{"id":2841,"date":"2009-12-08T12:43:08","date_gmt":"2009-12-08T09:43:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/12\/08\/sorgulayan-denemeler-bertrand-russell\/"},"modified":"2009-12-08T12:43:08","modified_gmt":"2009-12-08T09:43:08","slug":"sorgulayan-denemeler-bertrand-russell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/12\/08\/sorgulayan-denemeler-bertrand-russell\/","title":{"rendered":"Sorgulayan Denemeler \u2013 Bertrand Russell"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cTaoizmin kurucusu \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201c\u0130yiye iyi, iyi olmayana da, onu iyili\u011fe y\u00f6neltmek i\u00e7in, yine iyi davranmal\u0131y\u0131m. \u0130nan\u00e7 sahibi olanlara sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; olmayanlara da sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc belki bu yolla onlar da inan\u00e7 sahibi olurlar. Bir insan k\u00f6t\u00fc bile olsa onu d\u0131\u015flamak do\u011fru olabilir mi? K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe iyilikle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriniz.\u201d Lao-Tze\u2019nin baz\u0131 s\u00f6zleri Da\u011fdaki Vaaz\u2019\u0131n \u0130sa taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcritlerine verilen, h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel ilkelerini i\u00e7eren vaaz\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine inan\u0131lmaz derecede benzer.
\u00d6rne\u011fin \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cAl\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olanlar olduklar\u0131 gibi kalacaklard\u0131r. E\u011friler d\u00fczeltilecektir. Bo\u015flar doldurulacakt\u0131r. Y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015flar yenilenecektir. Yoksullar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla \u015feye sahip olanlar yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131racakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Wells\u2019in Zaman Makinesi\u2019ni herkes bilir; makine, ona sahip olan ki\u015finin zaman i\u00e7inde ileriye veya geriye gitmesini, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin neye benzedi\u011fini, gelece\u011fin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fahsen g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flar. \u0130nsanlar Wells\u2019in makinesinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yararlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funun, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine seyahat ederek sa\u011flanabilece\u011fini pek farketmiyorlar. New York\u2019a ya da Chicago\u2019ya giden bir Avrupal\u0131 gelece\u011fi, e\u011fer ekonomik bir felaket ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmazsa Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ula\u015fmas\u0131 olas\u0131 gelece\u011fi g\u00f6recektir. \u00d6te yandan, e\u011fer Asya\u2019ya gidecek olursa ge\u00e7mi\u015fi g\u00f6recektir. Bana anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Hindistan\u2019da Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019de (1920) onsekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6recektir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer George Washington yery\u00fcz\u00fcne geri gelseydi, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke onu da \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de biraz daha az, Fransa\u2019da ise ondan daha da az yabanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ekerdi. Ancak \u00c7in\u2019e ula\u015fmadan kendini tam olarak \u00fclkesinde hissetmezdi. Hayali yolculuklar\u0131 boyunca ilk kez orada, \u201cya\u015fam, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve mutluluk aray\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201dna hala inanan, bunlar\u0131 Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde alg\u0131layan insanlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019e cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131 da san\u0131r\u0131m pek uzun zaman almazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019y\u0131, Rusya d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ve \u00f6zerk \u0130ngiliz dominyonlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Bu uygarl\u0131kta Amerika ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eker; Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 Do\u011fu\u2019dan ay\u0131rdeden b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zellikler en \u00e7ok Amerika\u2019da belirgin ve geli\u015fmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u0130lerlemeyi do\u011fal kar\u015f\u0131lamaya al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n\u0131z: Son y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen de\u011fi\u015fimlerin daha iyiye do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan, iyiye do\u011fru ba\u015fka de\u011fi\u015fimlerin de hep s\u00fcregelece\u011finden hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku duymuyoruz. Sava\u015f ve onun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 K\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131nda bu g\u00fcvenli inanca bir darbe indirdi; insanlar 1914 \u00f6ncesine, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu tekrar d\u00f6nmeyecek bir alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130yimserli\u011fin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sars\u0131nt\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de daha hafif, Amerika\u2019da ise daha da hafif olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u0130\u00e7imizde, ilerlemeyi do\u011fal kar\u015f\u0131lama al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olan ki\u015filerin, bizim y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l \u00f6nce bulundu\u011fumuz konumda olan \u00c7in gibi bir \u00fclkeyi ziyaret etmeleri ve ge\u00e7irdi\u011fimiz de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin bize ger\u00e7ek bir iyile\u015fme getirip getirmedi\u011fini kendi kendilerine sormalar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ilgin\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r.
