{"id":4033,"date":"2010-01-19T19:44:00","date_gmt":"2010-01-19T16:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/01\/19\/gunahlarin-hepsini-bilseydim-keske-hepsini-islerdim-fareler-ve-insanlar-john-steinbeck\/"},"modified":"2010-01-19T19:44:00","modified_gmt":"2010-01-19T16:44:00","slug":"gunahlarin-hepsini-bilseydim-keske-hepsini-islerdim-fareler-ve-insanlar-john-steinbeck","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/19\/gunahlarin-hepsini-bilseydim-keske-hepsini-islerdim-fareler-ve-insanlar-john-steinbeck\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcnahlar\u0131n hepsini bilseydim ke\u015fke, hepsini i\u015flerdim | Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar – John Steinbeck"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/strong>Yoksul bir \u0131rgat ve g\u00f6\u00e7men olan Prusyal\u0131 bir baba ve \u0130rlandal\u0131 bir annenin\u00a0 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak 27 \u015fubat 1902’de A.B.D’nin Kaliforniya eyaleti salinas k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya geldi Hen\u00fcz on d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndayken yazar olmay\u0131 akl\u0131na koyan Steinbeck, eserlerinin \u00e7o\u011funa mek\u00e2n olarak se\u00e7ti\u011fi Salinas Vadisi\u2019ndeki bu \u00e7iftliklerde k\u0131rsal kesimdeki zorlu hayat \u015fartlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilk izlenimlerini edindi .1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stanford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne girdiyse de, alt\u0131 y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frenimi boyunca sadece yazarl\u0131k kariyerinde kendisine yararl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc derslere kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde hem okul masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak, hem de hayat deneyimlerini geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla tezg\u00e2htarl\u0131k, \u0131rgatl\u0131k, duvarc\u0131l\u0131k, marangozluk, laborantl\u0131k gibi pek \u00e7ok i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda okulu b\u0131rakt\u0131, yazar olarak kendini kabul ettirmek umuduyla New York\u2019a gitti Ne var ki pek k\u0131sa s\u00fcren bir gazetecilik deneyimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlatmay\u0131 ba\u015faramad\u0131 ve 1926\u2019da Kaliforniya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc Bunu izleyen iki y\u0131l boyunca Lake Tahoe\u2019da bir sayfiye evinin bek\u00e7ili\u011fini yapt\u0131 Y\u0131l\u0131n sekiz ay\u0131 karlar alt\u0131nda kalan bu \u0131ss\u0131z yerde ilk eserlerini kaleme ald\u0131 1929\u2019da bas\u0131lan ilk roman\u0131 Alt\u0131n Kupa edebiyat \u00e7evrelerinde fazla ilgi g\u00f6rmedi Bunu izleyen Cennet \u00c7ay\u0131rlar\u0131 ve Bilinmeyen Bir Tanr\u0131ya adl\u0131 eserleri de ele\u015ftirmenlerin ilgisini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131 Nihayet 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Yukar\u0131 Mahalle, Steinbeck\u2019in yazarl\u0131k kariyerinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu B\u00f6ylelikle hem edebiyat ele\u015ftirmenlerince gelecek vaat eden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yetenek olarak kabul edilmi\u015f, hem de ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca \u00e7ekti\u011fi maddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 sona ermi\u015f oluyordu Yukar\u0131 Mahalle\u2019yi, Kaliforniya\u2019da ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi veren i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 konu alan, her biri birer \u015faheser olarak kabul g\u00f6ren Bitmeyen Kavga, Fareler ve \u0131nsanlar ve 1940\u2019ta Pulitzer \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan Gazap \u00dcz\u00fcmleri izledi Di\u011fer belli ba\u015fl\u0131 eserleri aras\u0131nda Ay Batt\u0131, Sardalye Soka\u011f\u0131, \u0131nci, Cennetin Do\u011fusu, Tatl\u0131 Per\u015fembe, Pippin IV\u2019\u00fcn K\u0131sa S\u00fcren Saltanat\u0131, Mutsuzlu\u011fumuzun K\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131labilir 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel Edebiyat \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan Steinbeck, 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

