk ruhunda silinmez izler b\u0131rak\u0131r.
\u015eiire ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/p>\n
Pu\u015fkin, on iki ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n Tsarskoye Selo\u2019da (\u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n yazl\u0131k k\u00f6y\u00fc) a\u00e7t\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 okula yaz\u0131l\u0131r ve buradaki alt\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenim y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca t\u0131pk\u0131 okulun di\u011fer \u00f6\u011frencileri gibi, Petersburg\u2019a gitme izni bile verilmeden adeta d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan kopar\u0131larak e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Pu\u015fkin\u2019in lise y\u0131llar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiirlerinde bile, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik e\u011filimi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar. O d\u00f6nem \u015fiirinde kullan\u0131lmayan kaba ve g\u00fcndelik s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri rahatl\u0131kla kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve canl\u0131, k\u0131vrak bir zekan\u0131n izlerinin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fiirleriyle Derjavin\u2019in dahi dikkatini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Art\u0131k \u00fcnl\u00fc bir \u015fair say\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan Pu\u015fkin, bu s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 okul y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir e\u011flence susuzlu\u011fu ile, Petersburg\u2019un canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131na dalar. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu yasaklanan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc \u015fiirleri ve ta\u015flamalar\u0131 bu s\u0131ralarda dilden dile dola\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Rus edebiyat\u0131 tarihinde \u015fiir, ilk kez olarak, herkes \u00fczerinde hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131r\u0131r. Yeni do\u011fan ve adeta \u00fczerine titrenen bir \u00e7ocuk gibi co\u015fku ile b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Aleksandr taraf\u0131ndan Kafkasya\u2019ya atan\u0131r ve burada \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cKafkas Esiri\u201d ve \u201cBah\u00e7esaray\u201d adl\u0131 destanlar\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Onun edebiyat\u0131nda ne kl\u00e2sik \u015fiirin kuralc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne de Romantizmin sahte, fantastik g\u00fczellikleri yer al\u0131r. O, ger\u00e7e\u011fi duyumsar, ger\u00e7e\u011fin i\u00e7inden gelir ve onu oldu\u011fu gibi anlatmay\u0131 ister.<\/p>\n
Kafkasya\u2019dan d\u00f6nen Pu\u015fkin\u2019in Rusya\u2019daki askeri y\u00f6netime ulu orta s\u00f6vmesinden dolay\u0131 d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle ba\u015fkente girmesi yasaklan\u0131r ve ailenin sahip oldu\u011fu Mihaylovskoye k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ya\u015famak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan o\u011flunu g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda tutmakla g\u00f6revlendirilen babas\u0131 da g\u00f6revini canla ba\u015fla yerine getirir.<\/p>\n
Yirmi d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Pu\u015fkin, bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn d\u00f6neminde yedi y\u0131l sonra tamamlayaca\u011f\u0131 Yevgeniy Onegin adl\u0131 roman\u0131n\u0131 yazmaya ba\u015flar. \u201c\u00c7ingeneler\u201d, \u201cPeygamber\u201d ve Boris Godunov\u201d isimli \u00f6nemli eserlerini de yine bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn y\u0131llar\u0131nda yazar.<\/p>\n
Bu uzun, s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve gergin s\u00fcrg\u00fcn d\u00f6neminden sonra Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Nikolay taraf\u0131ndan Moskova\u2019ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131lan gen\u00e7 \u015fairin kaleminden \u00e7\u0131kan her \u015fey art\u0131k \u00e7ar\u0131n sans\u00fcr\u00fcnden ge\u00e7ecektir. Polis bask\u0131nlar\u0131 ve a\u015fk ser\u00fcvenleri ise Pu\u015fkin\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7alar\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
Evlili\u011fi<\/p>\n
