{"id":4003,"date":"2010-01-15T09:52:03","date_gmt":"2010-01-15T06:52:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/01\/15\/ruhsal-buhranlar-varolussal-sancilar-rus-edebiyatinin-guclu-kalemi-nikolayevic-tolstoy\/"},"modified":"2010-01-15T09:52:03","modified_gmt":"2010-01-15T06:52:03","slug":"ruhsal-buhranlar-varolussal-sancilar-rus-edebiyatinin-guclu-kalemi-nikolayevic-tolstoy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/15\/ruhsal-buhranlar-varolussal-sancilar-rus-edebiyatinin-guclu-kalemi-nikolayevic-tolstoy\/","title":{"rendered":"Ruhsal buhranlar | Varolu\u015fsal sanc\u0131lar | Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalemi – Nikolayevic Tolstoy"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/strong>Kont Lev Nikolayevic Tolstoy 28 a\u011fustos 1828’de Tulainde Yasnaya Polyana’da do\u011fdu. Annesini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta kaybetti. Babas\u0131 ve karde\u015fleriyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aile topraklar\u0131nda Rus k\u0131rsal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 erkenden tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu. On be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda Voltaire’i ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakacak olan Rousseau’yu okudu. 1847’de \u00fcniversiteden ayr\u0131larak k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine yararl\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla d\u00f6n\u00fcp, Yasnaya Polayana’ya yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 Tolstoy, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcren ac\u0131lardan ve ya\u015fam\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamalardan sonra 1851’de ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan tatmin olmayarak Kafkasya’ya gidip top\u00e7u te\u011fmeni oldu. Edebiyat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na da ger\u00e7ek anlamda burada ba\u015flad\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde Kafkasya bir e\u011fitim oca\u011f\u0131 ve aralar\u0131nda Lermontov’un da bulundu\u011fu pek \u00e7ok Rus yazar\u0131 i\u00e7in esin kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Zaten Tolstoy’un gen\u00e7lik hikayeleriyle (\u00f6zellikle sava\u015f sahneleri) lermontov’un \u00fcslubu aras\u0131nda bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k sezilebilir. Da\u011f\u0131\u015ftan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011flanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine yerli halk\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepkileri, Tolstoy “Kazaklar” adl\u0131 hikayesinde anlat\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sivastopol’da b\u00f6l\u00fck komutan\u0131 olarak, ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fehrin en tehlikeli kesiminde bulundu ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 “Sivastopol” adl\u0131 eserinde anlatt\u0131. Tolstoy bu eserinde yeniden sava\u015f temas\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Onun sava\u015f sahnelerini, roman ki\u015filerinin alg\u0131lar\u0131na dayanarak anlatmas\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bir sava\u015f mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 ahlak\u0131n prizmas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yeniliktir.<\/p>\n

Tolstoy’un yay\u0131mlanan ilk kitab\u0131 “\u00c7ocukluk”un ne Kafkasya’yla ne de K\u0131r\u0131m’la ilgisi vard\u0131r. Tolstoy bu kitapta \u00e7ocukluk an\u0131lar\u0131na geri d\u00f6ner, Yasnaya Polyana’daki ya\u015famdan sahneler canland\u0131r\u0131r. Bu hikayeyi g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Sovremennik dergisinin y\u00f6netmeni \u015fair Nekrasov, derhal yay\u0131mlamaya karar verir. B\u00f6ylece ilk hikayesinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan sonra, pe\u015f pe\u015fe \u00e7\u0131kan “\u0130lk Gen\u00e7lik” (1854) ve “Gen\u00e7lik” (1857) ile Tolstoy, d\u00f6nemin en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Nekrasov, Turgenyev’e \u015f\u00f6yle der; “i\u015fte yeni bir yetenek, hem de kesin g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir yetenek.”<\/p>\n

