{"id":3953,"date":"2010-01-11T12:38:07","date_gmt":"2010-01-11T09:38:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/01\/11\/butun-hayvanlar-esittir-fakat-bazi-hayvanlar-otekilerden-daha-fazla-esittir-george-orwell\/"},"modified":"2010-01-11T12:38:07","modified_gmt":"2010-01-11T09:38:07","slug":"butun-hayvanlar-esittir-fakat-bazi-hayvanlar-otekilerden-daha-fazla-esittir-george-orwell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/11\/butun-hayvanlar-esittir-fakat-bazi-hayvanlar-otekilerden-daha-fazla-esittir-george-orwell\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar e\u015fittir fakat baz\u0131 hayvanlar \u00f6tekilerden daha fazla e\u015fittir | George Orwell"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/tr\/4\/4b\/Hayvan_%C3%87iftli%C4%9Fi.jpg\" border=\"0\" width=\"155\" height=\"205\" style=\"float: left;\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Olaylar \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bir \u00e7iftlikte cereyan eder. Hayvanlar, \u00e7iftlik sahibi zalim Bay Jones\u2019un boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda k\u00f6le gibi ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Ya\u015fl\u0131 domuz Koca Reis, buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in bir devrim planlar ve hayvanlar\u0131 gizli bir toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Toplant\u0131da t\u00fcm hayvanlara art\u0131k k\u00f6le gibi ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n sonunun gelmesi gerekti\u011finden ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir r\u00fcyadan bahseder. \u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kendisinden geriye konu\u015fma esnas\u0131nda s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u0130ngiltere Hayvanlar\u0131 adl\u0131 \u015fiiri kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat konu\u015fmas\u0131 da \u00e7oktan di\u011fer hayvanlarda ufuklar a\u00e7maya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sahipleri Bay Jones\u2019un yem saatlerini unuttu\u011fu bir g\u00fcnde \u00f6nceden planlanm\u0131\u015f olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n aniden ,isyan patlak verir ve bu devrim umduklar\u0131ndan da k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde tamamlan\u0131r. \u00c7iftli\u011fin sahibi Bay Jones \u00e7iftlikten uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Art\u0131k en zeki olarak tan\u0131mlanan domuzlar di\u011ferlerine \u00f6nderlik yapmaya ba\u015flarlar. \u0130lk i\u015f \u00e7iftli\u011fin ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir. \u0130sim kolayca bulunur. Bu sahibi sadece kendileri olan \u00e7iftli\u011fin ad\u0131 bundan sonra \u201cHAYVAN \u00c7\u0130FTL\u0130\u011e\u0130\u201d dir.<br \/>S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde iki domuz \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar: Nopolyon ve Snowball. Napolyon iri yar\u0131, iyi konu\u015famayan ancak otorite sahibi; Snowball ise etkili konu\u015fan, parlak zekaya sahip biridir. \u0130kisi birlikte koca Reis\u2019in fikirlerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u201canimalizm\u201d ad\u0131nda bir \u00f6\u011freti ortaya koyarlar. Ard\u0131ndan da kam\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, gemleri, burun halkalar\u0131n\u0131, zincirleri yok ederler ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn \u201cyedi Emir\u201di yaz\u0131p ah\u0131r\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131na asarlar. Yedi Emir \u015f\u00f6yledir:<br \/>B\u00fct\u00fcn bu kuralar t\u00fcm hayvanlar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmi\u015f ve beklenen devrim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ancak zamanla Napoleon ve Snowball birbirini \u00e7ekememeye ba\u015flay\u0131p, ikisi de yeni d\u00fczenin tek adam\u0131 olmak istememektedir. Snowball \u00e7iftlikte elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in bir yelde\u011firmeni yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011finde Napolyon\u2019un k\u00f6pekleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7iftlikten s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.Ama buna ra\u011fmen yelde\u011firmeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131r. Burada Napeleon ba\u015fta savunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi sonralar\u0131 ne yap\u0131p edip kendisinin de bunu savundu\u011fu ancak Snowball\u2019u \u00e7iftlikten g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi\u011fine inand\u0131r\u0131r. Devrimin ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan da h\u0131zla uzakla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r; ba\u015flarda vaadedilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin azalaca\u011f\u0131 yiyeceklerin artaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00f6zler gitmi\u015f aksine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri artm\u0131\u015f, verilen yiyecekler azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada domuzlar da h\u0131zla \u015fi\u015fmanlamaktad\u0131rlar. Hatta yatakta yatmakta, i\u00e7ki i\u00e7mektedirler. Hayvanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkesine uymayan bu davran\u0131\u015flar zamanla duvardan de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek domuzlar taraf\u0131ndan kendilerine uygun hale getirilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin domuzlar\u0131n yatakta yatmalar\u0131 ve i\u00e7ki i\u00e7meleri konusunda &#8220;Hi\u00e7 bir hayvan yatakta yatmayacakt\u0131r&#8221; ilkesini hat\u0131rlay\u0131p hayrete kap\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Hep beraber duvar\u0131n yan\u0131na gidiyorlar, ancak duvarda: &#8220;Hi\u00e7 bir hayvan \u00e7ar\u015fafl\u0131 yatakta yatmayacakt\u0131r&#8221; yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar, hepsi, bu ilkeyi yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, bu ilkenin sonradan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu anlayam\u0131yorlar bile. T\u00fcm hayvanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkesi Koca Reisle birlikte topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr k\u0131sacas\u0131.<br \/>K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda \u00e7iflikte k\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u015fg\u00f6steriyor. Bu\u011fday azal\u0131yor, patatesler so\u011fuktan donuyor ve yenile-meycek hale geliyor. A\u00e7l\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmler ba\u015f-g\u00f6steriyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck domuz, bu haberlerin \u00e7iftlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nlemler al\u0131yor, \u00e7ifli\u011fe gelen ziyaret\u00e7ilere, erzak depolar\u0131n\u0131n dolu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve onlara, \u00fczerini bu\u011fday ve yiyecekle \u00f6rtt\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kum y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 erzak diye g\u00f6steriyor&#8230;<br \/>B\u00fcy\u00fck domuz, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kararla, tavuklar\u0131n yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7iftlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tavuklar\u0131n kulu\u00e7kaya yatmalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ediyor, buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan tavuklar\u0131, yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi k\u00f6peklere \u00f6ld\u00fcrt\u00fcyor&#8230; Bunun \u00fczerine hayvanlar; &#8220;hi\u00e7bir hayvan di\u011fer bir hayvan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyecektir&#8221; ilkesini hat\u0131rl\u0131yorlar. Hemen bu ilkelerin yaz\u0131l\u0131 bulundu\u011fu duvar\u0131n yan\u0131na gidiyorlar. Ancak duvarda: &#8220;Hi\u00e7 bir hayvan di\u011fer bir hayvan\u0131 bir sebep olmadan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyecektir&#8221; yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar, bu ilkeyi de yanl\u0131\u015f ezberlemi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar!.<br \/>B\u00fcy\u00fck domuz, \u00e7iftlik i\u00e7erisindeki hayvanlar aras\u0131nda: &#8220;liderimiz&#8221; ,&#8221;Hayvanlar babas\u0131&#8221; , &#8220;Koyunlar h\u00e2misi&#8221; , &#8220;Yavru hayvanlar\u0131n dostu&#8221; gibi \u00fcst\u00fcn s\u0131fatlarla an\u0131l\u0131yor ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fczellikler ona atfedilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131yor; mesala: genellikle tavuklar, &#8220;liderimiz sayesinde alt\u0131 g\u00fcnde be\u015f yumurta yumurtlad\u0131m&#8221; , havuzdan su i\u00e7en inekler: &#8220;liderimiz sayesinde bu suyun tad\u0131 ne kadar g\u00fczelmi\u015f&#8221; diyorlar&#8230;<br \/>Birg\u00fcn \u00e7iftli\u011fe d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sald\u0131r\u0131lar oluyor&#8230; Yabanc\u0131 hayvanlar \u00e7iftli\u011fe giriyor, iki sene gibi uzun bir zaman i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck gayretleri sonucu yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck domuzun ad\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fi Yel De\u011firmenini y\u0131k\u0131p harap ediyorlar..