Herkesin bildi\u011fi gibi \u00c7in uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Confucius\u2019un \u0130sa\u2019dan be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce yayg\u0131nla\u015fan \u00f6\u011fretilerini temel alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Grekler ve Romal\u0131lar gibi Confucius da insan toplumunun geli\u015fmesinin do\u011fa gere\u011fi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde de\u011fildi; tersine, \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flarda h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n bilge ki\u015filer oldu\u011funa ve de insanlar\u0131n, yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn hayranl\u0131k duydu\u011fu ancak ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mutlu olduklar\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. Bu ku\u015fkusuz bir yan\u0131lg\u0131yd\u0131. Ama ne olursa olsun Confucius, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer hocalar\u0131 gibi, hep yeni ba\u015far\u0131lar pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fmek yerine, belli bir nitelik d\u00fczeyini koruyan kararl\u0131 bir toplum yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Bu konuda, \u015fimdiye kadar gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f herkesten daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Ki\u015fili\u011fi o \u00e7a\u011flardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek \u00c7in uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Onun zaman\u0131nda \u00c7in bug\u00fcnk\u00fc topraklar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapl\u0131yordu ve birbirleriyle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan eyaletlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f durumdayd\u0131. \u00c7inliler, bunu izleyen \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u015fimdi \u00c7in olarak bilinen topraklara yay\u0131ld\u0131lar ve son elli y\u0131la gelinceye kadar y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve n\u00fcfus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan bir imparatorluk kurdular. Barbarlar\u0131n i\u015fgallerine, Mo\u011fol ve Man\u00e7u hanedanlar\u0131na ve arada ya\u015fanan uzun veya k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli i\u00e7 sava\u015f ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131n Confucius\u2019un sistemi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc; beraberinde sanat, edebiyat ve uygar bir ya\u015fama bi\u00e7imi getirdi. Bat\u0131 ve bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f
Japonya ile temaslar sonucunda bu sistem ancak yeni yeni \u00e7\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu kadar ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir varolma g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip bir sistemin pek \u00fcst\u00fcn nitelikleri olmas\u0131 gerekir; sayg\u0131 ve ilgimizi de hakeder. Bu sistem kelimenin bizim alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anlam\u0131nda bir din de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fa \u00fcst\u00fc veya mistik inan\u00e7larla bir ili\u015fkisi yoktur. Tamamen ahlaki bir sistem olmakla beraber kurallar\u0131, h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurallar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, s\u0131radan insanlar\u0131n uygulayamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fcce de\u011fildir. Confucius\u2019un \u00f6\u011fretileri, temelde, modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f onsekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l \u201cbeyefendi\u201d idealine benzer \u015feylerdir. Deyi\u015flerinden biri bunu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r (Lionel Giles\u2019in Sayings of Confucius \u2013 Confucius\u2019un Deyi\u015fleri-\u2019nden al\u0131nt\u0131): \u201cGer\u00e7ek beyefendi hi\u00e7bir zaman kavgac\u0131 de\u011fildir. E\u011fer ortada ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir rekabet varsa, bu bir at\u0131\u015f-yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenir. Burada bile, yerini almadan \u00f6nce ve kaybettikten sonra rakibini kibarca selamlar; kaybetmi\u015fse ceremesini de \u00e7eker. B\u00f6ylece, \u00e7eki\u015firken bile ger\u00e7ek beyefendili\u011fini korur.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011funlukla, bir ahlak hocas\u0131ndan beklendi\u011fi gibi, sorumluluktan, erdemden ve bu t\u00fcr \u015feylerden s\u00f6z eder; ancak ki\u015fiyi, do\u011faya ve do\u011fal sevgiye ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan herhangi bir \u015feye zorlamaz. Bu da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konu\u015fmada g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n