Bu \u00fc\u00e7leme i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llara duyulan \u00f6zlemden, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fun masumiyetinden, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ke\u015ffedi\u015fteki tazelikten \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Tolstoy’un gelecekteki eserlerinin ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle de \u00f6zele\u015ftiriye olan e\u011filimini tohum halinde i\u00e7erir. Delikanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daima do\u011fru hareket etmek amac\u0131yla entelekt\u00fcel ve moral yeteneklerinin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bir program haz\u0131rlamay\u0131 tasarlar. On dokuz ya\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck eylem ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini didik didik edip ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck (t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca s\u00fcrecek ve binlerce sayfa olacak) tutar. Tolstoy’un geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisini defalarca sapt\u0131racak derin krizlere kar\u015f\u0131n, onun ki\u015fisel \u00fctopyas\u0131 \u00e7ok erken olu\u015fur. Bu sayede bireyin manevi m\u00fckemmelli\u011finin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck ve yalanla daha iyi ba\u015f edebilece\u011fi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu konuda toplumsal reformlar\u0131n bile yetersiz kalaca\u011f\u0131, toplumun insan\u0131 yozla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindedir. 1856’da bu ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi sonuna kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek, “sanat sanat i\u00e7indir” g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan bir grup kuramc\u0131yla yak\u0131nl\u0131k kurdu. Ertesi y\u0131l, \u0130svi\u00e7re’yi, Fransa’y\u0131, Almanya’y\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131 ve bu arada “\u0130ki S\u00fcvari Subay\u0131” ve “\u00dc\u00e7 \u00d6l\u00fcm”\u00fc yazd\u0131. Rusya ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da egemen olan toplumsal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck onu adeta \u00e7arpt\u0131, ama \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden madalyonun \u00f6teki y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, ilerlemenin olumsuz yanlar\u0131n\u0131 da fark etti. Yasnaya Polyana’ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, k\u00f6lelerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmelerinden hemen \u00f6nceye rastlar. <\/p>\n

Tolstoy, “Toprak A\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n Sabah\u0131” (1856) adl\u0131 hikayesinde gen\u00e7 prens Nehliyudov’un ki\u015fili\u011fine kendi ya\u015fam\u0131ndan pek \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131 y\u00fckler. T\u0131pk\u0131 yazar gibi, gen\u00e7 prens de \u00fcniversiteyi terk eder. Yaz tatilini ge\u00e7irmeye gitti\u011fi k\u0131rdaki malik\u00e2nesinde, oraya yerle\u015fip, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye karar verir. Ama iyi bir toprak sahibiyle k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda u\u00e7urum vard\u0131r. Tolstoy burada k\u0131r hakk\u0131ndaki derin bilgisini g\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n

1853’ten 1863’e kadar, on y\u0131l boyunca \u015fiirsel eserlerinden biri olan “Kazaklar” \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Olenin ad\u0131nda soylu bir delikanl\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u015famdan son derece bezmi\u015f olarak, 1851 ilkbahar\u0131nda Kafkasya’ya gider. Tolstoy burada Do\u011fu’yu konu alan edebiyat\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlukla buland\u0131\u011f\u0131 egzotizmin tersine, neredeyse etnografik bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131 zenginli\u011fiyle bir Kazak k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam\u0131 aktar\u0131r. Yazara \u00e7ok benzeyen, kendisini b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen bu d\u00fcnyaya kar\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015faramayan ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k zaman\u0131n\u0131n gelip \u00e7att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hisseden Olenin’le Tolstoy bir huzursuz ki\u015filikler toplulu\u011funun ilk halkas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n

Tolstoy, 1859’da bir bunal\u0131m\u0131n e\u015fi\u011findedir. \u0130yilik yapabilme olana\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015faca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 huzurlu k\u0131r ya\u015fam\u0131na olan \u00f6zlemini dile getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, alayc\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla “Aile Mutlulu\u011fu”nun yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda cesaretini k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 9 ekim tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 itiraf eder: “Art\u0131k bir yazar olarak hi\u00e7bir de\u011ferim yok. Yazm\u0131yorum, “Aile Mutlulu\u011fu”ndan beri hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yazmad\u0131m ve san\u0131r\u0131m yazamayaca\u011f\u0131m da.”<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, 1859’dan 1862’ye kadar t\u00fcm zaman\u0131n\u0131 Yasnaya Polyana’l\u0131 k\u00f6y \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in okul kurmakla ge\u00e7irdi. Bu arada Yasnaya Polyana adl\u0131 pedagojik bir dergi \u00e7\u0131kartmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Tolstoy, k\u00f6yl\u00fc reformlar\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 s\u00fcresince sulh yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve pek \u00e7ok anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle soylular aras\u0131nda arabuluculuk g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlendi.<\/p>\n