\u00e7iftlikteki b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar yaralan\u0131yor, baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcyor&#8230; Bir m\u00fcddet sonra bir t\u00fcfek sesi duyuluyor. A\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131 bir hayvan yan\u0131ndaki bir domuza: &#8220;Neden t\u00fcfek at\u0131l\u0131yor&#8221; diye soruyor. Domuz: &#8220;Zaferimizi kutlamak i\u00e7in&#8221;cevab\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Yaral\u0131 hayvan; &#8220;Hangi zafer&#8221; diye hayret ediyor. Domuz; &#8220;Ne demek hangi zafer, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 topraklar\u0131m\u0131zdan kovmad\u0131k m\u0131&#8221; diyor. &#8220;Ama iki y\u0131l u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u011firmeni yok ettiler&#8221; kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veriyor&#8230;Domuz: &#8220;Ne \u00f6nemi var, bir de\u011firmen daha yapar\u0131z, istersek daha fazla yapar\u0131z, yapm\u0131\u015f<br \/>oldu\u011fumuz muazzam i\u015fleri takdir etmiyorsun, \u015fimdi \u015fu bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n topraklar d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalindeydi, ama liderimiz sayesinde her kar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 geri ald\u0131k&#8221; diyor&#8230;Biraz sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck Domuz, kendisine takt\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>bir ka\u00e7 madalya ve ni\u015fanla \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar\u0131, elde ettikleri zaferden dolay\u0131 kutluyor, tebrik ediyor&#8230;Hayvanlar\u0131n hepsi b\u00fcy\u00fck zafer kazand\u0131klar\u0131na b\u00f6ylece inanm\u0131\u015f oluyorlar&#8230;<br \/>Bir gece \u00e7iftlikte bir g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc oluyor, hayvanlar ah\u0131rdan f\u0131rlay\u0131p ko\u015fuyorlar&#8230; \u00e7iftlik ilkelerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu duvar\u0131n dibinde k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f bir merdiven g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar, domuzlardan birinin orada sersem sersem dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yan\u0131nda bir fener, bir boya kutusu ve bir de f\u0131r\u00e7a oldu\u011funu farkediyorlar. Hayvanlar duvara bakt\u0131klar\u0131nda, duvardaki ilkelerden birinin daha kendi ezberledikleri gibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 farkediyorlar!?..<br \/>B\u00fcy\u00fck Domuz, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 son kararla; arpalar\u0131n bundan sonra sadece domuzlara<br \/>tahsis edilece\u011fini ve gazdan tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in ah\u0131rlardaki fenerlerin kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hi\u00e7 bir domuzun \u00e7iflikteki i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015fmay\u0131p, sadece y\u00f6netimle ilgilenece\u011fini, domuzlardan ba\u015fka, hi\u00e7<br \/>bir hayvan\u0131n y\u00f6netim i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, domuzlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda pazar g\u00fcnleri dahi \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan\u0131n yiyece\u011finin yar\u0131ya inece\u011fini ilan ediyor.<br \/>Hayvanlar, &#8220;B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar e\u015fittir&#8221; ilkesini hat\u0131rlay\u0131p, &#8220;bu nas\u0131l e\u015fitlik&#8221; diye kendi kendilerine s\u00f6ylenmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar. Hemen, ilkelerin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu duvar\u0131n yan\u0131na gidiyorlar, duvardaki yaz\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu, ilk defa, fark ediyorlar, duvardaki b\u00fct\u00fcn yaz\u0131lar silinmi\u015f, sadece \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor:<br \/>&#8220;B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar e\u015fittir fakat baz\u0131 hayvanlar \u00f6tekilerden daha fazla e\u015fittir.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/strong>, (orijinal ad\u0131yla Animal Farm) George Orwell&#8217;in mecazi bir dille yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fabl tarz\u0131nda siyasi hiciv roman\u0131. Roman ilk olarak 1945&#8217;te yay\u0131nland\u0131ysa da as\u0131l \u00fcn\u00fcne 1950&#8217;lerde kavu\u015ftu. 1996&#8217;da ise ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihler i\u00e7in verilen Retro Hugo \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fc 1946 senesi i\u00e7in ald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Roman, Stalinizmin ac\u0131 bir ele\u015ftirisidir. <span class=\"mw-redirect\">Totaliter<\/span> rejimlere kar\u015f\u0131t bir solcu olan Orwell, roman\u0131nda SSCB&#8217;nin kurulu\u015fundan itibaren meydana gelen \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 kara mizah kullanarak mecazi bir dille anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi \u00e7ok yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve olumlu ele\u015ftiriler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir Stalinizm ele\u015ftirisi olmakla birlikte, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda m\u00fcttefiklerini k\u0131zd\u0131rmak istemeyen \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de sans\u00fcre u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roman\u0131n \u00e7izgi filmi \u00e7ekilirken konusunun <span class=\"mw-redirect\">CIA<\/span> taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fi iddia edilmektedir. Roman 1999&#8217;da bu kez konusuna daha sad\u0131k bir senaryoyla filme \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi, Pink Floyd&#8217;un Animals alb\u00fcm\u00fcne ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8220;Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi&#8221; T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de ilk kez 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda o zamanki ad\u0131 <em>Maarif Vek\u00e2leti<\/em> olan Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Halide Edip Ad\u0131var&#8217;\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisiyle bast\u0131rt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda da kitab\u0131n ikinci bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Roman\u0131n \u0130ngilizce versiyonu 1970&#8217;li y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de yabanc\u0131 dille e\u011fitim yapan devlet okullar\u0131nda (<span class=\"mw-redirect\">Maarif Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kolejleri<\/span>) \u0130ngilizce derslerinde okutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Romandaki_karakterler\" class=\"mw-headline\">Romandaki karakterler<\/span><span class=\"editsection\" style=\"font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; float: none;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>Ya\u015fl\u0131 Major, domuz, hayvanlara mutluluk ve bar\u0131\u015f dolu bir d\u00fcnya vaat eder, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7iftlikten kovulmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Karl Marx veya <span class=\"mw-redirect\">Vladimir Lenin<\/span>&#8216;e benzer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Kartopu, domuz, hayvanlara okumay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretir, bir de\u011firmen yap\u0131lmas\u0131 taraftar\u0131d\u0131r. <span class=\"mw-redirect\">Leon Tro\u00e7ki<\/span>&#8216;yi temsil eder. Napolyon de\u011firmene \u00f6nce kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar, Kartopu&#8217;nu \u00e7iftlikten kovduktan sonra ise de\u011firmenin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ister. Ba\u015fa gelen her k\u00f6t\u00fc olaydan Kartopu&#8217;nu sorumlu tutar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Napolyon, domuz, k\u00f6pekleri e\u011fitir ve bir polis g\u00fcc\u00fc haline getirir, Kartopu&#8217;nu \u00e7iftlikten kovar, insanlar\u0131nkinden daha bask\u0131c\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim kurar. Josef Stalin&#8217;i temsil eder. Kitapta <em>Animalism<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan Marksizm ve Leninizm&#8217;den kesin olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Mr. Jones, insan, \u00e7iftli\u011fin eski sahibi. Son Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 II. Nikolay&#8217;\u0131 temsil eder.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Mr. Frederick, d\u00fczenli bak\u0131lan kom\u015fu \u00e7iftli\u011fin sahibi. Adolf Hitler&#8217;e benzemektedir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Mr. Pilkington, Winston Churchill&#8217;e benzemektedir. Kitab\u0131n sonunda Napolyon&#8217;un Mr. Pilkington ile anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu da bize onun Theodore Roosevelt oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/23\/GeoreOrwell.jpg\" border=\"0\" width=\"155\" height=\"205\" style=\"float: left;\" \/>George Orwell Kimdir ?<br \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>George Orwell<\/strong>, as\u0131l ad\u0131 ile <strong>Eric Arthur Blair<\/strong> (25 Haziran 1903 \u2013 21 Ocak 1950), 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen kalemleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bin Dokuz Y\u00fcz Seksen D\u00f6rt adl\u0131 roman\u0131 ve bu romanda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 <span class=\"new\">Big Brother<\/span> (<em>B\u00fcy\u00fck Birader<\/em>) kavram\u0131 ile tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell&#8217;\u0131n hayat\u0131, sonradan yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek olan deneyimlerle doludur. Eton Koleji&#8217;nden mezun olduktan sonra, o s\u0131rada bir \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi olan Burma&#8217;da bulunmu\u015f; k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine adan\u0131n polis te\u015fkilat\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu memuriyet d\u00f6neminde \u015fahit oldu\u011fu