\u201cShe D\u00fck\u00fc Confucius\u2019a \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u00dclkemizde d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir adam var. Babas\u0131 bir koyun \u00e7ald\u0131 ve o\u011flu ona kar\u015f\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131k etti. Confucius \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131tlad\u0131: Bizim \u00fclkemizde d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck bundan farkl\u0131 bir \u015feydir. Baba o\u011flunun su\u00e7unu, o\u011flan da babas\u0131n\u0131n su\u00e7unu gizler. Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ancak b\u00f6yle davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunur.\u201d Confucius her \u015feyde, hatta erdem konusunda bile, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir ki\u015fiydi. K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iyilikle yan\u0131tlamam\u0131z gerekti\u011fine inanmazd\u0131. Bir keresinde k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe iyilikle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme ilkesi hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi soruldu\u011funda yan\u0131t\u0131 \u015fu olmu\u015ftu: \u201cO zaman iyili\u011fin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne olacak?
Haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa adaletle, iyili\u011fe iyilikle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermelisiniz.\u201d Onun zaman\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe iyilikle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme ilkesi, \u00f6\u011fretileri h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa Confucius\u2019unkinden daha yak\u0131n olan taoistlerce \u00f6\u011f\u00fctleniyordu. Taoizmin kurucusu Lao-Tze (Confucius\u2019un daha ya\u015fl\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131r) \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201c\u0130yiye iyi, iyi olmayana da, onu iyili\u011fe y\u00f6neltmek i\u00e7in, yine iyi davranmal\u0131y\u0131m. \u0130nan\u00e7 sahibi olanlara sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; olmayanlara da sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc belki bu yolla onlar da inan\u00e7 sahibi olurlar. Bir insan k\u00f6t\u00fc bile olsa onu d\u0131\u015flamak do\u011fru olabilir mi? K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe iyilikle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriniz.\u201d Lao-Tze\u2019nin baz\u0131 s\u00f6zleri Da\u011fdaki Vaaz\u2019\u0131n (\u0130sa taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcritlerine verilen, h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel ilkelerini i\u00e7eren vaaz. (\u00c7.N))
baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine inan\u0131lmaz derecede benzer.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin \u015f\u00f6yle diyor:<\/p>\n

\u201cAl\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olanlar olduklar\u0131 gibi kalacaklard\u0131r. E\u011friler d\u00fczeltilecektir. Bo\u015flar doldurulacakt\u0131r. Y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015flar yenilenecektir. Yoksullar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7ok fazla \u015feye sahip olanlar yollar\u0131n\u0131
\u015fa\u015f\u0131racakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lao-Tze\u2019nin de\u011fil de Confucius\u2019un ulusal bilge haline gelmesi \u00c7in\u2019e has bir \u00f6zelliktir. Taoizm de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc: ancak cahil halk aras\u0131nda ve sihir niteli\u011finde. Onun \u00f6\u011fretileri \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu
y\u00f6neten uygulamac\u0131lara hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc gibi geliyordu. Confucius\u2019un \u00f6\u011fretileri ise s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeleri \u00f6nleme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok iyi hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lao-Tze eylem kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir sav \u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fcyor, \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201c\u0130mparatorluk, i\u015flerin kendi do\u011fal haline b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131yla kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her zaman bir\u015feyler yapmak zorunda olan kimseler imparatorluk sahibi olmaya lay\u0131k de\u011fildirler.\u201d Ancak, do\u011fal olarak, \u00c7in\u2019in y\u00f6neticileri Confucius\u2019un, kendine hakim olma, hay\u0131rseverlik, nezaket ilkelerini ye\u011flediler; ayn\u0131 zamanda, bilge h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 yararlara b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdiler. Beyaz \u0131rka mensup modern uluslar\u0131n hepsinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kuramsal olarak bir t\u00fcr ahlak sistemini, uygulamada ise ba\u015fka bir ahlak sistemini benimsemeyi \u00c7inliler hi\u00e7bir zaman ak\u0131llar\u0131na getirmediler. Onlar her zaman kendi kuramlar\u0131na uygun davranm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r demek istemiyorum; ancak \u00f6yle davranmaya \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermi\u015fler, kendilerinden de \u00f6yle davranmalar\u0131 beklenmi\u015ftir.