1862’de Sofya Andreyevna Bers’le evlendi ve \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu. D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcnden \u00f6nce, a\u015fklarla dolu ge\u00e7mi\u015fini bilmesi i\u00e7in geline g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc okutmas\u0131 bu evlili\u011fi tehlikeye soktu. Daha sonra Sofya Andreyevna’da Tolstoy’un \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine, neredeyse sadece onunla ili\u015fkilerine adanm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck tuttu. E\u015fler g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini birbirlerine okuttular, hatta Tolstoy e\u015finin defterine notlar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sofya Andreyevna’n\u0131n, Tolstoy’un kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n sans\u00fcrce yasaklanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, bizzat Moskova’ya \u00e7ar\u0131n huzuruna \u00e7\u0131kacak kadar ailesine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi mutlu bir evlili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131n, Tolstoy kendi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle \u00e7eli\u015fen aile ya\u015fam\u0131ndan so\u011fudu. 1863’te on y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan “Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f”\u0131 yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu an\u0131t eser, yazar\u0131n Sivastopol Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Rus birliklerinin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozguna, bu birliklerin aptalca yok olu\u015funa tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Elbette bu d\u00f6nemin se\u00e7ilmesinde, tarihten \u00f6\u00e7 alma, Rusya’ya bir bozgun yerine zafer sunma iste\u011finin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7mamaktad\u0131r. Tolstoy, Napolyon’a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131n, halk i\u00e7inde buldu\u011fu deste\u011fi g\u00f6stermek isterken, bu sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda, zaman zaman tan\u0131kl\u0131klarla bile \u00e7eli\u015fen yeni bir de\u011ferlendirmeyi kabul ettirmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. Tolstoy bu kitab\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 1856’da ge\u00e7en, Sibirya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fclen Dekabristlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc konu alan bir hikaye yazmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ama ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki tasar\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7erek sadece kahraman\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olan olay\u0131 de\u011fil (1825 ayaklanmas\u0131) 1812 anavatan sava\u015f\u0131yla ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme rastlayan gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 da anlatmaya karar verir. Tolstoy hikayesine bir bozgunu anlatmakla ba\u015flamay\u0131 tercih etti; romandaki olaylar 1805’te ba\u015fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

“Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f” al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bir eserdir. Ne psikolojik, ne de tarihi bir romand\u0131r, ne sosyal bir kronik ne de \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sergilenmesidir; hepsinden bir \u015feyler vard\u0131r. Yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli tepkilere neden oldu. Ger\u00e7ekleri \u00e7arp\u0131tmakla su\u00e7land\u0131, \u00c7ar Aleksander bile Tolstoy’un her \u015feyi birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Tolstoy’un vatanseverlik ve kahramanl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na tepki g\u00f6steren sava\u015f gazileri roman\u0131 k\u0131nad\u0131lar. Tolstoy’un roman\u0131n bi\u00e7imine h\u00e2kim olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu arada ilericiler, kad\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolundaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya ge\u00e7mi\u015fe olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden onu \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirdiler. Yazar, “Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f” ta halk fikrine, “Anna Karenina”da (1877) aile fikrine \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Bu “Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f” ta aile fikrine yer verilmedi\u011fi veya “Anna Karenina”n\u0131n sorunsal\u0131n\u0131n sadece aile i\u00e7inden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u0130ki roman aras\u0131nda on y\u0131ll\u0131k bir zaman fark\u0131 vard\u0131r; ne Tolstoy ayn\u0131 Tolstoy’dur, ne de Rusya ayn\u0131 Rusya’d\u0131r. Yazar romanda ilerledik\u00e7e, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki kendini mahva s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen evli bir kad\u0131n fikri, geni\u015fleyip derinle\u015fir. Burada Tolstoy’ a en yak\u0131n ki\u015filik Constantin Levin’dir. Tolstoy’da onun gibi k\u00f6yl\u00fcleriyle ekin bi\u00e7ecektir, \u00fcstelik Levin’in arazisi de Yasnaya Polayana’ya \u00e7ok benzemektedir. \u0130ki kahraman (Anna ve Levin) neredeyse hi\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmazlar, birbirlerine paralel mekanlarda ya\u015farlar. Bu da ele\u015ftirmenlerin Tolstoy’u konuyu in\u015fa etmede yetersizlikle su\u00e7lamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tolstoy bu ele\u015ftirileri \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131tlar: “Tam tersine eserimin mimarisinden gurur duyuyorum, tonozlar \u00f6ylesine kavu\u015fuyorlar ki, \u015fatonun nerede oldu\u011fu bile g\u00f6r\u00fclemiyor.”<\/p>\n

