{"id":376,"date":"2009-03-09T01:03:24","date_gmt":"2009-03-08T22:03:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/03\/09\/sovyetler-birlii-hakknda-soeylenen-yalanlar-mario-sousa\/"},"modified":"2009-03-09T01:03:24","modified_gmt":"2009-03-08T22:03:24","slug":"sovyetler-birlii-hakknda-soeylenen-yalanlar-mario-sousa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/09\/sovyetler-birlii-hakknda-soeylenen-yalanlar-mario-sousa\/","title":{"rendered":"Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Hakk\u0131nda S\u00f6ylenen Yalanlar | Mario Sousa"},"content":{"rendered":"

1) Hitler\u2019den Hearst\u2019e, Conquest\u2019ten Soljenitsin\u2019e<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stalin d\u00f6neminde, milyonlarca insan\u0131n hapsedildi\u011fi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda infaz edildi\u011fi ya da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6yleniyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131, gulag kurbanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 hik\u00e2yeler duymayan var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Stalin d\u00f6neminde a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlarca insan ya da idam edilen milyonlarca politik muhalif hik\u00e2yelerinden haberdar olmayan var m\u0131d\u0131r? Kapitalist d\u00fcnyada, bu hik\u00e2yeler kitaplar, gazeteler, radyo, televizyon ve filmlerde temcit pilav\u0131 gibi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p sunulur. Son elli y\u0131lda, sosyalizmin ka\u00e7 milyon kurban verdi\u011fi hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6zde hesaplar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fczce \u015fi\u015firilmi\u015ftir. Fakat, bu hikayeler ve say\u0131lar neyin nesidir, nereden \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r? T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda ne var?<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131; bu hik\u00e2yeler do\u011fru mudur? \u00d6nceleri gizli olan, 1989\u2019da ise Gorba\u00e7ov taraf\u0131ndan tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya a\u00e7\u0131lan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ar\u015fivlerinde hangi bilgiler vard\u0131r? Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00fczerine efsaneler yazanlar, Stalin y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6len milyonlar hakk\u0131nda bu masallar\u0131n, ar\u015fivler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kan\u0131tlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6yle mi oldu? Ger\u00e7ekte ne kan\u0131tland\u0131?<\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ar\u015fiv ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bu makalenin yazar\u0131, Stalin y\u00f6netimindeki Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ek mahk\u00fbm say\u0131s\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck s\u00fcreleri, \u00f6lenlerin ve idama mahk\u00fbm olanlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda somut bilgiler verecek durumdad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek, efsaneden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ben \u0130sve\u00e7 Kom\u00fcnist Partisi KPML(r) \u00fcyesiyim. Makale parti gazetesi Prolet\u00e4ren\u2019de 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hitler ile Hearst, Conquest ve Soljenitsin aras\u0131nda dolays\u0131z bir ba\u011f vard\u0131r. 1933\u2019de Almanya\u2019da, d\u00fcnya tarihine on y\u0131llar boyu damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuracak bir politik de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. 30 Ocak g\u00fcn\u00fc, Hitler ba\u015fbakan oluyor, vah\u015fi ve yasa tan\u0131maz yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet bi\u00e7imi ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Naziler, iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n 5 Mart\u0131nda yeniden se\u00e7ime gittiler, zafer kazanmak i\u00e7in ellerinde bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn propaganda imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar. Se\u00e7imlerden bir hafta \u00f6nce, 27 \u015eubat\u2019ta naziler parlamentoyu kundaklay\u0131p bundan kom\u00fcnistleri sorumlu tuttular. Se\u00e7imde, naziler 17,3 milyon oy ald\u0131 ve 288 milletvekilli\u011fi kazand\u0131, bu t\u00fcm oylar\u0131n %48\u2019i ediyordu (kas\u0131m 1932\u2019de 11,7 milyon oy alm\u0131\u015f ve 196 milletvekili \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131). Kom\u00fcnist Parti yasakland\u0131ktan sonra, Naziler sosyal-demokratlar\u0131 ve sendikal hareketi bask\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131lar, solcu erkek ve kad\u0131nlarla dolu ilk toplama kamplar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada, sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle Hitler\u2019in parlamento \u00fczerinde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artmaya devam etti. 24 Mart\u2019ta Hitler parlamentoya, \u00fclkeyi d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca parlamentoya dan\u0131\u015fmadan y\u00f6netmesi i\u00e7in kendisine mutlak iktidar verilmesini i\u00e7eren bir yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 sundu. Bu andan itibaren, Yahudiler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015flad\u0131, kom\u00fcnistlerle solcu sosyal-demokratlardan sonra toplama kamplar\u0131na bunlar al\u0131nd\u0131lar. Hitler mutlak iktidara sahip olmak i\u00e7in bir darbe yapt\u0131, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n silahlanmas\u0131na ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcne s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren 1918 anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 reddetti. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yeniden silahlanmas\u0131 \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu. \u0130\u015fte Sovyetler Birli\u011finde \u00f6len insanlar hakk\u0131nda efsaneler bu uluslar aras\u0131 politik ortamda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

2) Alman topra\u011f\u0131 Ukrayna<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ba\u015f\u0131nda Hitler\u2019in yan\u0131nda, Propaganda Bakan\u0131 Goebbels vard\u0131, Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n beynine nazi r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmeyle g\u00f6revli adam. Bu, geni\u015f bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131na (lebensraum) sahip B\u00fcy\u00fck Almanya\u2019da saf bir \u0131rk r\u00fcyas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu lebensraum\u2019un, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda yer alan ve \u00fclkenin kendisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan bir par\u00e7as\u0131 fethedilmeyi ve Alman ulusuyla birle\u015fmeyi bekliyordu. 1925\u2019te Mein Kampf\u2019ta, Hitler Ukrayna\u2019dan Almanya i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir b\u00f6lge olarak bahsediyordu. Ukrayna ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri \u00f6nce Almanya\u2019n\u0131n olmal\u0131, sonra da \u201cuygun\u201d hale getirilmeliydi. Nazi propagandas\u0131na g\u00f6re, nazi k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgeyi \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirerek Alman \u0131rk\u0131na bo\u015f alan sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Alman teknolojisi ve end\u00fcstrisiyle, Ukrayna Almanya\u2019y\u0131 besleyecek bir tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecekti. Fakat Almanlar \u00f6nce Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yarat\u0131klar\u201ddan olu\u015fan n\u00fcfusundan kurtarmal\u0131, bunlar da nazi propagandas\u0131na g\u00f6re, Alman evleri, fabrikalar\u0131 ve tarlalar\u0131nda \u2013 yani Alman ekonomisinin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu yerlerde- k\u00f6le olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Ukrayna ve di\u011fer Sovyetler Birli\u011fi topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ilhak\u0131, Sovyetler Birli\u011fiyle sava\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, bu sava\u015f da \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rl\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyordu. Bu ama\u00e7la, Goebbels y\u00f6netimindeki Nazi propaganda bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ukrayna\u2019da Bol\u015fevikler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m yaygaras\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131; k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri sosyalizmi kabul etmeye zorlamak i\u00e7in Stalin taraf\u0131ndan yapay olarak korkun\u00e7 bir k\u0131tl\u0131k yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edildi. Nazi kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, uluslar aras\u0131 kamuoyunu Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Alman ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u201ckurtar\u0131lmas\u0131na\u201d haz\u0131rlamakt\u0131. Yo\u011fun \u00e7abalara ve \u0130ngiliz bas\u0131n\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da propaganda metni yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ukrayna\u2019daki s\u00f6zde \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 hakk\u0131nda nazi yaygaras\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmad\u0131. Hitler ve Goebbels\u2019in, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda dedikodu ve iftiralar\u0131n\u0131 yayabilmek i\u00e7in yard\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu yard\u0131m\u0131 ABD\u2019de buldular.<\/p>\n

3) William Hearst, Hitler\u2019in arkada\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

William Randolph Hearst Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 psikolojik sava\u015fta nazilere yard\u0131m eden bir m\u00fcltimilyonerdir. Hearst \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Amerikan bas\u0131n patronuydu ve \u201csar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u201d denen \u015feyin, yani sansasyonel bas\u0131n\u0131n \u2018babas\u0131\u2019 olarak tan\u0131n\u0131yordu. William Hearst kariyerine 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015f redakt\u00f6r olarak, bir maden end\u00fcstrisi milyoneri, senat\u00f6r ve gazete sahibi olan babas\u0131 George Hearst taraf\u0131ndan San Fransisco Daily Examiner gazetesinin ba\u015f\u0131na getirilerek ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu, Hearst\u2019\u00fcn bas\u0131n imparatorlu\u011funun da ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu, Kuzey Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde devasa etkisi olan bir bas\u0131n imparatorlu\u011fuydu bu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, kendisine miras kalan t\u00fcm maden end\u00fcstrisi hisselerini satt\u0131 ve bas\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 New York Mourning Journal oldu, bu eski gazeteyi Hearst tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bir bulvar gazetesi haline getirdi. Dedikodular\u0131 ne fiyattan olursa olsun sat\u0131n al\u0131yor, anlatacak vah\u015fet ya da su\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da sayg\u0131de\u011fer muhabir ve foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bir \u015feyler \u2018d\u00fczenliyordu\u2019. \u201cSar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131\u201d karakterize eden budur: yalanlar ve ger\u00e7ek gibi servis edilmi\u015f \u201cd\u00fczmece\u201d vah\u015fet haberleri.<\/p>\n

Bu yalanlar Hearst\u2019\u00fc bir milyoner ve bas\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir adam yapt\u0131. 1935\u2019te, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin adamlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelmi\u015fti, mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iki y\u00fcz milyon dolar\u0131 buldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyordu. Mourning Journal\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra, Hearst ABD\u2019nin her yan\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck ve haftal\u0131k gazeteler almaya ya da kurmaya koyuldu. 40\u2019larda 25 g\u00fcnl\u00fck, 24 haftal\u0131k gazeteye, 12 radyo istasyonuna, 2 bas\u0131n ajans\u0131na, filmlere rekl\u00e2m sa\u011flayan bir \u015firkete, Cosmopolitan sinema \u015firketine ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015feye sahipti. 1948\u2019de, ilk Amerikan televizyon kanallar\u0131ndan birini, Baltimore\u2019dan yay\u0131n yapan BWAL tv\u2019yi sat\u0131n ald\u0131. Hearst\u2019\u00fcn gazeteleri g\u00fcnde 13 milyon sat\u0131yordu ve 40 milyon okuyucusu vard\u0131. Amerikan yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusunun \u00fc\u00e7te birine yak\u0131n\u0131 Hearst\u2019\u00fcn bir gazetesini okuyordu. Dahas\u0131, d\u00fcnyada milyonlarca insan bas\u0131n ajanslar\u0131, filmleri ve terc\u00fcme edilip \u00e7ok miktarda bas\u0131lan gazeteleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Hearst\u2019ten bilgi al\u0131yordu. Bu say\u0131lar Hearst\u2019\u00fcn imparatorlu\u011funun, uzun y\u0131llar boyunca Amerikan politikas\u0131n\u0131, hatta d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131n\u0131 etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, onun bas\u0131n\u0131 ABD\u2019nin \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131na Sovyetler Birli\u011finin yan\u0131nda girmesine uzun s\u00fcre kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sonra da, 50\u2019lerde McCarthyci antikom\u00fcnist cad\u0131 av\u0131n\u0131 destekledi.<\/p>\n

