{"id":3670,"date":"2010-01-04T22:42:43","date_gmt":"2010-01-04T19:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/01\/04\/spinozayi-sever-misiniz-afsar-timucin\/"},"modified":"2010-01-04T22:42:43","modified_gmt":"2010-01-04T19:42:43","slug":"spinozayi-sever-misiniz-afsar-timucin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/04\/spinozayi-sever-misiniz-afsar-timucin\/","title":{"rendered":"Spinoza\u2019y\u0131 Sever misiniz? | Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in"},"content":{"rendered":"![\"\"](\"http:\/\/t1.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:sk4hyp1wwVXOoM:http:\/\/www.mtsu.edu\/~rbombard\/RB\/Spinoza\/spinoza1a.jpg\")
Spinoza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en ilgin\u00e7 filozoflar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Amsterdam Sinagogu\u2019nun aforoz etti\u011fi bu ki\u015fi filozofa yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bir tutarl\u0131l\u0131kta, tam anlam\u0131nda yapayaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131. Felsefesini geli\u015ftirme yolunda gecesini g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fcne katarken d\u00fcnyayla hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kopard\u0131, tam bir yoksulluk ve kimsesizlik i\u00e7inde k\u0131rk d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc bir bilgeye yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde tamamlad\u0131. Ekme\u011fini kazanabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6zl\u00fck cam\u0131 parlatma zanaat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi, \u00f6lene kadar bu i\u015fi yapt\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bir g\u00fcn\u00fc bir tas \u00e7orbayla ge\u00e7iriyor, biraz daha paras\u0131 varsa \u00e7orban\u0131n yan\u0131na bir bardak bira ekliyordu. Bu zor ko\u015fullara kar\u015f\u0131n saray se\u00e7icisinin seni Heidelberg \u00fcniversitesinde felsefe k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcne atayal\u0131m \u00f6nerisini profes\u00f6r olmak istemedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle geri \u00e7evirdi. G\u00fcn geldi, Descartes\u2019\u0131n kitaplar\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O kitaplar\u0131 yutar gibi okudu: arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Sonralar\u0131 felsefede b\u00fct\u00fcn bildiklerini Descartes\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini s\u0131k s\u0131k s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Ne var ki Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n felsefesi ustas\u0131n\u0131nki gibi apa\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. Descartes d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki tektanr\u0131l\u0131 dinlerin \u015femas\u0131na bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uydurmu\u015fken Spinoza yahudi inanc\u0131na iyice ters d\u00fc\u015fen heptanr\u0131c\u0131 bir anlay\u0131\u015f geli\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Olduk\u00e7a zor okunan temel kitab\u0131 Ethica okuyucuyu alabildi\u011fine yorar hatta deli eder. O tan\u0131mlar, konutlar, belitler, \u00f6nermeler, g\u00f6stermeler, gerek\u00e7eler, sonu\u00e7lar y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131r insan\u0131. Leibniz yerden g\u00f6\u011fe hakl\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cSpinoza g\u00f6sterme sanat\u0131nda her zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck bir usta olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez. Bu yazar\u0131n zihni kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve dolamba\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r. Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k ve do\u011fal yolu izledi\u011fi olmaz pek, sarp yollar\u0131 ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k gidi\u015fleri sever, g\u00f6stermelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu insan\u0131 ayd\u0131nlataca\u011f\u0131na \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
Onun felsefesinde ruh yazg\u0131ya boyun e\u011fmi\u015ftir: \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7i\u015f yoktur, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten s\u00f6zedenler \u201cg\u00f6z\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6renler\u201ddir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7i\u015f olmadan ahlak olur mu? Her belirlenimci filozof ahlak s\u00f6zkonusu oldu\u011funda kuram\u0131n\u0131 birazc\u0131k gev\u015fetmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Genel fikir \u015fudur: her \u015fey Tanr\u0131\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na kavu\u015ftu\u011funa g\u00f6re iyi de k\u00f6t\u00fc de yoktur. At att\u0131r, ev evdir, katil de katildir. \u0130nsan\u0131 mutlu k\u0131lan her \u015fey yararl\u0131d\u0131r, insana ac\u0131 veren her \u015fey zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Beni b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen \u015fu deniz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc k\u00f6re bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemez. Ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde hazza y\u00f6neli\u015f istemi vard\u0131r. \u00d6nemli olan tutkular\u0131na egemen olmakt\u0131r. Tek olsayd\u0131k \u00f6nemli de\u011fildi, ama bir toplumda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla olmak bize ya uygundur ya de\u011fildir: bize uygun geliyorsa sevin\u00e7 verir gelmiyorsa ac\u0131 verir. \u00d6nce arzu ve tutku vard\u0131r, onu ac\u0131 ve sevin\u00e7 izler. \u0130nsan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme istemi b\u00f6ylece ya olumlu ya olumsuz bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sevin\u00e7 insan\u0131n daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yetkinli\u011fe, ac\u0131ysa insan\u0131n daha eksikli bir yetkinli\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutkudur. T\u00fcm \u00f6b\u00fcr tutkular sevincin ve ac\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imleridirler. Sevin\u00e7ten ve ac\u0131dan \u00f6rne\u011fin a\u015fka ve kine ula\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Umut bir t\u00fcr sevin\u00e7tir, korku bir t\u00fcr ac\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece sevin\u00e7 ve ac\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imler al\u0131rlar. Ancak ruhun \u00f6z\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. \u0130nsan kendini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle vareder. Usunu iyi kullanan ki\u015fi kendinde y\u00fcceye ula\u015f\u0131r, ger\u00e7ek mutlulu\u011fa eri\u015fir, yetkinli\u011fe ve do\u011fru\u2019ya var\u0131r. Yetkin ya\u015fam ussal ya\u015famd\u0131r. Her insan kendi olmay\u0131 usuyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Burada mant\u0131kla ahlak\u0131n i\u00e7i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ussal \u00e7er\u00e7evede d\u00fczenleyen her ki\u015fi korkular\u0131n ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar, \u00f6l\u00fcm korkusunu geride b\u0131rak\u0131r, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmez, yaln\u0131zca ya\u015fam\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. O kimseden korkmayacak, kimseden bir \u015fey beklemeyecektir. Demek ki en y\u00fcce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yani Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yolunda olmak yeterlidir. B\u00f6ylece Spinoza ahlak\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcnde Tanr\u0131\u2019ya ussal ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p>\n
As\u0131l sorun Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n nas\u0131l bir Tanr\u0131 oldu\u011fudur. Cezaland\u0131ran \u00f6d\u00fcllendiren bir Tanr\u0131 m\u0131? Hay\u0131r. B\u00f6yle \u015feyler Tanr\u0131 fikrinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc zedeler. Bildi\u011fi gibi davranan Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir anlam\u0131 olabilir mi? Onun aforoz edilmesine neden olan sorun burada b\u00f6ylece kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019s\u0131 evrenle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f bir Tanr\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Natura naturans (Tanr\u0131) natura naturata\u2019da (D\u00fcnya) i\u00e7kindir. Bu durumda Tanr\u0131\u2019ya ba\u011flanmak do\u011frudan Do\u011fa\u2019ya ba\u011flanmakt\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 Stoa\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi evrenin ussal \u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Demek ki ahlak\u0131n temelinde Do\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n gereklerine mutlak ba\u015fe\u011fi\u015f vard\u0131r. Zaten Tanr\u0131 da geli\u015fig\u00fczel davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re kendi gereklerine ba\u015fe\u011fmekte de\u011fil midir? Bu durumda bireysel d\u00fczeyde ruhun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden s\u00f6zetmek de olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Evrensel ruh yani Tanr\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr yaln\u0131zca. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle ruh ancak tanr\u0131sal t\u00f6z olarak \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. Ethica\u2019n\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Spinoza bir insan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ondan geriye ruhsall\u0131k ad\u0131na pek az bir \u015fey kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Dinci filozof Malebranche Spinoza\u2019n\u0131n felsefesini \u201ckorkun\u00e7 kuruntu\u201d diye nitelendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Spinoza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en ilgin\u00e7 filozoflar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Amsterdam Sinagogu\u2019nun aforoz etti\u011fi bu ki\u015fi filozofa yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bir tutarl\u0131l\u0131kta, tam anlam\u0131nda yapayaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131. Felsefesini geli\u015ftirme yolunda gecesini g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fcne katarken d\u00fcnyayla hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kopard\u0131, tam bir yoksulluk ve kimsesizlik i\u00e7inde k\u0131rk d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc bir bilgeye yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde tamamlad\u0131. Ekme\u011fini kazanabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6zl\u00fck cam\u0131 parlatma zanaat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi, \u00f6lene […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-3670","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-spinosizm"},"yoast_head":"\n
Spinoza\u2019y\u0131 Sever misiniz? | Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/04\/spinozayi-sever-misiniz-afsar-timucin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spinoza\u2019y\u0131 Sever misiniz? | Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Spinoza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin en ilgin\u00e7 filozoflar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Amsterdam Sinagogu\u2019nun aforoz etti\u011fi bu ki\u015fi filozofa yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bir tutarl\u0131l\u0131kta, tam anlam\u0131nda yapayaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131. Felsefesini geli\u015ftirme yolunda gecesini g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fcne katarken d\u00fcnyayla hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kopard\u0131, tam bir yoksulluk ve kimsesizlik i\u00e7inde k\u0131rk d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc bir bilgeye yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde tamamlad\u0131. 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