{"id":377,"date":"2011-01-24T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-01-23T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/01\/24\/devrim-elbette-ki-en-otoriter-olan-seydir-otorite-uzerine-friedrich-engels\/"},"modified":"2011-01-24T01:00:00","modified_gmt":"2011-01-23T22:00:00","slug":"devrim-elbette-ki-en-otoriter-olan-seydir-otorite-uzerine-friedrich-engels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/01\/24\/devrim-elbette-ki-en-otoriter-olan-seydir-otorite-uzerine-friedrich-engels\/","title":{"rendered":"Devrim, elbette ki, en otoriter olan \u015feydir | Otorite \u00dczerine – Friedrich Engels"},"content":{"rendered":"

Baz\u0131 sosyalistler, son zamanlarda, otorite ilkesi diye adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenli bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferine giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u015eu ya da bu eylemin otoriter oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek onu mahkum etmeye yetmektedir. Bu \u00f6zet davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi o denli k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, soruna biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bakmak bir zorunluluk olmu\u015ftur. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn burada kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlamda otorite, \u015fu demektir: bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n iradesinin bizimkine dayat\u0131lmas\u0131; \u00f6te yandan otorite, boyune\u011fmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu iki s\u00f6zc\u00fck kula\u011fa ho\u015f gelmedi\u011finden ve bunlar\u0131n temsil ettikleri ili\u015fki boyune\u011fdirilen taraf i\u00e7in kabul edilebilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, sorun, bundan kurtulman\u0131n bir yolu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u2014mevcut toplam ko\u015fullar veri olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u2014 bu otoritenin art\u0131k bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bunun sonucu olarak da, yok olmak zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u015fka (sayfa 448) toplumsal sistemin yarat\u0131p yaratamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc burjuva toplumun temellerini olu\u015fturan iktisadi \u2014s\u0131nai ve tar\u0131msal\u2014 ko\u015fullar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde, bunlar\u0131n, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eylemlerin yerine, gittik\u00e7e bireylerin birle\u015fik eylemlerini koyma e\u011filimi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Y\u00fczlerce i\u015f\u00e7inin buharla i\u015fleyen karma\u015f\u0131k makinelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda durduklar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikalar\u0131 ve atelyeleriyle birlikte modern sanayi, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00fcreticilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck atelyelerinin yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kay\u0131klar\u0131n ve yelkenlerin yerini nas\u0131l buharl\u0131 gemiler alm\u0131\u015fsa, karayollar\u0131ndaki binek ve y\u00fck arabalar\u0131n\u0131n yerini de, demiryolu vagonlar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131m bile, gittik\u00e7e, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclk sahibinin yerine yava\u015f yava\u015f, ama ac\u0131mas\u0131zca, \u00fccretli emek\u00e7ilerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla geni\u015f toprak par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalisti ge\u00e7iren makinenin ve buhar\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmektedir. Birle\u015fik eylem, birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131, her yerde, bireylerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z eylemlerinin yerini almaktad\u0131r. Ama birle\u015fik eylemden s\u00f6zeden, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeden s\u00f6zetmektedir; otoritesiz \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme diye bir \u015fey olabilir mi?<\/p>\n