Halbuki h\u0131ristiyan ahlak kurallar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, bu g\u00fcnahkar d\u00fcnyada uygulanamayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fccelik \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, genelde kabul edilen bir husustur.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekte, bizim yanyana giden iki t\u00fcr ahlak sistemimiz vard\u0131r: birisi \u00f6\u011f\u00fctledi\u011fimiz ama uygulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ahlak; \u00f6teki de uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ama sadece aras\u0131ra \u00f6\u011f\u00fctledi\u011fimiz ahlak. Mormonizm d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn dinler gibi h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k da Asya k\u00f6kenlidir. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, ilk y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131nda, Asya mistisizmine \u00f6zg\u00fc olan bireycilik ve \u00f6b\u00fcr-d\u00fcnya kavramlar\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermi\u015ftir. Kar\u015f\u0131-koymama doktrini bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Avrupa prensiplerinin resmi dini olunca baz\u0131 metinlerin s\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131na g\u00f6re alg\u0131lanmamas\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, \u201cSezar\u2019\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 Sezar\u2019a veriniz\u201d gibilerinden baz\u0131 ifadeler \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise rekabete dayal\u0131 sanayinin etkisiyle, kar\u015f\u0131-koymama ilkesine en ufak bir e\u011filim a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmakta, herkesin kendi yolunda gitmesi beklenmektedir. Uygulamada, ge\u00e7erli olan ahlak ilkemiz m\u00fccadele yoluyla elde edilen maddi ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r ve bu husus bireyler i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar uluslar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her \u015fey bize safdillik ve sa\u00e7ma olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7inliler bizim ne teorik ne de pratik ahlak kurallar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 benimsiyorlar. Teoride, kavgan\u0131n yerinde olaca\u011f\u0131 durumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; uygulamada ise bu hale \u00e7ok ender rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyorlar. Bizlere gelince, teorik olarak, d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fmeyi gerektirecek hi\u00e7 bir durum olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; pratikte ise, bu durumlar\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. \u00c7inliler de bazan kavga ederler; ancak sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir \u0131rk de\u011fillerdir. Sava\u015fta olsun i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131nda olsun ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 uzun boylu \u00f6vmezler. Geleneksel olarak, \u00f6\u011frenmeye her\u015feyden \u00e7ok de\u011fer verirler; ondan sonra, ve genellikle onunla birlikte, inceli\u011fe ve nezakete.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok uzun y\u0131llar boyunca, \u00c7in\u2019de y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revlerine atamalar yar\u0131\u015fma s\u0131nav\u0131 yoluyla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki bin y\u0131l boyunca, babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7en bir aristokrasi var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in (bunun tek istisnas\u0131 Confucius ailesidir, aile reisine D\u00fck denir) bilim, salt kendisi i\u00e7in toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayg\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, feodal Avrupa\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc soylulara g\u00f6sterilene benzer bir sayg\u0131ya kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ancak, eski bilim \u00e7ok dar kapsaml\u0131yd\u0131; \u00c7in klasiklerinin ve onlar\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc yorumcular\u0131n\u0131n, ele\u015ftiriden uzak olarak \u00f6\u011freniminden ibaretti. Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkisiyle co\u011frafya, ekonomi, jeoloji, kimya vb.\u2019nin eski \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n ahlak \u00f6\u011fretilerinden daha pratik yararlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu farkedildi. Yeni \u00c7in (yani Avrupa standartlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan gen\u00e7ler) \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f gereksinimlerin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r ve belki de, eski geleneklere yeterince sayg\u0131 duymamaktad\u0131r. Ancak yine de, en modern olanlar\u0131 bile, az say\u0131da istisna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, nezaket ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k gibi geleneksel erdemlerini korumaktad\u0131rlar. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki birka\u00e7 on-y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Bat\u0131\u2019dan ve Japonlardan al\u0131nan dersler sonunda bu erdemlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri ise ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer \u00c7inliler ile aram\u0131zdaki fark\u0131 tek bir c\u00fcmle ile \u00f6zetlemem gerekirse \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim ki, temelde, zevk almay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinmi\u015flerdir; bizler ise, temelde, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmay\u0131. Biz di\u011fer insanlara ve Do\u011fa ya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmaktan ho\u015flan\u0131yoruz. Bunlardan ilki i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletleri, ikincisi i\u00e7in de Bilimi geli\u015ftirdik. \u00c7inliler bu t\u00fcr u\u011fra\u015flar i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla tembel ve fazlas\u0131yla yumu\u015fak huyludurlar. Onlara tembel demek yaln\u0131z bu anlamda do\u011frudur. Ruslar\u0131n oldu\u011fu t\u00fcrden tembel de\u011fildirler; yani ge\u00e7imlerini kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Patronlar\u0131 onlar\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan bulur. Ancak onlar Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar ve Amerikal\u0131lar gibi, bo\u015f durmaktan s\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in veya salt ko\u015fu\u015fturmay\u0131 sevdikleri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmazlar. Ge\u00e7imlerine yetecek kadar kazand\u0131klar\u0131nda onunla yetinirler; daha \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaya \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermezler. Tiyatroya gitmek, \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erek sohbete dalmak, eski \u00e7a\u011flardaki \u00c7in sanat\u0131na hayranl\u0131k duymak veya g\u00fczel manzaral\u0131 yerlerde dola\u015fmak gibi e\u011flencelerle zaman ge\u00e7irmek konusunda yetenekleri sonsuzdur. Bizim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6yle ge\u00e7irmesi gere\u011finden \u00e7ok rehavet ifade eder; bizler her g\u00fcn b\u00fcrosuna giden bir insana, orada yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler zararl\u0131 da olsa, daha \u00e7ok sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Beyazlar i\u00e7in Do\u011fu\u2019da ya\u015faman\u0131n belki de k\u00f6t\u00fc bir etkisi oluyor. Ancak itiraf etmeliyim ki, \u00c7in\u2019i tan\u0131d\u0131ktan sonra tembelli\u011fe insanlar\u0131n toplu olarak sahip olabilecekleri en iyi \u00f6zellik olarak bakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k sayesinde ger\u00e7i baz\u0131 \u015feyler kazan\u0131yoruz; ancak bu ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feylerin sonu\u00e7 olarak bir de\u011fer ifade edip etmedi\u011fi, sorgulanmaya de\u011fer. \u00dcretimde e\u015fsiz beceriler geli\u015ftiriyoruz. \u00dcrettiklerimizin de bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc gemiler, otomobiller, telefonlar ve l\u00fcks ve h\u0131zl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n ba\u015fka gere\u00e7leri olarak kullan\u0131yoruz; bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ise birbirimizi toplu halde \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek silahlar, zehirli gazlar ve u\u00e7aklara ay\u0131r\u0131yoruz. \u00c7ok iyi bir y\u00f6netim ve vergi sistemimiz var. Bu vergilerin de bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve benzeri yararl\u0131 \u015feyler i\u00e7in, geriye kalan\u0131 da sava\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130ngilteresinde milli gelirin en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve gelecek sava\u015flara ayr\u0131lmakta, yararl\u0131 \u015feylere ise ancak bundan geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm harcanmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerin \u00e7o\u011funda oran daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr. Benzersiz etkinlikte bir polis \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fcz var. Bunun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc su\u00e7u ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak ve \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de yeni, yap\u0131c\u0131 siyasal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri olan ki\u015fileri hapse atmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Son zamanlara kadar \u00c7in de bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri yoktu.<\/p>\n