William Hearst\u2019\u00fcn d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r, milliyet\u00e7i ve antikom\u00fcnistti. Politikas\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131yd\u0131. 1934\u2019te Almanya\u2019ya gitti ve Hitler taraf\u0131ndan bir misafir ve arkada\u015f olarak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Seyahatinden sonra, Hearst\u2019\u00fcn gazeteleri daha da gericile\u015ftiler, sosyalizme, \u00f6zellikle de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve Stalin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 her g\u00fcn daha fazla makale yay\u0131nlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Hearst, Hitler\u2019in sa\u011f kolu Goering\u2019in bir dizi makalesini yay\u0131nlayarak Nazi propagandas\u0131na do\u011frudan kat\u0131lmay\u0131 da denedi. Bununla birlikte, \u00e7ok say\u0131da okuyucunun protestosu sonucu bu makalelerin yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak ve piyasadan \u00e7ekmek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerikan bas\u0131n tekeli Hearst Corporation\u2019\u0131n sahibi, 1930\u2032larda \u201cAmerika\u2019n\u0131n 1 numaral\u0131 fa\u015fisti\u201d olarak tan\u0131nan Willam Randolph Hearst (ortadaki), 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaret s\u0131ras\u0131nda. Soldan sa\u011fa: Bay Rocker, Hearst\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6zel sekreteri; Nazi lideri Alfred Rosenberg; William Randolp Hearst; Dr. Karl Borner, Nazi D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri B\u00fcrosu Bas\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u015fefi; Thilo von Trotha, Rosenberg\u2019in yaveri. Bu geziden ABD\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fckten birka\u00e7 ay sonra Hearst \u201cUkrayna\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131k\u201d propaganda kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hitler\u2019i ziyaret ettikten sonra, Hearst\u2019\u00fcn sansasyonel bas\u0131n\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen korkun\u00e7 olaylar hakk\u0131nda \u201cif\u015faatlarla\u201d dolmaya ba\u015flad\u0131: cinayetler, soyk\u0131r\u0131m, k\u00f6lelik, y\u00f6neticilerin sefahati ve halk\u0131n sefaleti, t\u00fcm bunlar b\u00fcy\u00fck puntolarla man\u015fetten veriliyordu. Malzeme de Nazi politik polisi Gestapo taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. Gazetelerin ilk sayfas\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda karikat\u00fcrler ve sahte foto\u011fraflar yer al\u0131yordu, elinde bir b\u0131\u00e7ak olan haydut Stalin karikat\u00fcr\u00fc gibi. Bu makalelerin her g\u00fcn ABD\u2019de 40 milyon ki\u015fi, d\u00fcnyada da daha milyonlarca ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan okundu\u011funu unutmayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

4)Ukrayna\u2019da k\u0131tl\u0131k efsanesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hearst\u2019\u00fcn Sovyetler Birli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 ilk bas\u0131n kampanyalar\u0131ndan biri Ukrayna\u2019da s\u00f6zde a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlarca insan hakk\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu kampanya 18 \u015eubat 1935\u2019te, Chicago American gazetesinin \u2018Sovyetler Birli\u011finde 6 milyon insan a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u2019 man\u015fetiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemeyle, bas\u0131n baronu ve nazi sempatizan\u0131 William Hearst Bol\u015fevikler taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lan ve Ukrayna\u2019da birka\u00e7 milyon ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7an s\u00f6zde soyk\u0131r\u0131m hakk\u0131nda hik\u00e2yeler \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ger\u00e7ek ise olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde olan, 30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin zengin toprak sahibi kulaklara kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, kollektifle\u015ftirme ve kolhozlar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak 120 milyon kadar k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc etkileyen bu devasa s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131 elbette \u00fcretimde sorunlara ve baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde hasat eksikli\u011fine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Daha az beslenen insanlar zay\u0131flad\u0131 ve bu da salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu hastal\u0131klar o s\u0131rada t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131nd\u0131. 1918-1920 aras\u0131nda, bir \u0130spanyol gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 ABD ve Avrupa\u2019da 20 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmu\u015f, kimse bu \u00fclkelerin h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerini kendi yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekle su\u00e7lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6yle bir salg\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetler hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapamazd\u0131. Ancak \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda penisilinin bulunmas\u0131yla b\u00f6yle salg\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebildi. Bunun yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 da 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunu buldu.<\/p>\n

Ukrayna\u2019da milyonlarca insan\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bunun da kom\u00fcnistler taraf\u0131ndan bile bile yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n makaleleri, inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve detayl\u0131 bilgiler i\u00e7eriyor g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131, bu yalanlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek gibi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc arac\u0131 kulland\u0131, b\u00f6ylece kapitalist \u00fclkelerin kamuoyunu etkilemeyi ve bir anda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne y\u00fcz \u00e7evirmesini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00fczerine belli ba\u015fl\u0131 efsanelerden birinin k\u00f6keni budur. S\u00f6zde k\u0131tl\u0131k hakk\u0131nda bat\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n if\u015faatlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n yalanlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00fcretildi\u011fini sergilemelerini kimse dinlemek istemedi ve bu durum 1934\u2019ten 1987\u2019ye kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc! 50 y\u0131ldan uzun s\u00fcre, her yeni ku\u015fak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi sosyalizmine olumsuz g\u00f6zle bakmalar\u0131na neden olan bu iftiralarla beslendi.<\/p>\n

5) 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hearst\u2019\u00fcn medya imparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

William Hearst 1951 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kaliforniya Beverley Hills\u2019deki evinde \u00f6ld\u00fc. Arkas\u0131nda, halen gerici yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya yayan bir medya imparatorlu\u011fu b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bug\u00fcn Hearst Corporation, y\u00fczden fazla dergiye sahip ve on be\u015f bin ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerinden biridir. Hearst imparatorlu\u011fu gazeteler, dergiler, kitaplar, radyolar, televizyon kanallar\u0131, kablolu yay\u0131nlar, bas\u0131n ajanslar\u0131 ve internet yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n

6) Ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 52 y\u0131l gerekiyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nazi dezenformasyon kampanyas\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yenilgisiyle son bulmad\u0131. Nazi yalanlar\u0131 CIA ve MI5 (\u0130ngiliz gizli servisi) taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131nd\u0131 ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 so\u011fuk sava\u015f propagandas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra McCarthyci antikom\u00fcnist cad\u0131 av\u0131, Ukrayna\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlar masal\u0131n\u0131 yayd\u0131. 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019de bu konuyla ilgili bir kitap yay\u0131nland\u0131. Kitab\u0131n ad\u0131 Kremlin\u2019in Karanl\u0131k \u0130\u015fleri\u2019ydi (Black Deeds of the Kremlin). Kitab\u0131n bas\u0131m\u0131, ABD\u2019de bulunan, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda nazilerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f Ukraynal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menler taraf\u0131ndan finanse ediliyordu. Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bunlar\u0131 \u201cdemokrat\u201d olarak tan\u0131t\u0131p siyasi s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

80\u2019li y\u0131llarda Reagan ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ilip antikom\u00fcnist seferine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ukrayna\u2019da \u00f6len milyonlar propagandas\u0131 bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1984\u2019te bir Harvard profes\u00f6r\u00fc Rusya\u2019da \u0130nsanlar\u0131n Ya\u015fam\u0131 (Human Life in Russia) adl\u0131 bir kitap yazd\u0131 ve 1934\u2019te Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen sahte bilgileri aynen tekrar etti. B\u00f6ylece 1984\u2019te, 30\u2019lardan kalma nazi yalan ve \u00e7arp\u0131tmalar\u0131 yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, fakat bu sefer amerikan \u00fcniversitelerinin \u201csayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d alt\u0131nda. Ancak bununla bitmedi. 1986\u2019da ayn\u0131 konuda Ac\u0131 Hasat (Harvest of Sorrow) adl\u0131, eski bir \u0130ngiliz gizli servisi \u00fcyesi, \u015fimdiyse Kaliforniya\u2019da Stamford \u00dcniversitesi profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Robert Conquest taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan bir kitap yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu \u201ci\u015f\u201d i\u00e7in Conquest Ukrayna Milliyet\u00e7i \u00d6g\u00fct\u00fc\u2019nden 80.000 dolar ald\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct 1986\u2019da \u00e7ekilen Harvest of Despair (Umutsuz Hasat) filmini finanse etti, bu filmde Conquest\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada ABD bas\u0131n\u0131nda, Ukrayna k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 15 milyona \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131!<\/p>\n

Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan ve kitaplarla filmlerde papa\u011fan gibi tekrar edilen Ukrayna\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlarla ilgili say\u0131lar tamamen \u00e7arp\u0131tma \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kanadal\u0131 gazeteci Douglas Tottle bu \u00e7arp\u0131tmalar\u0131 1987\u2019de Toronto\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan Fraud, Famine and Fascism \u2013 the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard (Sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131k, K\u0131tl\u0131k ve Fa\u015fizm \u2013 Hitler\u2019den Harvard\u2019a Ukrayna Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 efsanesi) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterdi. Tottle, di\u011fer aldatmacalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 sahneleri g\u00f6steren foto\u011fraflar\u0131n 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunlar\u0131n 1918-1921 \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne sekiz yabanc\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn m\u00fcdahalesi nedeniyle ya\u015fanan k\u0131tl\u0131k ve sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ekildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Douglas Tottle \u201c1934 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00fczerine Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131nda yer alan sahte r\u00f6portajlar hakk\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekleri de if\u015fa etti. Bu s\u00f6zde k\u0131tl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden uzun s\u00fcre r\u00f6portaj ve foto\u011fraflar yollayan muhabirlerden biri olan Thomas Walker, Ukrayna\u2019ya hayat\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ayak basmam\u0131\u015f, Moskova\u2019da da sadece be\u015f g\u00fcn kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu olgu, Amerikan gazetesi The Nation\u2019\u0131n Moskova muhabiri Louis Fischer taraf\u0131ndan da if\u015fa edildi. Fischer, Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek Moskova muhabiri M. Parrott\u2019un, 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde m\u00fckemmel hasat miktar\u0131 ve Ukrayna\u2019da ekonomik kalk\u0131nma hakk\u0131nda asla yay\u0131nlanmayan r\u00f6portajlar yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Tottle ayr\u0131ca Ukrayna\u2019da s\u00f6zde k\u0131tl\u0131k hakk\u0131nda r\u00f6portajlar yay\u0131nlayan gazeteci \u201cThomas Walker\u201d\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekte Colorado devlet hapishanesinden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f Robert Green adl\u0131 biri oldu\u011funu da kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bu Walker, daha do\u011frusu Green, ABD\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fcnce tutuklanm\u0131\u015f ve mahkemede Ukrayna\u2019ya asla gitmedi\u011fini itiraf etmi\u015fti. Fakat 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Stalin taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen bir k\u0131tl\u0131k nedeniyle kurban olan milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bu yalanlar ancak 1987\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131! B\u00f6ylece Hearst, Naziler, ajan Conquest ve di\u011ferleri milyonlarca insan\u0131 yalanlar ve sahte r\u00f6portajlarla kand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldular. Bug\u00fcn dahi Hearst\u2019\u00fcn ve Nazilerin hik\u00e2yeleri sa\u011fc\u0131 \u00e7evrelerden para alan yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan kitaplarda tekrar edilmekte.<\/p>\n