Bir toplumsal devrimin, servet \u00fcretimi ve dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u015fu anda otorite sahibi olan kapitalistleri devirdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Anti-otoritercilerin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tamam\u0131yla benimseyerek, topra\u011f\u0131n ve i\u015f aletlerinin, bunlar\u0131 kullanan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kolektif m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7ti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu durumda otorite kalkm\u0131\u015f m\u0131, yoksa yaln\u0131zca bi\u00e7im mi de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r? G\u00f6relim bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnek olarak bir pamuklu iplik atelyesini alal\u0131m. Pamuk, iplik haline gelmezden \u00f6nce, birbirini izleyen en az alt\u0131 i\u015flemden ge\u00e7mek zorundad\u0131r, ve bu i\u015flemlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 odalarda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, makineleri i\u015fler durumda tutmak i\u00e7in, buhar makinesinin ba\u015f\u0131nda duran bir makiniste, g\u00fcnl\u00fck onar\u0131mlar\u0131 yapacak bir teknisyene ve b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fleri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri bir odadan \u00f6tekine aktarmak olan daha bir\u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7iye vb. gerek vard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, erkekler, kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklar, i\u015flerini bireysel \u00f6zerkli\u011fe hi\u00e7 ald\u0131rmayan buhar\u0131n otoritesi taraf\u0131ndan saptanan zamanlarda ba\u015flatmak ve bitirmek zorundad\u0131rlar. \u015eu halde, i\u015f\u00e7iler, ilkin bu i\u015f saatlerini kabul etmelidirler; bu saatlere, bir kez saptand\u0131ktan sonra, ayr\u0131cal\u0131ks\u0131z herkes uymal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun ard\u0131ndan, (sayfa 449) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na vb. ili\u015fkin belirli sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ki, e\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fcretimin bir anda durmas\u0131 isteinilmiyorsa, bu sorunlar\u0131n an\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeleri gerekir; bunlar ister her i\u015f dal\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan bir delegenin karar\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlensin, ya da ister, e\u011fer olana\u011f\u0131 varsa, \u00e7o\u011funluk oyuyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlensin, tek bireyin iradesi buna her zaman boyune\u011fmek durumunda olacakt\u0131r, ki bu da sorunlar\u0131n otoriter bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi demektir. Bir b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikanin otomatik mekanizmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalistinkinden \u00e7ok daha despotiktir. \u0130nsan, i\u015f saatleri konusunda bu fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine hi\u00e7 de\u011filse \u015funlar\u0131 yazabilir: Lasciate ogni autonomia, voi che entrate![2] \u0130nsan, bilgisinin ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 dehas\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla do\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7lerine nas\u0131l boyune\u011fdirdiyse, beriki de insan\u0131, kendisini kullanmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ger\u00e7ek bir despotizm alt\u0131na sokarak ondan intikam almaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayideki otoriteyi ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 istemek, sanayiin kendisini ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131, gerisin geriye \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nmek \u00fczere buharl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoketmeyi istemekle ayn\u0131 \u015feydir.<\/p>\n

Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek olarak demiryolunu alal\u0131m. Burada da say\u0131s\u0131z bireylerin i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmalar\u0131 mutlaka zorunludur, ve bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi kesenkes saptanm\u0131\u015f olan saatler i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ki hi\u00e7 bir kaza olmas\u0131n. Burada da, i\u015fin ilk ko\u015fulu, b\u00fct\u00fcn ikincil sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyen bir egemen iradenin \u2014bu irade ister tek bir delege taraf\u0131ndan, ya da ister ilgili kimselerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bir komite taraf\u0131ndan temsil ediliyor olsun\u2014 bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Her iki durumda da, \u00e7ok belirgin bir otorite vard\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, demiryolu sorumlular\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131n yolcular \u00fczerindeki otoritesi kald\u0131r\u0131lacak olsa, harekat ettirilen ilk trenin ba\u015f\u0131na neler gelmez ki?<\/p>\n

Ama, otorite, hem de m\u00fcstebit bir otorite zorunlulu\u011fu, a\u00e7\u0131k denizdeki bir gemideki kadar ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir yerde bu denli a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. Burada, bir tehlike an\u0131nda, herkesin ya\u015fam\u0131, herkesin tek bir ki\u015finin iradesine an\u0131nda ve kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z uymalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. (sayfa 450)
Bu gibi savlar\u0131 anti-otoritercilerin en azg\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na koydu\u011fumda, verebildikleri tek yan\u0131t \u015fu oldu: Evet, bu do\u011fru, ama bu durumda bizim delegelerimize verdi\u011fimiz \u015fey otorite de\u011fil, yetki devridir! Bu baylar \u015feylerin adlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdiklerinde \u015feylerin kendilerini de\u011fi\u015ftirdiklerini san\u0131yorlar. Bu derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 i\u015fte b\u00f6yle alaya al\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, bir yanda, nas\u0131l devredilmi\u015f olursa olsun, belirli bir otorite, ve \u00f6te yanda da, belirli bir boyune\u011fme \u2014 bunlar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, i\u00e7inde \u00fcretim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve \u00fcr\u00fcnleri dola\u015f\u0131ma soktu\u011fumuz maddi ko\u015fullarla birlikte bize dayat\u0131lan \u015feylerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, \u00fcretimin ve dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131m ile kaz\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak geli\u015fmektedir ve bunlar bu otoritenin alan\u0131n\u0131 gittik\u00e7e geni\u015fletme e\u011filimindedirler. Demek ki, otorite ilkesinden mutlak olarak k\u00f6t\u00fc, ve \u00f6zerklik ilkesinden de mutlak olarak iyi bir \u015fey diye s\u00f6zetmek sa\u00e7mad\u0131r. Otorite ve \u00f6zerklik, kapsamlar\u0131 toplum geli\u015fmesinin \u00e7e\u015fitli evreleriyle birlikte de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00f6reli \u015feylerdir. Eger \u00f6zerklik\u00e7iler, gelecekteki toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin, otoriteyi, olsa olsa \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n onu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7ersine hapsedece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemekle yetinselerdi, birbirimizi anlayabilirdik; ama onlar otoriteyi zorunlu k\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn olgulara g\u00f6zlerini kapam\u0131\u015flar, h\u0131rsla s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kendisine sald\u0131r\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Anti-otoriterciler ni\u00e7in siyasal otoriteye, devlete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakla yetinmiyorlar? Siyasal devletin, ve onunla birlikte siyasal otoritenin de \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki toplumsal devrimin sonucu olarak yokolaca\u011f\u0131, yani kamu i\u015flevlerinin siyasal riiteliklerini yitirecekleri ve toplumun ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmek olan basit y\u00f6netsel i\u015flevler haline gelecekleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyalistler payla\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Ama anti-otoriterciler, otoriter siyasal devletin, bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da, hatta onu yaratm\u0131\u015f bulunan toplumsal ko\u015fullar yokolmazdan \u00f6nce, ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlar. Bunlar, toplumsal devrimin ilk i\u015finin otoritenin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlar. Bu baylar hi\u00e7 bir devrim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler midir? Devrim, elbette ki, en otoriter olan \u015feydir; bu, n\u00fcfusun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi iradesini, n\u00fcfusun \u00f6teki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne t\u00fcfeklerle, s\u00fcng\u00fclerle (sayfa 451) ve toplarla \u2014akla gelebilecek b\u00fct\u00fcn otoriter ara\u00e7larla\u2014 dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eylemdir; ve e\u011fer muzaffer olan taraf yok yere yenik d\u00fc\u015fmek istemiyorsa, bu egemenli\u011fini, silahlar\u0131n\u0131n gericiler \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ter\u00f6r ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelidir. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, silahl\u0131 halk\u0131n otoritesini burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, bir g\u00fcn olsun dayanabilir miydi? Tersine, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc bundan yeterince serbest bir bi\u00e7imde yararlanmam\u0131\u015f olmakla su\u00e7lamam\u0131z gerekmiyor mu?<\/p>\n