Pu\u015fkin, bir baloda eski y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli bir memurun k\u0131z\u0131 olan Natalya Gon\u00e7arova ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici g\u00fczellikteki bu gen\u00e7 k\u0131za a\u015f\u0131k olur. Natalya ise edebiyatla hi\u00e7bir ilgisi olmayan, Pu\u015fkin\u2019i bir \u015fair olarak umursamayan, akl\u0131 fikri kendine rahat bir ya\u015fam sa\u011flayacak bir koca bulmakta olan s\u0131radan biridir ve ailesinin de ondan pek bir fark\u0131 yoktur. Pu\u015fkin Natalya\u2019ya evlenme teklif eder; Natalya ise, \u015fairin evlenme teklifini belirsiz bir tarihte cevaplanmak \u00fczere erteler. Pu\u015fkin, bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda umutsuzlu\u011fa kap\u0131l\u0131r ve Moskova\u2019dan uzakla\u015fmak ister. Bu nedenle de, 1829\u2019da, bir g\u00f6zlemci olarak Rus ordusuna kat\u0131l\u0131r ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na gelir. Sonradan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cErzurum Yolculu\u011fu\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde yol izlenimlerini anlatan Pu\u015fkin\u2019in, daha ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok eserinde de Erzurum\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 esinler yer bulur.<\/p>\n
Moskova\u2019ya d\u00f6nen Pu\u015fkin, Natalya\u2019ya evlenme teklifini yineler. Uzun \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden sonra Natalya\u2019n\u0131n ailesini de ikna etmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r ve sonunda ni\u015fanlan\u0131rlar. Natalya ise, bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z kal\u0131r ve sadece izlemekle yetinir. Natalya\u2019n\u0131n bu tutumu da sonuna kadar b\u00f6yle devam eder. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekilmez k\u0131lan bir kay\u0131nvalidesi ve kusursuz ama yapay bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek olan e\u015fi vard\u0131r art\u0131k Pu\u015fkin\u2019in. Tabii bir de gerici polisler… Bitmek bilmeyen soru\u015fturmalar ve yasaklamalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u00e7i b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ac\u0131yla dolsa da Pu\u015fkin, yazmaya devam eder. \u201cYevgeniy Onegin\u201d, \u201c Don Juan\u201d , \u201cVeba S\u0131ras\u0131nda Ziyafet\u201d gibi manzum trajedyalar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201cDubrovski\u201d, \u201cMa\u00e7a K\u0131z\u0131\u201d gibi \u00f6nemli eserlerini bu d\u00f6nemde yazar. Gogol\u2019la olan arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bu d\u00f6neme rastlar. \u00d6yle ki, Gogol\u2019a \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00d6l\u00fc Canlar roman\u0131n\u0131 yazma fikrini Pu\u015fkin verir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/p>\n
Pushkin_derzhavin.jpg Bu d\u00f6nemde hayat\u0131na George Charles d’Anth\u00e8s ad\u0131nda biri girer. Pu\u015fkin, o s\u0131ralarda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 imzas\u0131z mektup arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, d’Anth\u00e8s ad\u0131ndaki bu Frans\u0131z delikanl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bayan Natalya Pu\u015fkin\u2019e kur yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bayan Natalya Pu\u015fkin\u2019in de d’Anth\u00e8s\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131[kaynak belirtilmeli] \u00f6\u011frenir. \u00c7ok \u00fcz\u00fclen Pu\u015fkin, 1837\u2019de d’Anth\u00e8s\u2019i d\u00fcelloya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Bu bir anlamda Pu\u015fkin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcme meydan okuyu\u015fudur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, d’Anth\u00e8s\u2019in ordunun en iyi ni\u015fanc\u0131lar\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n
27 Ocak 1837’de St.Petersburg yak\u0131n\u0131nda Kara Dere’nin bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde d\u00fcellonun yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilir. Pu\u015fkin’in \u015fahidi arkada\u015f\u0131 Danzas’t\u0131r. D\u00fcello’da kullanaca\u011f\u0131 silah\u0131 almak i\u00e7in g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015flerini satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcelloda Pu\u015fkin taraf\u0131ndan omzundan yaralanan d’Anth\u00e8s, Pu\u015fkin\u2019i karn\u0131ndan yaralamay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir so\u011fukkanl\u0131l\u0131kla iki g\u00fcn boyunca can \u00e7eki\u015fen Pu\u015fkin, Ocak ay\u0131n\u0131n so\u011fuk bir \u00f6\u011fleden sonras\u0131 hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumar.<\/p>\n