Hearst bas\u0131n\u0131, ABD\u2019nin \u00e7o\u011fu eyaletindeki tekeli ve bas\u0131n ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki konumu sayesinde Gestapo\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc. Sermayenin y\u00f6netti\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyada, Hearst Gestapo\u2019nun yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 onlarca gazete, radyo istasyonlar\u0131, daha sonra da televizyon kanallar\u0131 ve kablolu yay\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan \u201cger\u00e7ekler\u201d haline getirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Gestapo yok olsa da Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f propagandas\u0131 CIA taraf\u0131ndan aynen devam ettirildi. Amerikan bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n antikom\u00fcnist kampanyas\u0131 \u015fiddetinden hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yitirmedi. \u00d6nce Gestapo, sonra CIA himayesinde i\u015fler aynen devam etti.<\/p>\n

7) Efsanenin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki adam Robert Conquest<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131nda son derece s\u0131k al\u0131nt\u0131lanan bu adam, ger\u00e7ek bir burjuva d\u00fczeni yardak\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6zde k\u0131tl\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlarca insan hakk\u0131nda en fazla yaz\u0131 yazan iki ki\u015fiden biri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir ilgiyi hak ediyor. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 yay\u0131lan temel efsane ve yalanlar\u0131n k\u00f6keninde o bulunur. Conquest \u00f6nce The Great Terror (B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r) (1969), sonra da Ac\u0131 Hasat (1986) adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131yla tan\u0131nd\u0131. Conquest Ukrayna k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Gulag \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda ve 1936-38 b\u00fcy\u00fck duru\u015fmalar\u0131nda milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yazd\u0131, bunun i\u00e7in de \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Nazilerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan, ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f ve sa\u011f partilerde yer bulan Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterdi. Conquest\u2019in bir\u00e7ok kahraman\u0131, 1942\u2019de Ukraynal\u0131 Yahudiler\u2019in katledilmesine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00f6netmi\u015f eski sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131 olarak tan\u0131n\u0131yor. Bu ki\u015filerden birisi olan Mykola Lebed, sava\u015ftan sonra sava\u015f su\u00e7lusu olarak mahk\u00fbm olmu\u015ftu. Lebed Nazi i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda Lvov\u2019da g\u00fcvenlik \u015fefiydi ve 1942\u2019de korkun\u00e7 Yahudi k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netiyordu. 1949\u2019da, CIA Lebed\u2019i ald\u0131 ve dezenformasyon ajan\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Conquest\u2019in kitaplar\u0131 korkun\u00e7 ve ilkel bir antikom\u00fcnist tarzda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1969 tarihli kitab\u0131nda, 1932 ve 1933 y\u0131llar\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lenlerin 5-6 milyonu buldu\u011funu, bunlar\u0131n da yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Ukraynal\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. 1983\u2019te Reagan\u2019\u0131n antikom\u00fcnist seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise, k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1937\u2019ye kadar uzatm\u0131\u015f ve kurbanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 14 milyona \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r! Tam zaman\u0131nda gelen bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u00f6d\u00fcls\u00fcz kalmaz: 1986\u2019da Reagan\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Amerikan halk\u0131n\u0131 bir Sovyet i\u015fgaline haz\u0131rlamak \u00fczere bir bro\u015f\u00fcr yazmas\u0131 i\u00e7in anla\u015fma yapar. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yleydi: \u201cRuslar geldi\u011finde ne yapmal\u0131 \u2013 hayatta kalma k\u0131lavuzu\u201d! Bir tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in garip bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma!<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda, hayat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce gizli servislerin ajan\u0131 olarak, sonra yazar ve Kaliforniya Stamford \u00dcniversitesi profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve Stalin \u00fczerine yalanlar ve \u00e7arp\u0131tmalarla kazanan bir ki\u015fiden s\u00f6z etti\u011fimize g\u00f6re bunda garip olan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yok. Conquest\u2019in ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, 27 Ocak 1978 tarihli Guardian\u2019da yer alan, \u0130ngiliz gizli servisinin dezenformasyon b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, yani Enformasyon Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu\u2019nun (Information Research Department \u2013 IRD) eski bir \u00fcyesi oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makalede anlat\u0131ld\u0131. IRD, 1947\u2019de kurulmu\u015f (ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Kom\u00fcnist \u0130zleme B\u00fcrosu olarak), ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00f6revi politikac\u0131lar, gazeteciler ve kamuoyunu etkileyebilecek di\u011fer ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda s\u00f6ylentiler yayarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kom\u00fcnizmin etkisiyle m\u00fccadele etmek olan bir kurumdu. IRD\u2019nin faaliyetleri, hem \u0130ngiltere hem de d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fla ili\u015fkilerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 nedeniyle 1977\u2019de resmi olarak la\u011fvedildi\u011finde, sadece B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019da y\u00fczden fazla \u00fcnl\u00fc gazetecinin IRD\u2019yle ba\u011flant\u0131 halinde oldu\u011fu ve makaleleri i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli olarak malzeme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu, Financial Times, The Times, Economist, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Express, The Guardian ve di\u011ferleri gibi pek \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ngiliz gazetesi i\u00e7in kurald\u0131. Guardian taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan olgular gizli servislerin gazeteleri manip\u00fcle etme ve geni\u015f bir kitleye ula\u015fma g\u00fcc\u00fc hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriyor.<\/p>\n

Robert Conquest 1956\u2019ya kadar IRD i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onun \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\u201d Sovyetler Birli\u011finin s\u00f6zde \u201ckara kitab\u0131\u201dna katk\u0131da bulundu: ger\u00e7ek gibi sunulan ve kamuoyunu etkilemek i\u00e7in yay\u0131lan sahte hik\u00e2yeler. IRD\u2019yi resmen terk ettikten sonra, IRD yard\u0131m\u0131yla kitaplar yazmaya devam etti. 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ya\u015fanan iktidar m\u00fccadelesi hakk\u0131nda yavan bir eser olan B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r adl\u0131 kitab\u0131, ger\u00e7ekte gizli servisler i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131n bir derlemesiydi. Kitap IRD\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yay\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri, genellikle CIA kaynakl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n yay\u0131n ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan Praeger Press taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Kitab\u0131n hedefi \u00fcniversitelileri, gazetecileri, radyo ve televizyonu etkileyip, yalanlar\u0131n halka yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamakt\u0131. Conquest halen sa\u011fc\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler i\u00e7in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi tarihi \u00fczerine en \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan biri olmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

8) Aleksandr Soljenitsin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu isim daima Sovyetler Birli\u011finde hayat\u0131n\u0131 ya da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybeden s\u00f6zde milyonlarca insan \u00fczerine kitaplar ve makalelerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu: Rus yazar Aleksandr Soljenitsin. Soljenitsin kapitalist d\u00fcnyada 60\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda The Gulag Archipelago (Gulag Tak\u0131madalar\u0131) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131yla \u00fcnlendi. Kendisi de 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda anti-Sovyet propaganda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci faaliyetten 8 y\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131 cezas\u0131 ald\u0131. Soljenitsin\u2019e g\u00f6re, Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Hitler\u2019le uzla\u015fma yolu bulsayd\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019yla sava\u015f \u00f6nlenebilirdi. Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetini ve Stalin\u2019i sava\u015f\u0131n Sovyet halk\u0131na korkun\u00e7 etkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Hitler\u2019den daha \u00e7ok sorumlu olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. Nazilere duydu\u011fu sempatiyi saklamad\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine hain olarak mahk\u00fbm oldu.<\/p>\n

Soljenitsin\u2019in kitaplar\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011finde ilk kez Nikita Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in izni ve deste\u011fiyle 1962\u2019de yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk kitab\u0131 bir mahk\u00fbmun hayat\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ivan Denisovi\u00e7\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131ndan bir g\u00fcn oldu. Kru\u015f\u00e7ev Stalin\u2019in sosyalist miras\u0131yla sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in Soljenitsin\u2019in metinlerini kulland\u0131. 1970\u2019te Gulag Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 kitab\u0131yla Nobel edebiyat \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131. Kitab\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerde bolca da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve yazar\u0131 emperyalizmin Sovyetler Birli\u011fi sosyalizmiyle sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda en etkili ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri haline geldi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131 \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lar\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00f6len milyonlar hakk\u0131nda propagandaya eklendi ve kapitalist medyada ger\u00e7e\u011fin yans\u0131s\u0131 gibi sunuldu. 1974\u2019te, Soljenitsin Sovyet vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00f6nce \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye, ard\u0131ndan ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. Bu s\u0131rada, kapitalist bas\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve demokrasi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kabul ediliyordu. Nazi sempatisi, sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 propaganda sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engellememesi i\u00e7in sakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de, Soljenitsin s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00f6nemli konferanslara kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1975\u2019te AFL-CIO sendikas\u0131 kongresinin en \u00f6nemli konu\u015fmac\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. 15 Temmuz 1975\u2019te, Amerikan Senatosuna d\u00fcnyan\u0131n durumuyla ilgili bir sunum yapmaya bile \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131! Konu\u015fmalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fiddet ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma i\u00e7eriyor, en gerici konumlar\u0131n propagandas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD\u2019nin Vietnam\u2019a yeniden sald\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ajitasyon yapmaktan \u00e7ekinmemi\u015ftir. Dahas\u0131: Portekiz\u2019de k\u0131rk y\u0131ll\u0131k fa\u015fizmin ard\u0131ndan ordunun solcu subaylar\u0131 1974\u2019te bir halk\u00e7\u0131 devrim sonucunda iktidar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Soljenitsin Portekiz\u2019e Amerikan\u2019\u0131n askeri m\u00fcdahalesi i\u00e7in yaygaraya ba\u015flad\u0131, ona g\u00f6re ABD m\u00fcdahale etmezse bu \u00fclke Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lacakt\u0131! Soljenitsin Potekiz\u2019in Afrika kolonilerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131na da hep kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k ki Soljenitsin\u2019in konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n temeli sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sonu gelmez kirli sava\u015ftan ibarettir – iddialar\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde idam edilen milyonlardan Kuzey Vietnam\u2019da tutsak edilen ve k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilen on binlerce Amerikal\u0131 hakk\u0131nda masallara kadar var\u0131yordu! Kuzey Vietnam\u2019da Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya tabi tutuldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda Soljenitsin\u2019in fikirleri Rambo filmlerine ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. ABD ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f lehinde yazmaya cesaret eden Amerikal\u0131 gazeteciler Soljenitsin taraf\u0131ndan potansiyel hain olarak ilan edildi. \u201cTank ve u\u00e7ak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ABD\u2019den be\u015f ya da yedi kat \u00fcst\u00fcn\u201d oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019yle ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in silahlanman\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 propagandas\u0131 yapt\u0131. Hatta Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin elinde ABD\u2019dekinin iki, \u00fc\u00e7 hatta be\u015f kat\u0131 kadar atom bombas\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunuyordu. Soljenitsin\u2019in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6zleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini temsil ediyordu. Fakat fa\u015fizme deste\u011finde daha da ileri gitti.<\/p>\n