Tolstoy, 1880’de yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ruhsal bunal\u0131ma yakaland\u0131 ve bunu, “\u0130tiraflar\u0131m” (1882) adl\u0131 hik\u00e2yesinde \u015f\u00f6yle anlatt\u0131: “\u00c7evremizdeki ya\u015famla ili\u015fkimi tamamen kestim.” Topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemeye ba\u015flad\u0131, mal\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesinin bireysel kol eme\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fine inand\u0131, \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 savundu, ve Yasnaya Polyana’dan hi\u00e7 ayr\u0131lmad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde yazd\u0131klar\u0131nda ger\u00e7e\u011fi aray\u0131\u015f en \u00f6n plandad\u0131r: “Efendi ile U\u015fak”, “Karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Kudreti”, “Sanat Nedir?”, pek \u00e7ok halk masal\u0131, felsefi ve ahlaki eserler, “Neye \u0130nan\u0131yorum”, “Dogmatik \u0130lahiyat\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi”, “Kilise ve Devlet”, “Tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u00dclkesi Senin \u0130\u00e7indedir”, “\u0130van \u0130lyi\u00e7’in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc” \u2026 Bu dizinin en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 hikayesi ku\u015fkusuz “\u0130van \u0130lyi\u00e7’in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc”d\u00fcr. Kahraman bir memurdur, hep herkes gibi ya\u015famay\u0131 isteyen bir adamd\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde hayat\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar bo\u015f ge\u00e7ti\u011fini anlar. Tolstoy b\u00fcy\u00fcn hayat\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015finin, ailesinin bir aldatmacadan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren bir insan\u0131n manevi ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sergiler.<\/p>\n

Tolstoy, “Kr\u00f6y\u00e7er Sonat” ta (1889) evlili\u011fin ger\u00e7ek duygular\u0131n taklidinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radan bir ailenin dram\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Pozdny\u00e7ev’le kar\u0131s\u0131n aras\u0131nda k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne bir cinsellikten ba\u015fak hi\u00e7bir ba\u011f yoktur. Pozdny\u00e7ev’in k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 onu cinayete s\u00fcr\u00fckler; kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Tolstoy’un o d\u00f6nemde geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve d\u00fcnyadan el etek \u00e7ekmeyi, bedeni reddi hatta bedenden nefreti savunan cinsellikle ilgili kuramlar\u0131n, \u00e7eli\u015fki ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. “\u015eeytan ve Serge Baba” adl\u0131 hikayelerde de ayn\u0131 tema s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

Tolstoy, 1890’lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya yeni bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duydu ve uzun y\u0131llar “Dirili\u015f” adl\u0131 eseri \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kitap dokuz y\u0131l sonra, 1899’da yay\u0131mland\u0131. Burada ana konu, soylu s\u0131n\u0131ftan Nehliyudov taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p terk edilen Katyu\u015fa Moslova adl\u0131 yoksul bir gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Katyu\u015fa’ya mahkemede rastlayan (k\u0131z h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve cinayetle su\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r) Nehliyudov hayat\u0131n\u0131 alt \u00fcst edecek bir sars\u0131nt\u0131 ge\u00e7irir. Roman\u0131n ilk s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcnde Nehliyudov, Katyu\u015fa’yla evlenir. Son ve yay\u0131mlanan bi\u00e7imindeyse, her iki kahramanda kendi kurtulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indedirler; Katyu\u015fa s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki bir devrimci ile yak\u0131nl\u0131k kurarken, Nehliyudov kendini \u0130ncil okumaya verir. Buna ra\u011fmen, 24 \u015fubat 1901’de Y\u00fcksek Kilise Meclisi Tolstoy’u sapk\u0131nl\u0131k ve ateizmle su\u00e7layarak aforoz etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n