O halde, \u015fu iki \u015feyden birisi: anti-otoriterciler ya neden s\u00f6zettiklerini bilmiyorlar, ki bu durumda kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yaratm\u0131\u015f olmuyorlar; ya da bunu biliyorlar, ki bu durumda da proletaryan\u0131n hareketine ihanet ediyorlar. Her iki durumda da gericili\u011fe hizmet etmi\u015f oluyorlar.(sayfa 452)<\/p>\n

Ekim 1872-Mart 1873’te\u00a0 Engels taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Aral\u0131k 1873’te, 1874 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan Almanca Repubblicano derlemesinde\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong>
[1] Otorite \u00dczerine adl\u0131 makalesinde, Engels, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc otoriteyi reddeden bakunincilerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ele\u015ftirmekte ve proleter devrimin devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tutumu sorununa ili\u015fkin marksist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere bir temel getirmektedir. Engels, devleti yaratm\u0131\u015f olan toplumsal ili\u015fkileri kald\u0131rmadan “devleti kald\u0131rmak”tan s\u00f6zeden anar\u015fist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bilim-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca anar\u015fist dogmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sekterli\u011fi de ac\u0131mas\u0131zca ele\u015ftirmektedir.
[2] “Ey buradan i\u00e7eri giren, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ard\u0131nda b\u0131rak!” (Dante, \u0130lahi Komedi, Cehennem, III. \u015fark\u0131, 3. m\u0131sra -k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Baz\u0131 sosyalistler, son zamanlarda, otorite ilkesi diye adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenli bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferine giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u015eu ya da bu eylemin otoriter oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek onu mahkum etmeye yetmektedir. Bu \u00f6zet davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi o denli k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, soruna biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bakmak bir zorunluluk olmu\u015ftur. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn burada kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlamda otorite, \u015fu demektir: bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n iradesinin bizimkine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-377","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-karl-marx-friedrich-engels-arsivi"},"yoast_head":"\nDevrim, elbette ki, en otoriter olan \u015feydir | Otorite \u00dczerine - Friedrich Engels - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/01\/24\/devrim-elbette-ki-en-otoriter-olan-seydir-otorite-uzerine-friedrich-engels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Devrim, elbette ki, en otoriter olan \u015feydir | Otorite \u00dczerine - Friedrich Engels\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Baz\u0131 sosyalistler, son zamanlarda, otorite ilkesi diye adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenli bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferine giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u015eu ya da bu eylemin otoriter oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek onu mahkum etmeye yetmektedir. Bu \u00f6zet davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi o denli k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, soruna biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bakmak bir zorunluluk olmu\u015ftur. 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