9) Franco fa\u015fizmine destek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Franco\u2019nun 1975\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle, fa\u015fist \u0130spanyol rejimi politik yap\u0131 \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyetini kaybetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1976 ba\u015f\u0131nda da \u0130spanya\u2019da ya\u015fanan olaylar d\u00fcnya kamuoyunun ilgisini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Demokrasi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in grevler ve g\u00f6steriler oluyordu. Franco\u2019nun ard\u0131l\u0131 kral Juan Carlos toplumsal kayna\u015fmay\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkeyi yava\u015f yava\u015f liberalle\u015ftirmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanyol politik tarihinin bu en \u00f6nemli an\u0131nda, Aleksandr Soljenitsin Madrid\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve 20 Mart cumartesi ak\u015fam\u0131 en \u00e7ok televizyon izlenen saatte Directissimo adl\u0131 televizyon program\u0131nda konu\u015ftu). Sorulacak sorular\u0131 \u00f6nceden bilen Soljenitsin, gerici a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yapmak i\u00e7in bu k\u00fcrs\u00fcy\u00fc kulland\u0131. Amac\u0131 kral\u0131n s\u00f6zde liberalle\u015ftirme uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek de\u011fil, aksine demokratik reformlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakt\u0131. Televizyondaki r\u00f6portaj\u0131nda, 110 milyon Rus\u2019un sosyalizm y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilan etti ve \u201cSovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6leli\u011fiyle \u0130spanyollar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. \u201c\u0130lerici \u00e7evreleri\u201d, \u0130spanya\u2019da diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey g\u00f6rmeyen \u201c\u00fctopyac\u0131lar\u0131\u201d da su\u00e7lad\u0131. \u201c\u0130lerici\u201d derken demokratik muhalefette yer alan herkesi kastediyordu; liberal, sosyal-demokrat ya da kom\u00fcnist fark etmeksizin. \u201cGe\u00e7en sonbahar\u201d diyordu Soljenitsin \u201cd\u00fcnya kamuoyu \u0130spanyol ter\u00f6ristlerin\u201d [Franco rejiminin idama mahk\u00fbm etti\u011fi \u0130spanyol anti-fa\u015fistler] \u201cgelece\u011finden kayg\u0131land\u0131. \u0130lerici kamuoyu her zaman, bir yandan ter\u00f6rist eylemlere destek verirken di\u011fer yandan politik reformlar talep ediyor\u2026 H\u0131zl\u0131 bir demokratik reform isteyenler yar\u0131n ya da yar\u0131ndan sonra ne olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlar m\u0131? \u0130spanya yar\u0131n demokrasiyle tan\u0131\u015fabilir ama yar\u0131ndan sonra demokrasinin totalitarizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini kim engelleyecek?\u201d Gazeteciler bunun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir rejimi destekledi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelip gelmedi\u011fini sorduklar\u0131nda, Soljenitsin \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131tlad\u0131: \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek bir yer biliyorum o da Rusya\u2019d\u0131r.\u201d Soljenitsin\u2019in televizyondaki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 \u0130spanyol Fa\u015fizmine a\u00e7\u0131k bir destekti, ki bu ideolojiyi halen savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Aleksandr Soljenitsin, geleneksel tarzda bir fa\u015fist ve \u00c7arc\u0131, Franco ve Hitler sempatizan\u0131. Sovyet ceza sistemi ve Sovyet insan\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili deh\u015fet tablolar\u0131n\u0131n bir yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131\u2019da uzun s\u00fcre sayg\u0131n bir \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u201d ve bir \u201cedebiyat dehas\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. So\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde best-seller olan kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn kimse okumuyor.<\/p>\n

Soljenitsin\u2019in ABD\u2019de 18 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden sonra medya sahnesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmemeye ve kapitalist h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerden daha az destek bulmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biri budur. Kapitalistler i\u00e7in Soljenitsin, Sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 kirli sava\u015flar\u0131nda kullanacaklar\u0131 g\u00f6kten zembille inmi\u015f bir hediyeydi, fakat her \u015feyin bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 var. Kapitalist yeni Rusya\u2019daki politik gruplara Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fini belirleyen, bu gruplar\u0131n kanatlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da azami k\u00e2r getiren tatl\u0131 i\u015flere giri\u015fip giri\u015femeyecekleridir. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gelece\u011finde politik rejim olarak fa\u015fizm i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Bu y\u00fczden Soljenitsin\u2019in Rusya i\u00e7in politik program\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019dan destek bulma \u015fans\u0131 yok. Soljenitsin\u2019in Rusya\u2019n\u0131n politik gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in istedi\u011fi, basit\u00e7e \u00c7ar\u0131n otokratik y\u00f6netimiyle Rus Ortodoks Kilisesinin tarihi birli\u011finin geri gelmesi! B\u00f6yle bir politik aptall\u0131\u011fa destek vermekte en berbat emperyalistin bile \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 olamaz. Bat\u0131\u2019da h\u00e2l\u00e2 Soljenitsin\u2019e destek arayanlar bunun i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 ta\u015fkafalara bakmak zorundalar.<\/p>\n

10) Naziler, polis ve fa\u015fistler<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, Sovyetler Birli\u011finde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da hapsedildi\u011fi iddia edilen milyonlarca kurbanla ilgili efsanelerin en sayg\u0131n \u00fcreticileri aras\u0131nda Nazi taraftar\u0131 William Hearst, gizli ajan Robert Conquest ve fa\u015fist Aleksandr Soljenitsin\u2019i buluyoruz. Conquest, verdi\u011fi bilgiler d\u00fcnya kapitalist medyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra ba\u015frolde yer ald\u0131, bu bilgiler baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerde derslere konu oldu. \u015e\u00fcphesiz, kitaplar\u0131 dezenformasyon sanat\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birer \u015faheserdi. 70\u2019lerde ise, Soljenitsin\u2019den ve Andrei Sakharov, Roy Medvedev gibi bir dizi bir dizi ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f muhaliften b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m ald\u0131. Buna, \u015furada burada Sovyetler Birli\u011finde \u00f6len ve hapsedilenler \u00fczerine at\u0131p tutan ve burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilen say\u0131s\u0131z insan ekleniyor. Fakat bu tarih \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ne yaparlarsa yaps\u0131nlar, konu hakk\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek sonunda ayd\u0131nland\u0131. Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un, partinin gizli ar\u015fivlerinin tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 direktifinin sonucunu hi\u00e7biri tahmin edemezdi.<\/p>\n

11) Milyonlarca \u00f6l\u00fc tahminini veren sahtek\u00e2rca y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00f6len milyonlar hakk\u0131nda spek\u00fclasyon, kirli propaganda sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131, i\u015fte bu nedenle Sovyet a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ne ciddiye al\u0131nd\u0131, ne de kapitalist bas\u0131nda yer bulabildi. Sermaye taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan \u2018uzmanlar\u2019 kurgular\u0131n\u0131 yaymak i\u00e7in diledikleri kadar yer bulurken, bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar g\u00f6rmezden gelindi. Hem de ne kurgular! Conquest ve di\u011fer \u2018ele\u015ftirmenler\u2019 taraf\u0131ndan oraya at\u0131lan milyonlarca \u00f6l\u00fc ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc iddialar\u0131n\u0131n ortak yan\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f istatistiksel kestirimlere ve hi\u00e7bir bilimsel temeli olmayan tahmin y\u00f6ntemlerine dayal\u0131 olmalar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Conquest, Soljenitsin, Medvedev ve di\u011ferleri, n\u00fcfus bilgilerini Sovyetler Birli\u011fi istatistiklerinden ald\u0131lar ve \u00fclkenin tarih boyunca de\u011fi\u015fen durumuna bakmadan keyfi n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 hesaplar\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece belli bir y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda \u015fu kadar ki\u015finin hayatta olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, eksik kalanlar\u0131n sosyalizm taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ya da hapsedilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131lar. Y\u00f6ntem basit oldu\u011fu kadar sahtek\u00e2rcayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri s\u00f6z konusu olsayd\u0131, bu tarz \u201cif\u015faat\u201d asla kabul edilmezdi. B\u00f6yle bir \u00e7arp\u0131tmay\u0131 profes\u00f6r ve tarih\u00e7iler protesto ederdi. Fakat Sovyetler Birli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu olunca kabul edildi. Bunun nedenlerinden birisi bu profes\u00f6r ve tarih\u00e7ilerin mesleki ilerlemelerini mesleki d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bu \u201cele\u015ftirmenlerin\u201d hesaplamalar\u0131 neye var\u0131yor? Robert Conquest\u2019e g\u00f6re (1961\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir hesaplamayla) 30\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda alt\u0131 milyon insan a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1986\u2019da, Conquest bu say\u0131y\u0131 \u015fi\u015firerek on d\u00f6rt milyona \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Gulag \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda ise 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda, parti, ordu ve devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7inde temizlik ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce be\u015f milyon mahk\u00fbm vard\u0131. 1937-38 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki temizlikten sonra buna yedi milyon mahkum daha eklendi, b\u00f6ylece 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu on iki milyona \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00dcstelik bu 12 milyon sadece siyasi h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin say\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131! Bu kamplarda adi h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler de vard\u0131, say\u0131lar\u0131 ise siyasi h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcleri kat kat a\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu demektir ki Conquest\u2019e g\u00f6re Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda 25-30 milyon mahkum bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00fc say\u0131lar\u0131na gelince, Conquest\u2019e g\u00f6re, 1937 ile 1939 aras\u0131nda bir milyon siyasi mahk\u00fbm idam edilmi\u015f, 2 milyonu ise a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece Conquest\u2019e g\u00f6re 1937-39 temizliklerinin toplam\u0131, 3 milyonu hapiste \u00f6len 9 milyon ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu hesaplar Conquest taraf\u0131ndan \u201cistatistiksel uyarlamaya\u201d tabi tutularak 1930-1953 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bol\u015feviklerin en az 12 milyon siyasi h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcy\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda k\u0131tl\u0131k nedeniyle \u00f6ld\u00fckleri hesaplanan 14 milyon ki\u015fi buna eklenince \u00f6l\u00fc toplam\u0131 26 milyonu buluyordu. En son istatistik manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131ndan birinde de, 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde 12 milyon siyasi tutuklu oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Aleksandr Soljenitsin de Conquest\u2019le hemen hemen ayn\u0131 istatistik y\u00f6ntemleri kulland\u0131. Fakat bu s\u00f6zde bilimsel y\u00f6ntemleri farkl\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011ferlerine uygulayarak \u00e7ok daha u\u00e7 say\u0131lara ula\u015ft\u0131. Conquest\u2019in 1932-33 y\u0131llar\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lenler hakk\u0131nda 6 milyonluk hesab\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Fakat 1936-39 temizli\u011finde, her y\u0131l en az bir milyon ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131yordu. Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, tar\u0131mda kollektifle\u015ftirmenin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla Stalin\u2019in 1953\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede kom\u00fcnistlerin 66 milyon ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini hesaplad\u0131. Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6len 44 milyon Rus\u2019tan da sorumluydu. Soljenitsin\u2019in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201csosyalizm 110 milyon Rus\u2019un can\u0131na mal olmu\u015ftu\u201d. H\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131na gelince, ona g\u00f6re 1953\u2019te \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda 25 milyon ki\u015fi bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