Sanayi otomobil veya bomba yapamayacak kadar verimsiz, devlet kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitemeyecek ve ba\u015fka \u00fclke insanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcremeyecek kadar etkisiz; polis haydutlar\u0131 veya bol\u015fevikleri yakalamayacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczd\u00fc. Bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak \u00c7in\u2019de, hi\u00e7bir beyaz adam\u0131n \u00fclkesinde bulunmayan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, herkes i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck; ufak bir az\u0131nl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n fakir oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olan, yayg\u0131n bir mutluluk vard\u0131. Orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan bir \u00c7inli ile orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan bir Bat\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n olaylara bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda iki farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar: Birincisi, \u00c7inlilerin
yararl\u0131 bir amaca hizmet etmeyen hi\u00e7bir eyleme de\u011fer vermemeleri; ikincisi, kendi itilerimizi kontrol alt\u0131nda tutup ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131nkine kar\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ahlakl\u0131l\u0131k saymamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n birincisini daha \u00f6nce tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bulunuyoruz; ancak ikincisi de san\u0131r\u0131m ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc sinolog Profes\u00f6r Giles\u2019\u0131n \u201cConfucianizm ve Kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131\u201d konusunda Gifford\u2019da verdi\u011fi konferanslarda savundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, h\u0131ristiyan misyonerlerin \u00c7in\u2019deki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca engeli, do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00fcnahkarl\u0131k doktrini olmu\u015ftur. Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019da \u00e7o\u011fu misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan hala \u00f6\u011fretilmekte olan kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015f h\u0131ristiyan doktrinine g\u00f6re hepimiz g\u00fcnahkar olarak, sonsuza dek cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 hakedecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fcnahkar olarak do\u011fmu\u015fuzdur. \u00c7inliler bu sav\u0131n, beyazlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla kabul edebiliyorlar. Ancak kendi ana-babalar\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ana-babalar\u0131n\u0131n cehennem ate\u015finde yand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylendi\u011finde k\u0131z\u0131yorlar. Confucius insanlar\u0131n iyi olarak do\u011fdu\u011funu, e\u011fer sonradan g\u00fcnahkar olurlarsa bunun k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6rneklerden ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc terbiyeden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel kat\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ile bunun aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00c7inlilerin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde derin etkisi vard\u0131r. Bizde, ellerinde ahlak me\u015falesi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lan ki\u015filer, kendilerini normal zevklerden mahrum eden ve bunun ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n zevklerine kar\u0131\u015farak \u00e7\u0131karan ki\u015filerdir. Bizim erdem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fine burun sokma \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r: Bir kimse e\u011fer kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n rahat\u0131n\u0131 bozmuyorsa onun ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc iyi bir insan olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyiz. Bu bizim G\u00fcnah anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdan kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu tav\u0131r yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri k\u0131s\u0131tlamakla kalm\u0131yor; ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe de yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc geleneksel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere uyum sa\u011flamak \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fiye fazlas\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7 geliyor. \u00c7in de ise durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Orada ahlak kurallar\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde de\u011fil, olumlu y\u00f6ndedir. \u0130nsan\u0131n ana-babas\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na \u015fefkatli, fakir akrabalar\u0131na c\u00f6mert ve herkese nazik davranmas\u0131 beklenir. Bunlar da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7ok zor beklentiler de\u011fildir; halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekten uygulan\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 da, galiba, \u00e7o\u011fumuzun yerine getiremedi\u011fi bizim \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerimize g\u00f6re daha olumludur.