Bir eserin d\u0131\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131na bi\u00e7im denir. Eskiden buna \u015fekil ad\u0131 verilirdi. Edebiyatta bi\u00e7im iki anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
a. Geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla: Bir eserin uzunlu\u011fu ve k\u0131sal\u0131\u011f\u0131, kurulu\u015f \u00f6zelli\u011fi (b\u00f6l\u00fcmleni\u015fi, b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin d\u00fczenleni\u015fi, vb.), dili, \u00fcsl\u00fbbu; naz\u0131mda ayr\u0131ca \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, aya\u011f\u0131, bunlar\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131p kuilan\u0131lmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, dizelerin k\u00fcmeleni\u015fi, ayaklar\u0131n \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n
b. Dar anlam\u0131yla: Naz\u0131m’da dizelerin k\u00fcmeleni\u015fi, ayaklar\u0131n (uyaklar\u0131n) \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (ayak d\u00fczeni). Geni\u015f anlaml\u0131 bi\u00e7im anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, buna, naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imi (naz\u0131m \u015fekli) denir.<\/p>\n
Bir naz\u0131m sat\u0131r\u0131na dize denir. (eskiden buna m\u0131sra denirdi). Hi\u00e7bir manzumeye ba\u011flanmayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir dize, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imidir. Divan edebiyat\u0131nda, bu yoldaki dizelere azade (ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z) ad\u0131 verilirdi. Manzumeler, dizelerin birle\u015fmesinden meydana gelir; o bak\u0131mdan, dize, bir manzumenin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir manzumede dizeler, birer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7evresinde k\u00fcmelenirler. Belli say\u0131daki dizelerin meydana getirdikleri bu k\u00fcmelere bent ad\u0131 verilir. Bentler, iki, \u00fc\u00e7, d\u00f6rt, be\u015f, alt\u0131… vb. dizelik k\u00fcmeler halinde olabilir. \u0130ki dizelik bende beyit denir (alt alta yaz\u0131lan iki dizenin beyit say\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131n anlamca birbirlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 gereklidir); \u00f6teki k\u00fcmelere de, dize say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck, d\u00f6rtl\u00fck, be\u015flik, alt\u0131l\u0131k… vb. adlar verilir. Manzumeler, bu yoldaki bentlerin birle\u015fmelerinden meydana gelir.<\/p>\n
Dizelerin k\u00fcmelemenden ve ayaklar\u0131n s\u0131ralan\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeninden (ayak \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcnden) naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imi do\u011far.<\/p>\n
Naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerinde, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131lan par\u00e7aya naz\u0131m birimi denir. Yeni edebiyatta naz\u0131m birimi dizedir. Divan edebiyat\u0131nda beyit, halk edebiyat\u0131nda d\u00f6rtl\u00fckt\u00fcr; yani, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc naz\u0131mlar dize dize, Divan nazm\u0131 beyit beyit, Halk nazm\u0131 da d\u00f6rtl\u00fck d\u00f6rtl\u00fck i\u015flenir.<\/p>\n
Naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri, kuramsal yaz\u0131larda \u015femalarla g\u00f6sterilir, iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015fema kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:
a. Nazm\u0131n bi\u00e7imini \u00e7izgiler ve harflerle g\u00f6steren \u015fema: Bu yoldaki \u015femalarda her dize bir \u00e7izgi ile g\u00f6sterilir; dize k\u00fcmelerinin aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in de, \u00e7izgi k\u00fcmelen aras\u0131nda bo\u015fluk b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r; ayaklar (uyak), \u00e7izgilerin sonunda birer harfle belirtilir; ayn\u0131 cins ayaklar (uyaklar) i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 harfler kullan\u0131l\u0131r; ayaks\u0131z(uyaks\u0131z) dizeler ” x ” harfi ile belirtilir:<\/p>\n
a————-a
b————-a
a ————x
b————-a<\/p>\n
c————-x
c————-a
c————-x
b————-a<\/p>\n
b. Nazm\u0131n bi\u00e7imini yaln\u0131z harflerle g\u00f6steren \u015fema: Bu yoldaki \u015femalarda \u00e7izgiler kullan\u0131lmaz; ayaklan g\u00f6steren harfler yan yana yaz\u0131l\u0131r; bu \u015femada, harfler hem dizeleri, hem de ayaklan g\u00f6steriyor demektir. Dize k\u00fcmelerinin aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklan belirtmek i\u00e7in de, harf k\u00fcmeleri aras\u0131nda bir bo\u015fluk b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da \u00e7izgi \u015femas\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterilen naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerini harf \u015femas\u0131 ile \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz: abab cccb aaxa xaxa<\/p>\n
\u015eemas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak nazm\u0131n i\u00e7inde e\u011fer hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeden tekrarlanan dizeler varsa, onlar, her iki \u015femada da b\u00fcy\u00fck harf ile g\u00f6sterilir:<\/p>\n
————-a
————-B
————-a
————-B<\/p>\n
————-c
————-c
————-c
————-B<\/p>\n
ya da: aBaB cccB<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz:
1. \u0130sl\u00e2ml\u0131ktan \u00f6nceki T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131;