12) Gorba\u00e7ov ar\u015fivleri a\u00e7\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki fantezi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc rakamlar altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llarda yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bilimsel oldu\u011fu iddia edilen y\u00f6ntemlerle elde edilen ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun bilgiler gibi sunuldu. Bu \u00fcretimin ard\u0131nda ba\u015fta CIA ve MI5 olmak \u00fczere bat\u0131 gizli servisleri vard\u0131. Medyan\u0131n kamuoyu \u00fczerinde etkisi o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck ki bu say\u0131lar bat\u0131 insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmi\u015f durumda. Bu utan\u0131las\u0131 durum gittik\u00e7e k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti. Soljenitsin ve Andrei Sakharov, Roy Medvedev gibi bilinen \u201cele\u015ftirmenler\u201d say\u0131klamalar\u0131na Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulamazken, durum 1990\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fti. Gorba\u00e7ov y\u00f6netiminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr bas\u0131n\u201d ile birlikte, sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan her \u015fey olumlu gibi g\u00f6sterildi, bunun da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu. Sosyalizmin \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da hapsetti\u011fi insan say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine, kom\u00fcnizmin milyonlarca \u201ckurban\u0131\u201d \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir spek\u00fclasyon ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yeni \u00f6zg\u00fcr bas\u0131n\u0131n histerisi Conquest\u2019le Soljenitsin\u2019in de\u011firmenine su ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Fakat bu arada Gorba\u00e7ov yeni bas\u0131n\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Merkez Komitesinin ar\u015fivlerini tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya a\u00e7t\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist Parti Merkez Komitesi ar\u015fivlerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinde iki nedenle belirleyici oldu: Birincisi, ar\u015fivler ger\u00e7eklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olgular\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Ancak daha \u00f6nemlisi, \u00f6len ve hapsedilen insan say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine kayg\u0131s\u0131zca spek\u00fclasyon yapanlar y\u0131llarca, ar\u015fivler kamuya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n kan\u0131tlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edegelmi\u015flerdi. Conquest, Sakharov, Medvedev ve di\u011fer hepsi bunu iddia ettiler. Fakat ar\u015fivler a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca garip bir \u015fey ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bir anda, hem Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un bas\u0131n\u0131 hem de \u00f6l\u00fc ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler \u00fczerine spek\u00fclasyon yapanlar ar\u015fiv ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na t\u00fcm ilgilerini kaybettiler.<\/p>\n

Rus tarih\u00e7iler Zemskov, Dougin ve Kslevjnuk\u2019un Kom\u00fcnist Parti Merkez Komitesi ar\u015fivlerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulgular 1990\u2019da bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda yay\u0131nland\u0131 ama fark edilmedi. Tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr bas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u00f6l\u00fcler ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler hakk\u0131nda tahminlerinin tam tersini g\u00f6steriyordu. Bu nedenle bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yay\u0131lmad\u0131. Bas\u0131n\u0131n histerisiyle boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015femeyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bilimsel \u00e7evrelerde dola\u015ft\u0131lar. Conquest ve Soljenitsin\u2019in yalanlar\u0131 ise eski Sovyet n\u00fcfusunun geni\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yay\u0131ld\u0131. Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n Stalin y\u00f6netiminde ceza sistemi \u00fczerine bulgular\u0131 bat\u0131 gazete ve televizyonlar\u0131nda da tamamen g\u00f6rmezden gelindi. Neden?<\/p>\n

13) Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyet ceza sistemi \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 toplam yakla\u015f\u0131k 9.000 sayfa tutuyor. \u00c7ok say\u0131da yazar var ancak en \u00fcnl\u00fcleri Rus tarih\u00e7iler V. N. Zemskov, A. N. Dougin ve O. V. Kslevjnuk. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bat\u0131da, bat\u0131l\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma arkada\u015flar\u0131 sayesinde yay\u0131nland\u0131. Burada yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan birisi, 1993 Eyl\u00fcl\u00fcnde Fransa\u2019da Histoire dergisinde yay\u0131nlanan CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Ulusal Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi) ara\u015ft\u0131rma m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Nicolas Werth\u2019in makalesi; di\u011feri Riverside Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc J. Arch Getty, CNRS ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 G. T. Rittersporn ve Rus Tarih Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Ruya Bilimler Akademisi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 bir kurum) \u00fcyesi V. N. Zemskov\u2019un birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 ABD\u2019de American Historical Review\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan makaledir. Bug\u00fcn, konu \u00fczerine ayn\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131na \u00fcye ba\u015fka ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok kitap yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f durumda. Devam etmeden \u00f6nce, bu bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7birinin sosyalist sistemi savunmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek istiyorum. Aksine, burjuva ve anti-sosyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahipler, hatta kimisi gerici d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri savunuyor. Okuyucu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u00f6ylenenlerini bir \u201ckom\u00fcnist komplodan\u201d kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesin. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar yaln\u0131zca Conquest, Soljenitsin, Medvedev ve di\u011ferlerinin yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Mesleki d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde tuttuklar\u0131n\u0131 ve propaganda ama\u00e7lar\u0131na hizmet etmeyeceklerini g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/p>\n

Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Sovyet ceza sistemi hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok soruya cevap veriyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00f6zellikle en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan d\u00f6nem olan Stalin d\u00f6nemine yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131lar. Bir dizi basit soru soraca\u011f\u0131z ve yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Histoire ve American Historical Review dergilerinde arayaca\u011f\u0131z. Sovyet ceza sistemi hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmenin en iyi yolu budur.<\/p>\n

1. Sovyet ceza sisteminin yap\u0131s\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131r?
2. Siyasi ve adi toplam ka\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc vard\u0131?
3. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc?
4. 1953\u2019ten \u00f6nce, \u00f6zellikle de 1937-1938 temizli\u011finde ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi idama mahkum edildi?
5. Ortalama h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck s\u00fcresi ne kadard\u0131?<\/p>\n

Bu sorulara cevap verdikten sonra, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00f6l\u00fc ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda genellikle \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan iki grubu tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z: 1930\u2019da yarg\u0131lanan kulaklar ve 1936-38\u2019de mahk\u00fbm olan kar\u015f\u0131 devrimciler.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

14) Ceza sisteminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131n\u0131n yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyet ceza sisteminin yap\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015flayal\u0131m. 1930\u2019dan sonra, Sovyet ceza sistemi hapishane, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131 (gulag), \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kolonileri (gulag), \u00f6zel a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda tutukluluk ve para cezas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eriyordu. Tutuklananlar genellikle normal bir hapishaneye konuluyor ve soru\u015fturma s\u0131ras\u0131nda su\u00e7suz bulunurlarsa serbest kal\u0131yor, su\u00e7lu olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse yarg\u0131lan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kan ki\u015fi de su\u00e7suz bulunup serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ya da h\u00fck\u00fcm giyerdi. Su\u00e7lu bulunan para ya da hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ya da nadiren idam edilirdi. Para cezas\u0131 belirli bir s\u00fcre alaca\u011f\u0131 maa\u015ftan kesilirdi. Su\u00e7un niteli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak gidilecek hapishaneler de\u011fi\u015fik tipteydi.<\/p>\n

Gulag \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na, ciddi su\u00e7lar i\u015fleyenlerle (cinayet, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, tecav\u00fcz, ekonomik su\u00e7lar vs.) birlikte kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci faaliyetler nedeniyle mahk\u00fbm olanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu gidiyordu. 3 y\u0131ldan fazla ceza alanlar da bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilebilirdi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kolonisi ya da \u00f6zel a\u00e7\u0131k b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderilebilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin s\u0131k\u0131 g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda ya\u015fay\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f b\u00f6lgelerdi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve topluma y\u00fck olmamalar\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 hi\u00e7bir insan aylak kalamazd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn baz\u0131lar\u0131 bunu sert bulabilir, fakat kural buydu. 1940\u2019ta b\u00f6yle 53 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yandan 425 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kolonisi mevcuttu. Bunlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, daha serbest ve daha az g\u00f6zetlenen birimlerdi. Daha hafif ceza alanlar ve daha \u00f6nemsiz siyasi su\u00e7lar i\u015fleyenler buralara g\u00f6nderilirdi. Fabrika ya da tarlalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve sivil halka i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015farlard\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman maa\u015flar\u0131 di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ayn\u0131 olurdu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel a\u00e7\u0131k alanlar genellikle kollektifle\u015ftirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kulaklar gibi s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131yd\u0131. Hafif siyasi su\u00e7lardan h\u00fck\u00fcm giyenler de cezalar\u0131n\u0131 burada \u00e7ekebilirdi.<\/p>\n

16) \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f tehdit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu ceza sisteminin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 iyi a\u00e7\u0131klamak gerekir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi feodalizmi yeni devirmi\u015fti, bu toplumsal miras\u0131n bireylere etkisi toplumun s\u0131rt\u0131nda bir y\u00fck durumundayd\u0131. \u00c7ar y\u00f6netimi gibi geri bir sistemde i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yoksul bir ya\u015fama mahk\u00fbmdu, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n pek az bir de\u011feri vard\u0131. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u015fiddet, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zca cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 isyanlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman katliamlar, idamlar ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uzun hapis cezalar\u0131yla bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ve buna e\u015flik eden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n evrimi i\u00e7in uzun bir zaman gerekmesi Sovyetler Birli\u011finin su\u00e7lulara kar\u015f\u0131 tutumunun geli\u015fmesini etkiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken di\u011fer bir fakt\u00f6r, 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda 160-170 milyon aras\u0131 n\u00fcfusa sahip Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin, d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan ciddi olarak tehdit edilmesiydi. 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck politik de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ard\u0131ndan Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 tehdidi b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, Slav halk\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yok olma tehlikesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bat\u0131 blo\u011fu da m\u00fcdahale h\u0131rs\u0131yla yan\u0131yordu. Bu durumu Stalin 1931\u2019de \u015fu c\u00fcmlelerle \u00f6zetledi: \u201cSanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin 50 ile 100 y\u0131l gerisindeyiz. Bu mesafeyi 10 y\u0131lda kapatmal\u0131y\u0131z. Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmemiz buna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d On y\u0131l sonra, 22 Haziran 1941\u2019de, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131 ve m\u00fcttefikleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi.<\/p>\n