John Steinbeck \/ Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD’de orta \u00f6\u011fretimde okunmas\u0131 zorunlu kitaplardan biri olan Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar, karakterlerinin sald\u0131rgan ve baya\u011f\u0131 dili sebebiyle s\u0131k\u00e7a sans\u00fcre hedef olmu\u015f, bu y\u00fczden de American Library Association taraf\u0131ndan 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en fazla sorgulanan kitaplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ben kendim de baya\u011f\u0131 uzun bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iydim. \u00d6yk\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Karakterler bir yere kadar, \u00e7e\u015fitli insanlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Lennie ise ger\u00e7ek biriydi. \u015eu anda Kaliforniya’daki bir ak\u0131l hastanesinde. Onunla haftalar boyunca yan yana \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ger\u00e7ek Lennie bir k\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fil, bir ustaba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u0131zg\u0131nd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc patron arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Lennie de dirgeni karn\u0131na saplay\u0131verdi. Bunu arka arkaya defalarca yap\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 izledi\u011fimi anlatmaktan nefret ediyorum. Onu, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 olmadan durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015faramad\u0131k.<\/em>
John Steinbeck<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar (\u00d6zet)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zeki ve kinik bir adam olan George Milton ile ismiyle tezat olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde iri ve \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ama akli dengesi bozuk olan Lennie Small, B\u00fcy\u00fck Bunal\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7iftlikten \u00e7iftli\u011fe dola\u015farak i\u015f arayan g\u00f6\u00e7men toprak i\u015f\u00e7ilerinden ikisidir. Kaliforniya’daki Salinas Vadisi’nde, Soledad yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir \u00e7iftlikte i\u015f bulurlar ve para biriktirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar. Kendilerine ait bir par\u00e7a toprak edinip oraya yerle\u015fmeye dair ortak bir hayalleri vard\u0131r. Lennie bu hayali George’a defalarca anlatt\u0131r\u0131r ve en \u00e7ok da besleyip ok\u015fayabilece\u011fi yumu\u015fak tav\u015fanlarla ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 sever. George da Lennie’nin bu tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, onu korumak i\u00e7in, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 belaya sokarsa tav\u015fanlara bakmas\u0131na izin vermeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek kullan\u0131r. \u0130kili, daha \u00f6nce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olduklar\u0131 Weed’deki \u00e7iftlikten, Lennie’nin yumu\u015fak \u015feylere dokunma tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla bir gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n\u0131n elbisesini ok\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n tecav\u00fcz giri\u015fimi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi sebebiyle ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni \u00e7iftlikte, ikilinin hayali ger\u00e7ek olmaya daha da yakla\u015f\u0131r. Ya\u015fl\u0131 ve bir elini \u00e7iftlikte kaybetmi\u015f bir i\u015f\u00e7i olan Candy, ikiliyle paras\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeyi ve b\u00f6ylece ay sonunda hayallerindeki \u00e7iftli\u011fi sat\u0131n almay\u0131 \u00f6nerir. Ancak bu hayal, \u00e7iftlik sahibinin o\u011flu olan Curley’nin gen\u00e7 ve g\u00fczel kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Lennie taraf\u0131ndan sa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 ok\u015famaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle suya d\u00fc\u015fer. Curley hemen bir lin\u00e7 grubu olu\u015fturur. Di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7iler gibi yaln\u0131zl\u0131k ve ac\u0131 dolu bir hayat s\u00fcrmeye mahkum oldu\u011funu anlayan George, arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, intikam pe\u015findeki Curley taraf\u0131ndan vah\u015fice \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclesini istemez. Lennie’yi onlardan \u00f6nce bulur, hayallerindeki \u00e7iftli\u011fi anlatarak sakinle\u015ftirir ve kafas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na dayad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silah\u0131 ate\u015fleyerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Roman’daki karakterler<\/strong><\/p>\n