2. \u0130sl\u00e2m uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131
3. Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131,<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri de, edebiyat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemleriyle ko\u015futtur:
1. Halk edebiyat\u0131 naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri (\u0130sl\u00e2ml\u0131k \u00f6ncesi ve \u0130sl\u00e2ml\u0131k sonras\u0131 halk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 kapsar);
2. Divan edebiyat\u0131 naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri;
3. Yeni yaz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda naz\u0131m bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6nemli bir yeri olmu\u015ftur. Gerek Divan, gerek Halk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca verimleri hep naz\u0131mla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca s\u00fcren her iki edebiyatta da, belli naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerine titizlikle ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131, naz\u0131m bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131lan ufak bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilik say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O kadar ki, Tanzimat’la ba\u015flayan yeni edebiyat\u0131n (1859’dan bu yana) kendi i\u00e7indeki d\u00f6nemleri dahi hep bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. O bak\u0131mdan, yukar\u0131da da s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz \u00fczere, naz\u0131m bi\u00e7iminin T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6zel bir yeri vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Tanzimat edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6neminde yeti\u015fen ozanlar (\u00f6zellikle Abd\u00fclhak Hamit) Divan edebiyat\u0131 naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerini b\u0131rak\u0131p Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri yeni bi\u00e7imleri kullanma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131nca, Bat\u0131 sanat\u0131na yabanc\u0131 olmayan kimseler (Muallim Naci, vb.) dahi tedirgin olmu\u015f; b\u00fcy\u00fck tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Edebiyat-\u0131 Cedide (1896-1901) ozanlar\u0131 daha da ileriye gidip Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerini (sone, \u00f6zg\u00fcr m\u00fcstezat, \u00fc\u00e7 dizeli bent, vb.) ve yeni anlat\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerini aktar\u0131nca, tepki daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015f; Tanzimat edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen baz\u0131 sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bile buna katlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (y\u00fczde y\u00fcz Bat\u0131’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 romanc\u0131 Ahmet Mithat Efendi, “dekadan” tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131). \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6neminde (1908-1922) ba\u015flayan “Mill\u00ee Edebiyat” hareketinin sade dil, hece \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi ve halk edebiyat\u0131 naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri kullanma giri\u015fimi, bu sefer de Edebiyat-\u0131 Cedide sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sert tepkisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde yerli ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn klasik naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerini bir yana iten “\u00f6zg\u00fcr naz\u0131m” da (1928), yine bir bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
Edebiyat\u0131m\u0131za yeni giren her bi\u00e7im, kendi i\u00e7eri\u011fini de birlikte getirmi\u015f; b\u00f6ylece, bi\u00e7imle ba\u015flayan her yenilik, i\u00e7erikle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ferek, kimi zaman bir sanat reformu (Mill\u00ee Edebiyat hareketi), kimi zaman da bir sanat devrimi (Tanzimat edebiyat\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcr naz\u0131m) niteli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kaynak: Cevdet Kudret, \u00d6rneklerle Edebiyat Bilgileri<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bir eserin d\u0131\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131na bi\u00e7im denir. Eskiden buna \u015fekil ad\u0131 verilirdi. Edebiyatta bi\u00e7im iki anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r: a. Geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla: Bir eserin uzunlu\u011fu ve k\u0131sal\u0131\u011f\u0131, kurulu\u015f \u00f6zelli\u011fi (b\u00f6l\u00fcmleni\u015fi, b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin d\u00fczenleni\u015fi, vb.), dili, \u00fcsl\u00fbbu; naz\u0131mda ayr\u0131ca \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, aya\u011f\u0131, bunlar\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131p kuilan\u0131lmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, dizelerin k\u00fcmeleni\u015fi, ayaklar\u0131n \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc. b. Dar anlam\u0131yla: Naz\u0131m’da dizelerin k\u00fcmeleni\u015fi, ayaklar\u0131n (uyaklar\u0131n) \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (ayak d\u00fczeni). Geni\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[120],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-siir-uzerine-bilgiler"],"yoast_head":"\n