Sovyet toplumu 1930 ile 1940 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba harcad\u0131, kaynaklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu da yakla\u015fan sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 savunmay\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya harcand\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler zor \u015fartlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, bunu da ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeden yapt\u0131lar. G\u00fcnde 7 saate d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi 1937\u2019de uzad\u0131, 1939\u2019da fiilen her cumartesi normal bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu zor d\u00f6nemde, yakla\u015f\u0131k iki on y\u0131l boyunca (30\u2019lar ve 40\u2019lar) toplumun \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6ken, 25 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6lmesine ve \u00fclkenin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131p k\u00fcl olmas\u0131na neden olan sava\u015f ortam\u0131nda, insanlar birbirlerine ne kadar yard\u0131m etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarsa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fs\u0131nlar su\u00e7larda art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Son derece zorlu ko\u015fullarda, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi en fazla 2,5 milyon h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcye sahip oldu, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusun %2,4\u2019\u00fc kadar. Bu say\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeliyiz? Az m\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7ok mu? Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m.<\/p>\n

17) ABD\u2019de daha fazla h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc var<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6rnek olarak, -1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda- 252 milyon n\u00fcfusu olan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kullanan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin \u00fclkesi ABD\u2019ye bakal\u0131m. Ka\u00e7 mahk\u00fbm var? Ne bir sava\u015f ne de ekonomik dengesini bozan toplumsal bir sars\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015famayan bu \u00fclkenin durumu nedir?<\/p>\n

A\u011fustos 1997\u2019de gazetelerde yer alan k\u0131sa bir bas\u0131n bildirisinde, FLT-AP bas\u0131n ajans\u0131 (Associated Press) 1996 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in 5,5 milyon rakam\u0131 verilerek, ABD\u2019de hi\u00e7bir zaman bu kadar \u00e7ok h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyordu. Bu 1995\u2019e g\u00f6re 200.000 ki\u015filik bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifade ediyor ve ABD\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusa oran\u0131 %2,8\u2019e var\u0131yor. Bu veriler incelemek isteyenler i\u00e7in ABD adalet bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mevcuttur (adalet istatistikleri b\u00fcrosunun web sayfas\u0131: http:\/\/www.ojp.usdoj.gov\/bjs<\/span>). Bug\u00fcn ABD\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011finde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek rakamdan 3 milyon fazlad\u0131r! Daha \u00f6nemlisi, yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusun en fazla %2,4\u2019\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcm giymi\u015fti, ABD\u2019de bu oran %2,8\u2019dir ve artmaktad\u0131r! Amerikan adalet bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 18 Ocak 1998 tarihli bas\u0131n bildirisine g\u00f6re, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm giyenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 96 100 ki\u015fi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na gelince, tutukluluk ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur, fakat ya bug\u00fcn \u015fiddetin, uyu\u015fturucu trafi\u011finin, fuhu\u015fun, cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n (her y\u0131l hapishanelerde 290.000 tecav\u00fcz vakas\u0131) yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Amerikan hapishanelerinin durumu! \u00dcstelik t\u00fcm tarihindeki refah seviyesinin doru\u011fundan olan bir toplumda!<\/p>\n

18) \u00d6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r: T\u0131bbi malzeme eksikli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc soruya cevap verelim. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc? Say\u0131 her y\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fmekte, fakat 1934\u2019teki %5,2 oran\u0131n\u0131n 1953\u2019te %0,3\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin nedeni, toplumun t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de etkileyen, \u00f6zellikle salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan genel t\u0131bbi malzeme eksikli\u011fiydi. Bu sorun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil, toplumun t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc hatta d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 etkiliyordu. Bu durum ancak, bulunu\u015fu ve yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen antibiyotikler sayesinde de\u011fi\u015fti. En k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u0131llar barbar nazilerin t\u00fcm Sovyet vatanda\u015flar\u0131na i\u011fren\u00e7 ko\u015fullar dayatt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu 4 y\u0131l boyunca, yar\u0131m milyondan fazla ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc, bu say\u0131 inceledi\u011fimiz yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00f6lenlerin toplam\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit. Ancak ayn\u0131 s\u0131rada serbest insanlar\u0131n 25 milyonunun sava\u015f nedeniyle \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. 1950\u2019de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ko\u015fullar d\u00fczeldi\u011finde ve antibiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hapiste \u00f6len h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oran\u0131 %0,3\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc soruya ge\u00e7elim. 1953 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, \u00f6zellikle de 1937-38 temizli\u011fi s\u0131rada ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi idam edildi? Conquest Bol\u015feviklerin 1930-1953 aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda 12 milyon h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcy\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Bunlar\u0131n bir milyonu da 1937-38 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olacakt\u0131. Soljenitsin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda \u00f6len on milyonlardan bahsediyordu, bunun da 3 milyonu sadece 1937-38 aras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sovyetler Birli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 propaganda sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu say\u0131lar imal edildi. Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek, yazar Olga Shatunovskaya, 1937-38 temizli\u011finde 7 milyon ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Sovyet ar\u015fivlerinden \u00e7\u0131kan belgeler ise ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc konu\u015fuyor. \u015eunu ba\u015ftan belirtelim ki idam cezas\u0131 alanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgiler farkl\u0131 ar\u015fivlerde bulunuyordu ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar yakla\u015f\u0131k bir de\u011fere ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in verileri bir araya getirmek zorunda kald\u0131lar, bu nedenle \u00e7ift sayma ve ger\u00e7ekte olandan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131ya ula\u015fma riskini g\u00f6ze almak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Yeltsin taraf\u0131ndan Sovyet ar\u015fivleriyle ilgilenme g\u00f6revi verilen Dmitri Volgokonov\u2019a g\u00f6re, 1 Ekim 1936 ile 30 Eyl\u00fcl 1938 aras\u0131nda askeri mahkemelerde 30.514 ki\u015fi idama mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015fti. \u015eubat 1990\u2019da bas\u0131nda yer alan bir KGB belgesinde ise, 1930\u2019dan 1953\u2019e kadar ge\u00e7en 23 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrede kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilik su\u00e7undan 786.098 ki\u015finin idama mahk\u00fbm oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131yordu. KGB\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu mahk\u00fbmiyetlerden 681.692\u2019si 1937 ile 1938\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. KGB\u2019nin s\u00f6yledi\u011fini kontrol etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil fakat bu bilgi g\u00fcvenilir g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Yaln\u0131z iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu kadar \u00e7ok ki\u015finin idam edilmesi olduk\u00e7a zor. 1990\u2019\u0131n Kapitalist yanl\u0131s\u0131 KGB\u2019sinin sosyalist yanl\u0131s\u0131 eski KGB ile ilgili verdi\u011fi bilgilere inan\u0131labilir mi? En az\u0131ndan, KGB\u2019nin s\u00f6z konusu 23 y\u0131lla ilgili kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 istatistiklerin kapitalist KGB\u2019nin iddia etti\u011fi gibi sadece kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilerin idam\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa hem kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcileri hem de adi su\u00e7lular\u0131 m\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini kontrol etmek gerekir. Ar\u015fivler idama mahk\u00fbm adi su\u00e7lularla kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak e\u015fit oldu\u011fu sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Buradan \u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011fimiz sonu\u00e7, 1937-38 y\u0131llar\u0131nda idama mahkum olanlar\u0131n Bat\u0131 propagandas\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi milyonlara de\u011fil, y\u00fcz bine yak\u0131n oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm idam cezalar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da eklemek gerekir. \u00d6l\u00fcm cezalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131 cezas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Adi su\u00e7lularla kar\u015f\u0131-devrimciler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmak gerekir. \u0130dama mahk\u00fbm olanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu cinayet ya da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lar i\u015flemi\u015ftir. 60 y\u0131l sonra, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede bu su\u00e7lar\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

Hapis cezalar\u0131 ne kadar s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu? Hapis cezalar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu Bat\u0131 propagandas\u0131nda en utanmaz s\u00f6ylentilere konu oldu. Genellikle Sovyetler Birli\u011finde insan\u0131n t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 hapiste ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ve asla hapisten \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyordu. Bu tamamen yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Stalin d\u00f6neminde hapse gidenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu i\u00e7in hapis s\u00fcresi en fazla be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131. American Historical Review\u2019de yer alan istatistikler bize ger\u00e7ekleri g\u00f6steriyor. 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya Federasyonunda adi su\u00e7lular\u0131n ald\u0131klar\u0131 cezalar: be\u015f y\u0131la kadar %82,4; be\u015f ile on y\u0131l aras\u0131 %17,6. 1937 \u00f6ncesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en y\u00fcksek ceza on y\u0131ld\u0131. 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda sivil mahkemelerde mahk\u00fbm olan siyasi su\u00e7lular\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 cezalar: be\u015f y\u0131la kadar %44,2; be\u015f ile on y\u0131l aras\u0131 %50,7. En uzun cezalar\u0131n \u00e7ekildi\u011fi gulag \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131 i\u00e7in 1940 y\u0131l\u0131na ait istatistikler be\u015f y\u0131la kadar olan cezalar\u0131n %56,8; be\u015f ile on y\u0131l aras\u0131 cezalar\u0131n %42,2 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. On y\u0131ldan fazla ceza alanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 sadece %1\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

1939 i\u00e7in Sovyet mahkemelerinin istatistiklerine sahibiz. Ceza s\u00fcreleri \u015f\u00f6yledir: be\u015f y\u0131la kadar, %95,9; be\u015f ile on y\u0131l aras\u0131, %4; on y\u0131ldan fazla, %0,1. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Sovyetler Birli\u011finde sonsuza kadar s\u00fcren cezalar, Bat\u0131\u2019da sosyalizmle sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir masald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19) Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda yalanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131saca tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan bahsedelim. Rus tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar kapitalist d\u00fcnya \u00fcniversite ve okullar\u0131nda elli y\u0131ld\u0131r anlat\u0131landan ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir ger\u00e7eklik sunuyor. Bu elli y\u0131ll\u0131k so\u011fuk sava\u015f boyunca her yeni ku\u015fa\u011fa Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda yalanlar aktar\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu yalanlar insanlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a etkiledi. Bu, Frans\u0131z ve Amerikan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n raporlar\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. H\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ve \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren tablo ve say\u0131lar bu uzmanlar aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olagelmi\u015ftir. Fakat dikkat edilmesi gereken, h\u00fck\u00fcm giyenlerin su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kapitalist propaganda Sovyet su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 hep masum kurbanlar olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015f, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi sorgulamadan benimsemi\u015ftir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar istatistik incelemesini b\u0131rak\u0131p yorumlamaya giri\u015ftiklerinde burjuva ideolojileri bask\u0131n \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman da \u015f\u00fcpheli sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece Sovyet ceza sisteminin mahk\u00fbm ettikleri su\u00e7suz oluverir. Fakat bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu h\u0131rs\u0131z, katil, tecav\u00fczc\u00fc ve benzeridir. B\u00f6yle su\u00e7lular Avrupa ya da ABD\u2019de olsalar bas\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan asla masum say\u0131lmazlard\u0131. Fakat Sovyetler Birli\u011finde su\u00e7 i\u015fledikleri i\u00e7in, durum de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Bir katil ya da sab\u0131kal\u0131 bir tecav\u00fczc\u00fcy\u00fc masum ilan etmek ger\u00e7ekten garip bir durum. Sovyet adaleti incelenirken, en az\u0131ndan \u015fiddet su\u00e7lar\u0131 incelenirken birazc\u0131k sa\u011fduyuya sahip olmak gerekir. Mahk\u00fbmiyetleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken olmasa bile, en az\u0131ndan mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu incelerken buna ihtiya\u00e7 var.<\/p>\n