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnah kavram\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011funun bir ba\u015fka sonucu da insanlar\u0131n, aralar\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Bat\u0131\u2019da oldu\u011fundan daha fazla, mant\u0131\u011fa ve tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k tutma e\u011filiminde olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bizde fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hemen bir \u201cilke\u201d sorununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr: iki taraf da di\u011fer taraf\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu, ona kat\u0131lman\u0131n su\u00e7lulu\u011fu payla\u015fmak demek oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu da anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirir ve uygulamada hemen kuvvete ba\u015fvurmay\u0131 akla getirir. \u00c7in\u2019de kuvvete ba\u015fvurmaya haz\u0131r silahl\u0131 kuvvetler var olmu\u015fsa da onlar\u0131 kimse, hatta askerlerin kendileri bile ciddiye almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hemen hemen kans\u0131z
denebilecek sava\u015flar yapm\u0131\u015flar, bizim Bat\u0131\u2019daki daha \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131zdan edindi\u011fimiz deneyimlere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, beklenenden \u00e7ok daha az zarar vermi\u015flerdir. Sivil y\u00f6netim de dahil olmak \u00fczere halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sanki bu generaller ve ordular\u0131 hi\u00e7 yokmu\u015f gibi g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar, \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin dost\u00e7a arabuluculu\u011fu ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenir. Kabul g\u00f6ren ilke uzla\u015fmad\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her iki taraf\u0131n da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmamas\u0131 gereklidir. Baz\u0131 y\u00f6nleri yabanc\u0131lara komik gelse bile, bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc-kurtarma ilkesi son derece de\u011fer verilen ulusal bir kurumdur; sosyal ve siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131, bizdekinden \u00e7ok daha az ac\u0131mas\u0131z k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in sisteminde tek bir kusur, ama \u00f6nemli bir kusur vard\u0131r ve bu da sistemin, \u00c7in\u2019in daha kavgac\u0131 uluslara kar\u015f\u0131 koymas\u0131n\u0131 engellemesidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00c7in gibi olsayd\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya mutlu olurdu. Di\u011fer uluslar kavgac\u0131 ve kuvvetli oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, \u00c7inliler de, e\u011fer ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruyacaklarsa, art\u0131k d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan soyutlanm\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bizim k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerimizi bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde taklit etme zorunda kalacaklard\u0131r. Bu taklidin bir geli\u015fme oldu\u011funu san\u0131p gururlanmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Sorgulayan Denemeler Bertrand Russell
<\/strong>\u00c7eviri: Nermin Ar\u0131k<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cTaoizmin kurucusu \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201c\u0130yiye iyi, iyi olmayana da, onu iyili\u011fe y\u00f6neltmek i\u00e7in, yine iyi davranmal\u0131y\u0131m. \u0130nan\u00e7 sahibi olanlara sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; olmayanlara da sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc belki bu yolla onlar da inan\u00e7 sahibi olurlar. Bir insan k\u00f6t\u00fc bile olsa onu d\u0131\u015flamak do\u011fru olabilir mi? K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe iyilikle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriniz.\u201d Lao-Tze\u2019nin baz\u0131 s\u00f6zleri Da\u011fdaki Vaaz\u2019\u0131n \u0130sa taraf\u0131ndan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2841","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\nSorgulayan Denemeler \u2013 Bertrand Russell - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/12\/08\/sorgulayan-denemeler-bertrand-russell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sorgulayan Denemeler \u2013 Bertrand Russell\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cTaoizmin kurucusu \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201c\u0130yiye iyi, iyi olmayana da, onu iyili\u011fe y\u00f6neltmek i\u00e7in, yine iyi davranmal\u0131y\u0131m. \u0130nan\u00e7 sahibi olanlara sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; olmayanlara da sayg\u0131 duyar\u0131m; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc belki bu yolla onlar da inan\u00e7 sahibi olurlar. Bir insan k\u00f6t\u00fc bile olsa onu d\u0131\u015flamak do\u011fru olabilir mi? 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