ac\u0131mas\u0131z uygulamalar, emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi derin \u00f6fkeye katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gen\u00e7lik d\u00f6neminde Fransa&#8217;da bulunmu\u015f, t\u00fcrl\u00fc mesleklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, para s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 gerek yazarl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, gerekse ilk yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda yakas\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\".C4.B0lk_yap.C4.B1tlar.C4.B1\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0130lk yap\u0131tlar\u0131<\/span><span class=\"editsection\" style=\"font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; float: none;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell&#8217;\u0131n ilk roman\u0131, otobiyografik olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halen tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olan <em>Paris ve Londra&#8217;da Be\u015f Paras\u0131z<\/em> d\u0131r. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olan bu eserde olaylar, ismi asla zikredilmeyen bir karakterin a\u011fz\u0131ndan aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Eserin kahraman\u0131 Paris&#8217;te \u0130ngilizce kursu vermek \u00fczere bulunan, \u00f6\u011frencilerinin dersleri t\u00fcrl\u00fc bahanelerle b\u0131rakmas\u0131ndan sonra ise i\u015fsiz ve meteliksiz kalan gen\u00e7 bir adamd\u0131r. G\u00fcnler boyunca a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7eken, sokakta sabahlayan, sonunda \u00f6nce otel mutfa\u011f\u0131nda, ard\u0131ndan da bir restoran\u0131n bula\u015f\u0131khanesinde i\u015f bulan ba\u015f karakter, sonunda zihinsel engelli bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitmenli\u011fini \u00fcstlenerek Londra&#8217;ya gider.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ne var ki talihsizlik ve yokluk, burada da pe\u015fini b\u0131rakmaz. \u0130\u015fvereni olan ailenin tatile \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir, onlar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yersiz yurtsuz bir serseri olarak, yollarda a\u00e7 bila\u00e7 taban teperek, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yatakhanelerde sabahlayarak ge\u00e7irmeye zorlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n iki b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015fkentini toplumun en alt basama\u011f\u0131ndaki bir ki\u015finin g\u00f6z\u00fcnden betimleyen eserden sonra <em>Burma G\u00fcnleri<\/em> (1934) ve pek fazla be\u011fenilmeyen <em>Papaz\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131<\/em> (1935) gelir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell&#8217;\u0131n edebi hayat\u0131ndaki ikinci kilometre ta\u015f\u0131, daha sonra kaleme alaca\u011f\u0131 <em>Daralma<\/em> ile pek \u00e7ok ortak noktas\u0131 bulunan <em>Keep the Aspidistra Flying<\/em> (Zambak Solmas\u0131n) adl\u0131 romand\u0131r. Orwell bu eserde kendisinin de bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu, dar gelirli ortadire\u011fin ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131na ayna tutar; bu s\u0131n\u0131fa mensup olanlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kurutup manas\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131ran, umutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve hayallerini teker teker \u00f6ld\u00fcren ge\u00e7im derdine ve tekd\u00fczeli\u011fe isyan eder.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Orwell maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin hayat\u0131na dair bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma olan <em>Wigan Pier Yolu<\/em> nu kaleme al\u0131r. Ne var ki yaz\u0131lar\u0131, bu tarihten sonra bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine kesintiye u\u011frayacakt\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcneyde, \u0130spanya&#8217;da sava\u015f davullar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\".C4.B0spanya_.C4.B0.C3.A7_Sava.C5.9F.C4.B1_ve_Orwell\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Orwell<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell, \u0130spanya&#8217;da darbe giri\u015fiminde bulunan, Hitler ile <span class=\"mw-redirect\">Mussolini<\/span>&#8216;nin de deste\u011fini alan Franco&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015facak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclere kat\u0131larak \u0130spanya&#8217;ya gider. Sava\u015fa dair an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 daha sonra <em>Katalonya&#8217;ya Selam<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde aktaracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ok etkilenir: Darbecilerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan devrimci organizasyonlar, \u00f6zellikle de sosyalistler ve anarko-sosyalistler \u0130spanya&#8217;da yepyeni bir d\u00fczen kurmu\u015f gibidir. Fuhu\u015f ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, dilenciler sokaklardan \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Piyasadaki pek \u00e7ok mal ihtiya\u00e7 sahiplerine paras\u0131z da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yeni sistem sosyal hayat\u0131n her detay\u0131n\u0131 etkilemektedir: Art\u0131k hi\u00e7 kimse <em>seny\u00f6r<\/em> gibi, kar\u015f\u0131daki ki\u015finin \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu ima eden s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri telaffuz etmemektedir ve bah\u015fi\u015f b\u0131rakmak yasakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell cepheye gider, bir keskin ni\u015fanc\u0131n\u0131n att\u0131\u011f\u0131 mermiyle g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131ndan vurulur. \u00d6l\u00fcmden k\u0131lpay\u0131 kurtularak cephe gerisine g\u00f6nderilir ve \u0130spanya&#8217;ya ilk geldi\u011finde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fczenin tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa tan\u0131k olur. Kanaatine g\u00f6re bu durum sadece \u0130spanyol burjuvazisinin de\u011fil, Avrupa&#8217;da zamans\u0131z bir devrim hareketinin ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeli bulan Stalin&#8217;in de eseridir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile yak\u0131n ba\u011flar\u0131 bulunan \u0130spanyol Kom\u00fcnist Partisi bir siyasi temizlik hareketine giri\u015fir. P.O.U.M (Marxist Birlik Partisi) yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan edilir, yabanc\u0131 uyruklu \u00e7o\u011fu asker silah arkada\u015flar\u0131nca tutuklan\u0131r veya -Orwell gibi-\u00fclkeyi terketmek zorunda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Aspidistra\" class=\"mw-headline\">Aspidistra<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1930&#8217;lar \u0130ngilteresinde &#8216;s\u0131n\u0131f atlama \u00f6zlemini&#8217;ni bir kara mizah ile ele\u015ftirmektedir. Aspidistra, s\u0131n\u0131f atlama \u00f6zentisi i\u00e7indeki dar gelirlilerin bir stat\u00fc simgesi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri, evlerinden eksik etmedikleri \u00e7i\u00e7eksiz bir zambak t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir reklam ajans\u0131nda metin yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan Gordon Comstock, kapitalizmin yutturmacas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc reklamc\u0131l\u0131ktan nefret eder, orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bo\u011fucu ya\u015fam\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arak \u015fairli\u011fe soyunur. Bu u\u011furda sevgilisinden ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 bile g\u00f6ze al\u0131r; ama roman\u0131n beklenmedik sonunu yine sevgilisi yaratmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Hayvan_.C3.87iftli.C4.9Fi\" class=\"mw-headline\">Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0130spanya&#8217;daki &#8220;ihanete u\u011fram\u0131\u015f devrim&#8221; tablosu Orwell&#8217;\u0131 derinden sarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak en me\u015fhur yap\u0131tlar\u0131 olan <span class=\"mw-redirect\">Hayvanlar \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/span>&#8216;nin ve <span class=\"mw-redirect\">1984<\/span>&#8216;\u00fcn s\u0131rf Stalin&#8217;i yermek i\u00e7in kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmek mevzuyu haddinden fazla basitle\u015ftirmek olacakt\u0131r. Orwell yazarl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerdeki \u00e7izgisinden sapm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir: Nas\u0131l ki ilk eserleri kendi tecr\u00fcbelerinden izler ta\u015f\u0131yor, ancak her toplumu ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ilgilendiren meseleleri de i\u015fliyorsa sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yap\u0131tlar\u0131 da yaln\u0131zca Franco&#8217;nun, Hitler&#8217;in, Stalin&#8217;in d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, bu &#8216;despot&#8217;lar\u0131 yaratan h\u0131rslar\u0131 ve budalal\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ta\u015flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hayvanlar \u00c7iftli\u011fi bir devrimin trajedisidir. Bu modern fabl, kesilmekten, k\u0131rk\u0131lmaktan, sa\u011f\u0131lmaktan, d\u00f6v\u00fclmekten g\u0131na getirerek zalim sahiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanan Manor \u00c7iftli\u011fi hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n hik\u00e2yesidir. Karakterler son derece sade ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr: Kinik e\u015fek Benjamin, fedakar