20) Kulaklar ve kar\u015f\u0131-devrim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilere gelince, bakal\u0131m onlar ne ile su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f. Sorunun \u00f6nemini g\u00f6steren iki \u00f6rnek alal\u0131m: Birincisi 30\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda mahk\u00fbm edilen kulaklar, di\u011feri 1936-37\u2019de mahk\u00fbm olan komplocu ve kar\u015f\u0131-devrimciler.<\/p>\n

Kulaklardan (zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler) bahseden raporlarda, 381.000 aile, yani 1,8 milyon ki\u015finin s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6yleniyor. Bunlar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na ya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kolonilerine g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f. Peki bunlar neden mahkum olmu\u015flard\u0131?<\/p>\n

Zengin Rus k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, kulaklar, yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir bask\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc alt\u0131nda tuttular. 1927\u2019de 120 milyon k\u00f6yl\u00fcden 110 milyonu yoksulken 10 milyon kulak refah i\u00e7indeydi. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler devrimden \u00f6nce en sefil \u015fartlarda ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Kulaklar\u0131n zenginli\u011fi yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ucuz eme\u011fine, \u00f6dedikleri vergiler ve rantlara dayan\u0131yordu. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler kolektif \u00e7iftliklerde birle\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, kulaklar\u0131n temel gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 da yok olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat kulaklar yenilgiyi kabul etmek istemediler. K\u0131tl\u0131k yaratarak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclerini devam ettirmek istediler. Kulak silahl\u0131 \u00e7eteleri kolektif \u00e7iftliklere sald\u0131rd\u0131, yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ve parti \u00fcyelerini katletti, tarlalar\u0131 ate\u015fe verdi ve hayvanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri a\u00e7l\u0131k i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakarak yoksullu\u011fu ve kendi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini kabul ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Sonras\u0131nda olaylar bu katillerin istedi\u011fi gibi geli\u015fmedi. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler devrimin deste\u011fine sahiptiler ve yenilen, hapsedilen, s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamp\u0131na al\u0131nan kulaklara bask\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

10 milyon kulaktan 1,8 milyonu s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ya da h\u00fck\u00fcm giydi. 120 milyon insan\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sovyet k\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu kitlesel s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131nda haks\u0131zl\u0131klar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ama bunun i\u00e7in, daha iyi bir ya\u015fam ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na a\u00e7 cahiller olarak kalmayacaklar\u0131 iyi bir hayat sunabilme m\u00fccadelesi veren yoksul ve ezilmi\u015fleri su\u00e7layabilir miyiz? Onlar\u0131 yeteri kadar \u201cmedeni\u201d olmamakla ya da ac\u0131mas\u0131z olmakla ger\u00e7ekten su\u00e7layabilir miyiz? Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l medeniyetten hi\u00e7 faydalanmam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131 medeni olmamakla kim su\u00e7layabilir? Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri s\u00f6m\u00fcren kulaklar y\u0131llar boyu medenice ya da merhametli mi davrand\u0131lar?<\/p>\n

21) 1937 temizli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Partide, orduda ve devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131nda temizli\u011fi takip eden 1936-38 b\u00fcy\u00fck duru\u015fmalar\u0131nda mahkum edilen kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilerle ilgili ikinci \u00f6rne\u011fimizin k\u00f6keni Rus devrim tarihine uzan\u0131yor. \u00c7ara ve Rus burjuvazisine kar\u015f\u0131 zafere milyonlarca insan kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bunlardan partiye kat\u0131lan bir\u00e7o\u011fu ise bunu proletarya ve sosyalizm u\u011fruna yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n durumu nedeniyle \u00e7o\u011fu kez yeni militanlar\u0131 test etme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kendilerine sosyalist diyen ve Bol\u015fevik partisiyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan kimileri bile sonradan Kom\u00fcnist Partiye kabul edildi. Bu yeni \u00fcyelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini y\u00fcr\u00fctme becerilerine g\u00f6re Bol\u015fevik Partisi, devlet ve silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerde \u00f6nemli konumlara geldiler. Gen\u00e7 Sovyet devleti i\u00e7in zor bir d\u00f6nemdi ve kadro eksikli\u011fi \u2013hatta s\u0131rf okuryazar insanlar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131- partiyi yeni kadrolar\u0131 kabul etmede daha az se\u00e7ici davranmak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bu sorun nedeniyle zamanla partiyi iki kampa b\u00f6len bir \u00e7eli\u015fki do\u011fdu- bir yanda sosyalist bir toplum kurmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleyi ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek isteyenler, di\u011fer yanda sosyalizmi in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar\u0131n olgunla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle sosyal-demokrasiyle yetinmek gerekti\u011fini savunanlar. Bu fikirler, partiye 1917\u2019de kat\u0131lan ve zamanla \u00f6nde gelen baz\u0131 Bol\u015feviklerin deste\u011fini elde eden Tro\u00e7ki\u2019den do\u011fuyordu. \u0130lk Bol\u015fevik programa kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fik muhalefet alternatif bir program ortaya att\u0131 ve 27 Aral\u0131k 1927\u2019de oylamaya koyuldu. Bu oylamadan \u00f6nce partide y\u0131llar s\u00fcren bir tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya yer vermeyecek bir sonu\u00e7 ortay \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Muhalefet, 725.000 kay\u0131tl\u0131 se\u00e7menden 6.000\u2019inin oyunu ald\u0131, bu partinin %1\u2019inden az\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fik muhalefeti destekledi\u011fini ifade ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Oylamadan sonra muhalefet, Kom\u00fcnist Parti ve Merkez Komiteye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Komite bu blo\u011fun belli ba\u015fl\u0131 liderlerini partiden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya karar verdi. En \u00f6nde gelen \u015fahsiyet olan Tro\u00e7ki s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi. Ancak muhalefetin hik\u00e2yesi bununla bitmedi. Piyatakov, Radek, Preobrajenski ve Smirnov gibi tro\u00e7kist y\u00f6neticilerin bir\u00e7o\u011fuyla birlikte Zinovyev, Kamanev ve Zvdekin \u00f6zele\u015ftiri verdiler. Hepsi partiye geri al\u0131nd\u0131, parti ve devlette konumlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. Sonunda, muhalefetin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zele\u015ftirinin ger\u00e7e\u011fe uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sovyetler Birli\u011finde s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n her \u015fiddet kazan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda eski muhalefetin y\u00f6neticilerinin kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci tarafa ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu muhaliflerin \u00e7o\u011fu yeniden s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler ve 1937-38 y\u0131llar\u0131nda durum tamamen netlik kazanmadan \u00f6nce yeniden kabul edildiler.<\/p>\n

22) End\u00fcstriyel sabotaj<\/strong><\/p>\n

1934 Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, partinin Leningrad il ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve Merkez Komitesinin en \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olan Kirov\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, gizli bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan bir soru\u015fturmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct partiyi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u015fiddet yoluyla ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in komplolar haz\u0131rl\u0131yordu. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, 1927\u2019de kaybettikleri politik m\u00fccadeleyi, devlete kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet y\u00f6ntemleriyle kazanmay\u0131 umuyorlard\u0131. Temel olarak da end\u00fcstriyel sabotaj, ter\u00f6rizm ve yolsuzluktan yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Muhalefetin y\u00f6nlendiricisi Tro\u00e7ki bu eylemleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan y\u00f6netiyordu. End\u00fcstriyel sabotaj Sovyet devletine korkun\u00e7 zararlar verdi, bir\u00e7ok makineyi tamiri imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir hale getirdi. Madenler ve fabrikalarda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sorunu 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk ortaya koyanlardan biri, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019yle ba\u015fm\u00fchendis olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapan yabanc\u0131 uzmanlardan Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fchendis John Littlepage oldu. Littlepage 1928-1937 aras\u0131 on y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 maden end\u00fcstrisinde, \u00f6zellikle de alt\u0131n madenlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakla ge\u00e7irdi. 1939 tarihli Sibirya Alt\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Pe\u015finde adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: \u201cUzak durabildi\u011fim s\u00fcrece Rusya\u2019daki politik oyunlar\u0131n inceliklerine hi\u00e7 ilgi duymad\u0131m, fakat i\u015fim gere\u011fi Sovyet end\u00fcstrisinde ne olup bitti\u011fini incelemek zorundayd\u0131m. Sonunda Stalin ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, en k\u00f6t\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015feyden memnun olmayan devrimci kom\u00fcnistler olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlamalar\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kesin kanaat getirdim.\u201d<\/p>\n

Littlepage ki\u015fisel deneyiminin, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirmek i\u00e7in end\u00fcstriyel sabotaj\u0131 deneyen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir komplonun var oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da yazd\u0131. Daha 1931\u2019de Ural ve Kazakistan bak\u0131r ve kur\u015fun madenlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken sorunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetmi\u015fti. Bu madenler, a\u011f\u0131r sanayi ikinci ba\u015fkan\u0131 Piyatakov\u2019un y\u00f6netimindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sanayi kompleksinin par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Madenler hem \u00fcretim hem de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan felaket bir durumdayd\u0131. Littlepage sabotaj\u0131n iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi ve sanayi kompleksinin ba\u015f\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Littlepage\u2019in kitab\u0131 Tro\u00e7kist muhalefetin bu kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci eylemler i\u00e7in gerekli paray\u0131 nereden buldu\u011funu da anlat\u0131yor. Gizli muhalefetin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcyesi yabanc\u0131 fabrikalara verilen makine sipari\u015flerinde konumlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, \u00f6denen \u00fccrete g\u00f6re \u00e7ok kalitesiz makinelerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Yabanc\u0131 \u00fcreticiler fiyat fark\u0131n\u0131 Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne veriyor, Tro\u00e7ki ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki komplodaki su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131 bu fabrikalara sipari\u015f vermeye devam ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