1912’de \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yay\u0131mlanan ve son eserlerinden biri olan “Hac\u0131 Murat”ta, Tolstoy, Kafkasya an\u0131lar\u0131na geri d\u00f6ner. <\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7e\u011fi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonunda onu evinden ve kar\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7maya ve Kafkasya’ya gitme niyetiyle trene atlama niyetine s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Ama \u00e7ok hastaland\u0131 ve k\u0131rsal kesimde bir tren istasyonunda, Astapovo’da 7 kas\u0131m 1910’da \u00f6ld\u00fc. Cenaze t\u00f6reni, \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan gelen on binlerce insan\u0131n bir araya geldi\u011fi ulusal bir g\u00f6steriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <\/p>\n

Tolstoy sadece yazar olarak de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr olarak da insanlar\u0131 derinden etkilemi\u015ftir. Onun ilkesine g\u00f6re ya\u015famak i\u00e7in Tolstoy’cu topluluklar olu\u015ftu, ne var ki bunlar devrimden sonra zulme u\u011frad\u0131. <\/p>\n

“Hikayelerimin kahraman\u0131, y\u00fcre\u011fimin b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcyle sevdi\u011fim, b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fczellikleri i\u00e7inde anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve hep g\u00fczel olan, g\u00fczel kalan ve hep g\u00fczel kalacak olan ger\u00e7ektir” Lev Nikolayevi\u00e7 Tolstoy, \u00fclkesinde k\u00f6yl\u00fcler yarar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyal ve pedagojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na hi\u00e7 ara vermeden, Rus edebiyat\u0131na “Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f”, “Anna Karenina” gibi iki en g\u00fczel \u015faheser kazand\u0131ran zengin edebi yarat\u0131lar\u0131nda, ahlaki m\u00fckemmellik idealini bu s\u00f6zlerle dile getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kont Lev Nikolayevic Tolstoy 28 a\u011fustos 1828’de Tulainde Yasnaya Polyana’da do\u011fdu. Annesini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta kaybetti. Babas\u0131 ve karde\u015fleriyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aile topraklar\u0131nda Rus k\u0131rsal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 erkenden tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu. On be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda Voltaire’i ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakacak olan Rousseau’yu okudu. 1847’de \u00fcniversiteden ayr\u0131larak k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine yararl\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla d\u00f6n\u00fcp, Yasnaya Polayana’ya yerle\u015fti. Gen\u00e7 Tolstoy, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4003","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuram"},"yoast_head":"\nRuhsal buhranlar | Varolu\u015fsal sanc\u0131lar | Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalemi - Nikolayevic Tolstoy - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/15\/ruhsal-buhranlar-varolussal-sancilar-rus-edebiyatinin-guclu-kalemi-nikolayevic-tolstoy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ruhsal buhranlar | Varolu\u015fsal sanc\u0131lar | Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalemi - Nikolayevic Tolstoy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kont Lev Nikolayevic Tolstoy 28 a\u011fustos 1828’de Tulainde Yasnaya Polyana’da do\u011fdu. Annesini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta kaybetti. Babas\u0131 ve karde\u015fleriyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aile topraklar\u0131nda Rus k\u0131rsal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 erkenden tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu. On be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda Voltaire’i ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakacak olan Rousseau’yu okudu. 1847’de \u00fcniversiteden ayr\u0131larak k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine yararl\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla d\u00f6n\u00fcp, Yasnaya Polayana’ya yerle\u015fti. 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Nikolayevic Tolstoy - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/15\/ruhsal-buhranlar-varolussal-sancilar-rus-edebiyatinin-guclu-kalemi-nikolayevic-tolstoy\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ruhsal buhranlar | Varolu\u015fsal sanc\u0131lar | Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalemi - Nikolayevic Tolstoy","og_description":"Kont Lev Nikolayevic Tolstoy 28 a\u011fustos 1828’de Tulainde Yasnaya Polyana’da do\u011fdu. Annesini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta kaybetti. Babas\u0131 ve karde\u015fleriyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aile topraklar\u0131nda Rus k\u0131rsal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 erkenden tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu. On be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda Voltaire’i ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakacak olan Rousseau’yu okudu. 1847’de \u00fcniversiteden ayr\u0131larak k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine yararl\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla d\u00f6n\u00fcp, Yasnaya Polayana’ya yerle\u015fti. 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