\u015eairin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc duyunca evinin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde toplanan ve Yevgeniy Onegin\u2019in son bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kap\u0131\u015f kap\u0131\u015f t\u00fcketen halk, \u015fairin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine neredeyse h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 bir ayaklanma noktas\u0131na gelir. Bu gerek\u00e7e ile olaylar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekinen polis, bir gece yar\u0131s\u0131, \u015fairin tabutunu gizlice kiliseden al\u0131r ve Mihaylovskoye k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek topra\u011fa verir.<\/p>\n
Gogol, \u201cPu\u015fkin, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir olayd\u0131r.\u201d der; Dostoyevski daha mistik bir tav\u0131rla \u201c Pu\u015fkin, bize gelecekten haber veren bir peygamberimizdir.\u201d der. Pu\u015fkin, modern Rus Edebiyat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na en \u00e7ok katk\u0131da bulunan yaz\u0131n ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn adam\u0131d\u0131r. Pu\u015fkin, klasik Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 ve Rus halk ruhunu sentezleyerek, Rus Edebiyat\u0131\u2019nda \u201cger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ba\u015flatan liderdir.<\/p>\n
Aleksandr Pu\u015fkin’in d\u00fcello g\u00fcn\u00fc u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 son yer; Peterburg Nevski Prospekt’de Wolf’s \u015fekercisidir (\u015fimdi ki Cafe Litteraturnia).Bu cafede Pu\u015fkin’in balmumundan bir heykeli vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Eserleri<\/strong><\/p>\n * Ruslan i Lyudmila \u2013 Ruslan ve Ludmila (1820) (\u015fiir) Aleksandr Sergeyevi\u00e7 Pu\u015fkin (Rus\u00e7a: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f\u0443\u0301\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d (26 May\u0131s, 1799 – 10 \u015eubat, 1837): Rus \u015fair ve yazar. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus \u015fairi ve Rus edebiyat\u0131’n\u0131n kurucusu kabul edilir. Aleksandr Sergeevi\u00e7 Pu\u015fkin, 1799\u2019da Moskova\u2019da do\u011far. Babas\u0131 Sergey Lvovi\u00e7, soylu bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fudur. Annesi Nadejda Osipovna Hannibal\u2019in ne kadar soylu biri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememiz i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-aleksandr-sergeyevic-puskin"],"yoast_head":"\n
* Kavkazskiy Plennik \u2013 Kafkas Esiri (1822) (\u015fiir)
* Bakhchisarayskiy Fontan \u2013 Bah\u00e7esaray Selsebili (1824) (\u015fiir)
* Tsygany, \u2013 \u00c7ingeneler(\u00f6yk\u00fcsel \u015fiir) (1827)
* Poltava (1829)
* K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Trajediler (1830)
* Boris Godunov (1825) (dram)
* Papaz ve u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Balda’n\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi (1830) (\u015fiir)
* Povesti Pokoynogo Ivana Petrovicha Belkina \u2013 \u0130van Petrovi\u00e7 Belkin’in hik\u00e2yesi (5 k\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeden olu\u015fur: At\u0131\u015f, Kar F\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131, Cenazeci, Menzil M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc ve Bey’in K\u0131z\u0131) (1831) (d\u00fczyaz\u0131)
* \u00c7ar Saltan Masal\u0131 (1831) (\u015fiir)
* Dubrovsky (1832-1833, yay\u0131nland\u01311841, roman)
* Prenses ve 7 Kahraman (1833, \u015fiir)
* Pikovaya Dama \u2013 Ma\u00e7a K\u0131z\u0131 (hik\u00e2ye) (1833) daha sonra operaya uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
* Alt\u0131n Horoz (1834, \u015fiir)
* Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ve Alt\u0131n Bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n Hikayesi (1835, \u015fiir)
* Yevgeni Onegin (1825-1832) (\u015fiirsel roman)
* Mednyy Vsadnik \u2013 Bronz S\u00fcvari (1833, \u015fiir)
* Yemelyan Pugachev isyan\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi (1834, d\u00fcz yaz\u0131)
* Kapitanskaya Dochka – Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131 (1836, d\u00fcz yaz\u0131)
* Kirdzhali \u2013 K\u0131rcali (k\u0131sa hik\u00e2ye)
* Gavriiliada
* Istoriya Sela Goryukhina \u2013 Goryukhino K\u00f6y\u00fc’n\u00fcn Hikayesi (bitirilmemi\u015ftir)
* Stseny iz Rytsarskikh Vremen \u2013 \u015e\u00f6valye Hikayeleri
* Yegipetskiye Nochi \u2013 M\u0131s\u0131r Geceleri (k\u0131sa \u015fiirsel hik\u00e2ye, bitirilmemi\u015ftir)
* K A.P. Kern \u2013 AP. Kern’ne (\u015fiir)
* Bratya Razboyniki \u2013 Haydut Karde\u015fler (oyun)
* Arap Petra Velikogo \u2013 B\u00fcy\u00fck Petro’nun Arab\u0131 (tarihsel roman, bitirilmemi\u015f)
* Graf Nulin \u2013 Kont Nulin
* Zimniy vecher \u2013 K\u0131\u015f ak\u015fam\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"