23) H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve yolsuzluk<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu i\u015f Littlepage taraf\u0131ndan 1931 ilkbahar\u0131nda madenlere asans\u00f6r almak \u00fczere bulundu\u011fu Berlin\u2019de fark edildi. Piyatakov taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Sovyet heyetinde Littlepage asans\u00f6rlerin kalitesini kontrol edecek ve al\u0131m\u0131 onaylayacak uzman olarak bulunuyordu. \u0130\u015fe yaramaz kalitesiz asans\u00f6rlerle ilgili bir sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131k tespit etti, fakat bunu Piyatakov\u2019a ve di\u011fer heyet \u00fcyelerine iletti\u011finde so\u011fuk bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131, sanki bu olay\u0131 gizlemek istiyorlar hatta bu al\u0131mlar\u0131 onaylamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131srar ediyorlard\u0131. Littlepage bunu kabul etmedi. \u00d6nce bunun basit bir yolsuzluk meselesi oldu\u011funu ve heyet \u00fcyelerinin asans\u00f6rleri satan \u015firketten r\u00fc\u015fvet ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck 1937 duru\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Piyatakov tro\u00e7kist blokla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131nca, Berlin\u2019de \u015fahit oldu\u011fu bu olay\u0131n basit bir r\u00fc\u015fvet meselesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131. Elde edilen para Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde bulunan gizli muhalefetin sabotaj, ter\u00f6rizm, yolsuzluk ve propaganday\u0131 i\u00e7eren faaliyetlerini finanse etmede kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ki Bat\u0131 burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi Zinovyev, Kamanev, Piyatakov, Radek, Tomski, Buharin ve di\u011ferleri Sovyet halk\u0131 ve parti taraf\u0131ndan kendilerine emanet edilen mevkileri, devletin paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almak ve bu paray\u0131 sabotajlar d\u00fczenleyip Sovyet sosyalist toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015facak sosyalizmin d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmakta kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

24) Bir darbe plan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, sabotaj ve yolsuzluk kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na ciddi su\u00e7lard\u0131 ama muhaliflerin eylemleri daha da ileri gitti. Kom\u00fcnist Parti Merkez Komitesi\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli \u00fcyelerinin katledilmesiyle ba\u015flayan, t\u00fcm Sovyet y\u00f6neticilerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen bir darbe komplosu haz\u0131rland\u0131. Darbenin askeri i\u015fleri Mare\u015fal Tuha\u00e7evski taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bir grup general taraf\u0131nda y\u00f6netiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Kendisi de tro\u00e7kist olan, hem Stalin hem Sovyetler Birli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 Isaac Deutscher\u2019e g\u00f6re, darbe Kremlin\u2019e ve Moskova, Leningrad gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerin en \u00f6nemli kararg\u00e2hlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir askeri operasyonla ba\u015flayacakt\u0131. Gene Deutscher\u2019e g\u00f6re, komplo Tuha\u00e7evskiyle birlikte ordu politik komiseri Gamarnik, Leningrad komutan\u0131 General Yakir, Moskova askeri akademisi komutan\u0131 General Uborevi\u00e7 ve bir s\u00fcvari komutan\u0131 olan General Primakov taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Mare\u015fal Tuha\u00e7evski eski \u00e7ar ordusunda bir subayken devrimden sonra K\u0131z\u0131l orduya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1930\u2019da, subaylar\u0131n %10\u2019u (yakla\u015f\u0131k 4.500 ki\u015fi) eski \u00e7ar subaylar\u0131ndand\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu burjuva g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015fler ve harekete ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat kolluyorlard\u0131. Bu f\u0131rsat muhalefetin darbe haz\u0131rlamas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bol\u015fevikler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc, ama sivil ve askeri komplocular daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale gelmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba harcad\u0131lar. 1938\u2019de kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda Buharin\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 itiraflara g\u00f6re, tro\u00e7kist muhalefetle Nazi Almanyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci darbe ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursa Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f topraklar\u0131n Almanya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Darbeyi destekleme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n pay\u0131 bu olacakt\u0131. Buharin anla\u015fmadan, bu konuda Tro\u00e7ki\u2019den direktif alan Radek arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla haberdar olmu\u015ftu. Sosyalist devleti y\u00f6netmek ve savunmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek sorumluluk verilen bu komplocular sosyalizmi y\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, bu olanlar\u0131n Nazi tehlikesinin zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Nazi ordular\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 tehdit etmeye, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni de i\u015fgal etmeye haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda oldu\u011fu ak\u0131lda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Komplocular kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir yarg\u0131laman\u0131n sonucunda vatana ihanet su\u00e7undan \u00f6l\u00fcme mahk\u00fbm edildiler. Sabotaj, ter\u00f6rizm, yolsuzluk ve cinayetten, \u00fclkenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Nazilere hediye etmekten su\u00e7lu bulunanlar ba\u015fka bir \u015fey bekleyemezdi. Bunlara masum kurbanlar olarak demek, ger\u00e7ekten abart\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

25) Daha fazla yalan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 propagandas\u0131n\u0131n Robert Conquest arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla K\u0131z\u0131lordu temizli\u011fi \u00fczerine ne yalanlar uydurdu\u011funa bakmak ilgin\u00e7 olur. Conquest B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, 1937\u2019de K\u0131z\u0131lordu\u2019da 70.000 subay ve komiser bulundu\u011funu, bunlar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (15.000 subay ve 20.000 komiser) siyasi polis taraf\u0131ndan tutuklan\u0131p idam edildi\u011fini ya da \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi\u011fini yazd\u0131. Kitapta yer alan di\u011fer \u015feyler gibi bu iddian\u0131n da ger\u00e7ekle bir ilgisi yoktu. Tarih\u00e7i Roger Reese, K\u0131z\u0131lordu ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlik adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ordu i\u00e7indeki 1937-38 temizli\u011finin ger\u00e7ek boyutunu g\u00f6sterdi. K\u0131z\u0131lordu ve hava kuvvetleri subay ve siyasi komiserlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda 144.300 iken 1939\u2019da 282.300\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. 1937-38 temizliklerinde 34.300 subay ve siyasi komiser at\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla birlikte 1940\u2019ta bu ki\u015filerin 11.596\u2019u geri al\u0131nd\u0131 ve mevkilerine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Demek ki 1937-38 temizliklerinde 22.705 subay ve siyasi komiser at\u0131ld\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 13.000\u2019i subay, 4.700 havac\u0131 subay ve 5.000 siyasi komiser), Conquest\u2019in s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi t\u00fcm subay ve siyasi komiserlerin yar\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil %7,7\u2019si. Elimizdeki tarihsel verilere g\u00f6re bu %7,7\u2019den bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ihanetten h\u00fck\u00fcm giymi\u015f fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sivil hayata d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Son bir soru. 1937-38 b\u00fcy\u00fck duru\u015fmalar\u0131 bize ne anlat\u0131yor? \u00d6rnek olarak, gizli muhalefette \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan en \u00fcst d\u00fczey parti g\u00f6revlisi Buharin\u2019in duru\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ele alal\u0131m. Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n tamam\u0131na kat\u0131lan d\u00f6nemin ABD Moskova b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi \u00fcnl\u00fc hukuk\u00e7u Joseph Davies, Buharin\u2019in t\u00fcm duru\u015fmalar s\u00fcresince serbest\u00e7e konu\u015ftu\u011funu ve kendini savunabildi\u011fini ifade etmi\u015fti. Davies, Washington\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta, duru\u015fmalara kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funa inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer diplomatlar\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ciddi bir komplonun a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

26) Tarihten \u00f6\u011frenelim<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dczerine binlerce yalanc\u0131 makale ve kitap yaz\u0131lan, olaylar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131tan y\u00fczlerce film \u00e7ekilen Stalin d\u00f6nemi Sovyet ceza sistemi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli dersler \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131labilir. Olgular bir kez daha burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131nda sosyalizm hakk\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan s\u00f6ylentilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sa\u011fc\u0131lar, bas\u0131n, radyo ve televizyon sayesinde hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 y\u00f6netebilir, kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir, do\u011fruyu \u00e7arp\u0131tabilir ve bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n bu yalanlara inanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir. Sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 her hik\u00e2ye tersi kan\u0131tlanana kadar yanl\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tedbirli davranmak i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z neden var. Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamen a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurulmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sa\u011fc\u0131lar son elli y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00f6ylenen yalanlar\u0131 aynen yeniden \u00fcretiyor. Sa\u011f tarihsel miras\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyor: ayn\u0131 yalan\u0131 do\u011fru kabul edilene kadar defalarca tekrarlama. Bat\u0131da Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131 yay\u0131nlan\u0131nca, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde, bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek ve eski yalanlar\u0131 yeni do\u011frularm\u0131\u015f gibi halka sunmak i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcr\u00fc kitap yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlar ba\u015ftan sona kom\u00fcnizm ve sosyalizmle ilgili yalanlarla dolu iyi pazarlanan kitaplard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fc\u0131 yalanlar bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kom\u00fcnistlerle m\u00fccadele edebilmek i\u00e7in tekrarlan\u0131yor. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin kapitalizm ve neo-liberalizme alternatif bulamamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in tekrarlan\u0131yorlar. Bunlar gelece\u011fe dair bir hedefi, sosyalist toplumu, g\u00f6sterebilecek tek grup olan kom\u00fcnistlere kar\u015f\u0131 kirli sava\u015f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Eski yalanlarla dolu yeni kitaplar\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni budur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar, sosyalist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip herkese yeni bir g\u00f6rev y\u00fckl\u00fcyor. Kom\u00fcnist gazeteleri burjuvazinin yalanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek gazeteleri haline getirme sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmeliyiz! Bu \u015f\u00fcphesiz bug\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6revdir ve yak\u0131n gelecekte yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7 Kom\u00fcnist Partisi [eski KPML(r)] \u00fcyesi Mario Sousa taraf\u0131ndan 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1) Hitler\u2019den Hearst\u2019e, Conquest\u2019ten Soljenitsin\u2019e Stalin d\u00f6neminde, milyonlarca insan\u0131n hapsedildi\u011fi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda infaz edildi\u011fi ya da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6yleniyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131, gulag kurbanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 hik\u00e2yeler duymayan var m\u0131d\u0131r? Stalin d\u00f6neminde a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlarca insan ya da idam edilen milyonlarca politik muhalif hik\u00e2yelerinden haberdar olmayan var m\u0131d\u0131r? Kapitalist d\u00fcnyada, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-376","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel-tarih"},"yoast_head":"\nSovyetler Birli\u011fi Hakk\u0131nda S\u00f6ylenen Yalanlar | Mario Sousa - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/03\/09\/sovyetler-birlii-hakknda-soeylenen-yalanlar-mario-sousa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Hakk\u0131nda S\u00f6ylenen Yalanlar | Mario Sousa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1) Hitler\u2019den Hearst\u2019e, Conquest\u2019ten Soljenitsin\u2019e Stalin d\u00f6neminde, milyonlarca insan\u0131n hapsedildi\u011fi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131nda infaz edildi\u011fi ya da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6yleniyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131, gulag kurbanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 hik\u00e2yeler duymayan var m\u0131d\u0131r? Stalin d\u00f6neminde a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len milyonlarca insan ya da idam edilen milyonlarca politik muhalif hik\u00e2yelerinden haberdar olmayan var m\u0131d\u0131r? 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