at Boxer, ak\u0131ls\u0131z k\u0131srak Mollie, hatta ser\u00e7eleri t\u00fcm hayvanlar\u0131n karde\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek pen\u00e7eleri aras\u0131na \u00e7ekmeyi deneyen kedi bile ak\u0131llarda kolayca yer edinen, \u00e7ok canl\u0131 ki\u015filiklerdir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hayvan, \u00e7iftli\u011fi geri almay\u0131 deneyen insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yi\u011fit\u00e7e \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131r, g\u00f6vdelerini mermilere siper eder; el sahibi olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde \u00e7iftli\u011fin zor i\u015flerinin \u00fcstesinden gelmeyi, hatta bir de\u011firmen in\u015fa etmeyi bile ba\u015far\u0131rlar. Ne yaz\u0131k ki zaferleri, y\u00f6neticili\u011fe soyunup gitgide &#8216;insanla\u015fan&#8217; domuzlar\u0131n h\u0131rslar\u0131 ve entrikalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6lgelenmeye mahkumdur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Son_y.C4.B1llar.C4.B1\" class=\"mw-headline\">Son y\u0131llar\u0131<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Orwell&#8217;\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc, hen\u00fcz k\u0131rk alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken noktalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <em>Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/em>nden sonra geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir \u00fcne kavu\u015fsa ve maddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 sona erse de yoksulluk g\u00fcnlerinde tutuldu\u011fu t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, hayat\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc hastanelerde ge\u00e7irmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca <em>Observer<\/em> gazetesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda e\u015fini ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir ameliyat sonras\u0131nda kaybetmi\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yeniden evlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">21 Ocak 1950 tarihinde Londra&#8217;da hayata veda etmi\u015f, ard\u0131nda on adet kitap ve say\u0131s\u0131z makale b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span id=\"Kitaplar.C4.B1\" class=\"mw-headline\">Kitaplar\u0131<\/span> <span class=\"editsection\" style=\"font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; float: none;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p>Paris ve Londra&#8217;da Be\u015f Paras\u0131z<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Burma G\u00fcnleri<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Papaz\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Zambak Solmas\u0131n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Wigan \u0130skelesi Yolu<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Katalonya&#8217;ya Selam<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Aspidistra<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Daralma<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Bin Dokuz Y\u00fcz Seksen D\u00f6rt<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Olaylar \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bir \u00e7iftlikte cereyan eder. Hayvanlar, \u00e7iftlik sahibi zalim Bay Jones\u2019un boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda k\u00f6le gibi ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Ya\u015fl\u0131 domuz Koca Reis, buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in bir devrim planlar ve hayvanlar\u0131 gizli bir toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Toplant\u0131da t\u00fcm hayvanlara art\u0131k k\u00f6le gibi ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n sonunun gelmesi gerekti\u011finden ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir r\u00fcyadan bahseder. \u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kendisinden [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-3953","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-edebiyat-dunya"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.9 (Yoast SEO v24.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar e\u015fittir fakat baz\u0131 hayvanlar \u00f6tekilerden daha fazla e\u015fittir | George Orwell - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/11\/butun-hayvanlar-esittir-fakat-bazi-hayvanlar-otekilerden-daha-fazla-esittir-george-orwell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlar e\u015fittir fakat baz\u0131 hayvanlar \u00f6tekilerden daha fazla e\u015fittir | George Orwell\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Olaylar \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bir \u00e7iftlikte cereyan eder. 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