* George Milton: Lennie ile arkada\u015fl\u0131k eden zeki bir adam. Lennie’yi korur ve onunla birlikte daha iyi bir hayat s\u00fcrmenin hayallerini kurar.
* Lennie Small: George ile birlikte dola\u015fan, akli dengesi bozuk ama \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir adam. George ile sat\u0131n alacaklar\u0131 \u00e7iftlikte tav\u015fan beslemeyi hayal eder.
* Candy: Bir elini \u00e7iftlikte kaybeden ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fi g\u00fcnlerin sonuna yakla\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7i. Lennie ve George’un \u00e7iftlik alma hayaline ortak olmak ister.
* Candy’nin k\u00f6pe\u011fi: Ya\u015fl\u0131 ve sakat oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Carlson taraf\u0131ndan vurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. K\u00f6pe\u011fin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f bi\u00e7imi, Lennie’nin sonu hakk\u0131nda bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.
* Curley: Patronun o\u011flu olan kavgac\u0131 bir gen\u00e7 adam. Yar\u0131 profesyonel boks\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131skan\u0131r ve korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, bu sebeple Lennie’den ba\u015ftan beri ho\u015flanmaz.
* Curley’nin kar\u0131s\u0131: Curley’nin, g\u00fcvenmedi\u011fi gen\u00e7 ve g\u00fczel kar\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer karakterler ondan “Curley’nin kar\u0131s\u0131” \u015feklinde bahsetti\u011fi i\u00e7in, eserdeki isimsiz tek karakterdir. Bu karakterin kendine has bir ki\u015fili\u011fe kavu\u015fturulmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, eserdeki varl\u0131k sebebinin de alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer: Steinbeck’e g\u00f6re “o bir ki\u015fi de\u011fil bir sembold\u00fcr. Lennie’nin g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc boyamak \u2013 ve ona tehlike olu\u015fturmak \u2013 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir i\u015flevi yoktur.”[2]
* Slim: Ustaba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Curley’nin sayg\u0131l\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek karakterdir ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm karakterlerden de sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr.
* Crooks: \u00c7iftlikteki tek zenci i\u015f\u00e7idir. Candy gibi sakatt\u0131r. Bir at\u0131n tekmelemesi sonucunda kambur kalan s\u0131rt\u0131 sebebiyle bu ismi (\u0130ngilizce’de crook, kanca anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r) alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilerden ayr\u0131 bir yerde ya\u015far ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa maruz kal\u0131r.
* Carlson: Candy’nin k\u00f6pe\u011fini g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rpmadan \u00f6ld\u00fcren \u00e7iftlik i\u015f\u00e7isidir.
* Whit: \u00c7iftlikteki i\u015f\u00e7ilerden biridir.
* The Boss: Curley’nin babas\u0131, \u00e7iftli\u011fin sahibidir.
* Clara teyze: Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bahsedilirken ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en, Lennie’nin teyzesidir. Lennie, onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortada kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Roman’\u0131n Temas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Steinbeck’in \u0130nci isimli roman\u0131 gibi, Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar da insan olman\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve bireyin evrende kendini konumland\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Steinbeck bu yolla, bir\u00e7ok temaya de\u011finir: hayaller, yaln\u0131zl\u0131k, zenginli\u011fin zulm\u00fc getirmesi, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fck ve gelece\u011fe g\u00fcvenle bakamama ya da kadercilik.<\/p>\n

Steinbeck kitap boyunca hayallere vurgu yapar. George ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendi kendinin patronu olmay\u0131, bir \u00e7iftli\u011fe sahip olup “birisi” olabilmeyi hayal eder. Lennie’nin hayali ise George ile birlikte kendi \u00e7iftliklerine ta\u015f\u0131nmak ve orada yumu\u015fak \u015feylere dokunma saplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015feyler yapabilmektir. Candy, \u00f6len k\u00f6pe\u011fi ile kaybetti\u011fi sorumlulu\u011fa yeniden kavu\u015fmak ve George’un yan\u0131nda kendine ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcnlerinde kalacak bir yer bulabilmek ister. Crooks \u00f6zsayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tekrar kazanabilece\u011fi, kabul edilip g\u00fcvende olabilece\u011fi bir yerde ya\u015famay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fler. Curley’nin kar\u0131s\u0131 ise, Curley ile evlenerek kaybetti\u011fi \u00fcnl\u00fc olma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 tekrar yakalamak ve bir aktris olmak ister.<\/p>\n

Yaln\u0131zl\u0131k bir \u00e7ok karakterin hayat\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Candy, k\u00f6pe\u011fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce yaln\u0131z kal\u0131r. Curley’nin kar\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zd\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kocas\u0131 umdu\u011fu gibi kendisine arkada\u015f olacak biri de\u011fildir. Yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iftlikteki di\u011fer erkeklerle fl\u00f6rt ederek gidermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a Curley’nin k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u0131r\u00e7\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar. George ile Lennie’nin birlikteli\u011fi de yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir sonucudur. Crooks bu temay\u0131 eserde \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle vurgular: “Kimsesi yoksa adam delirir. Kim oldu\u011fu hi\u00e7 fark etmez, yeter ki yan\u0131nda olsun.” Yazar bu temaya yap\u0131lan vurguyu, \u00f6yk\u00fcy\u00fc “Soledad” \u015fehrine yak\u0131n bir yerde kurgulayarak art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fehrin ad\u0131 \u0130spanyolca’da “yaln\u0131zl\u0131k, tek ba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131k” anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

Yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok edecek bir arkada\u015fl\u0131k ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Steinbeck, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sebebiyle yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da vurgular. \u00d6rne\u011fin Curley’nin k\u0131skan\u00e7 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha da yaln\u0131z kalmas\u0131na sebep olur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7iftlikteki di\u011fer erkekler ondan uzak durmay\u0131 tercih eder. S\u00fcrekli alay edilen Crooks, yatakhane yerine ah\u0131rda kalmaya zorlan\u0131nca yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n

Steinbeck’in karakterleri, zihinsel, ekonomik ya da sosyal sebeplerden dolay\u0131 genelde g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczd\u00fcr. T\u00fcm karakterlere g\u00f6re en y\u00fcksek fiziksel g\u00fcce sahip olan Lennie’nin, \u00e7iftlik i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda etraf\u0131ndaki ki\u015filerden sayg\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi beklenir. Ancak zihinsel yetersizli\u011fi, fiziksel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek Lennie’yi de g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz k\u0131lar. B\u00fcy\u00fck Bunal\u0131m’dan etkilenmi\u015f bir toplumun fertleri olan di\u011fer karakterler ise ekonomik sebeplerle g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczd\u00fcr. George, Lennie ve Crooks bir \u00e7iftlik sat\u0131n almak isterler ancak, yeterli paralar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bunu ba\u015faracak g\u00fc\u00e7te de\u011fildirler.<\/p>\n

*******************<\/p>\n

Roman ve yazar hakk\u0131nda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar Steinbeck’in roman-oyun olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek t\u00fcrdeki ilk denemesiydi. \u0130ki\u015fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 perdeyi i\u00e7eren eser, hem bir novella hem de bir tiyatro oyunu olarak yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Yazar, tiyatroda aynen oynanabilecek bir roman, ya da roman gibi okunabilecek bir oyun yazmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Steinbeck bu kitab\u0131, Gazap \u00dcz\u00fcmleri ile bir arada, Monte Sereno, California’da yazd\u0131. Yazar eserin ilk ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Something That Happened olarak belirlemi\u015fti, ancak Robert Burns’\u00fcn To a Mouse \u015fiirini okuduktan sonra bu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Bu \u015fiirde anlat\u0131c\u0131, tarlas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7apalarken bir farenin yuvas\u0131n\u0131 bozdu\u011fu i\u00e7in duydu\u011fu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yazar\u0131n o zamana kadarki t\u00fcm eserlerinden \u00e7ok daha fazla olumlu tepki alan Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar, hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmadan Book of the Month Club se\u00e7kisinde yer ald\u0131. Maxine Garrard (Enquirer-Sun), Christopher Morley ve Harry Thornton Moore (New Republic). gibi \u00f6nemli ele\u015ftirmenler eserden \u00f6vg\u00fcyle bahsetti. New York Times ele\u015ftirmeni Ralph Thompson eseri “b\u00fct\u00fcn o melodram\u0131yla, muhte\u015fem bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kitap” s\u00f6zleriyle tan\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Eser ABD’de bir\u00e7ok halk k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinde yasakland\u0131 ve okullar\u0131n m\u00fcfredat\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu sans\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli sebepleri aras\u0131nda, \u00f6tenaziyi destekledi\u011fi iddias\u0131, i\u015fveren aleyhinde olmas\u0131, k\u00fcf\u00fcrler ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ifadeler i\u00e7ermesi ve genel olarak karakterler taraf\u0131ndan baya\u011f\u0131 ve sald\u0131rgan bir dilin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 vard\u0131.Bu yasaklar\u0131n ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011fu daha sonra kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Eser halen ABD, Avustralya, \u0130ngiltere, Yeni Zelanda ve Kanada’daki orta\u00f6\u011fretim okullar\u0131nda, okunmas\u0131 zorunlu kitaplardan biridir. S\u0131kl\u0131kla sans\u00fcre hedef olan eser, American Library Association’\u0131n 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en fazla sorgulanan kitaplar\u0131 listesinde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

*****************<\/p>\n

Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar, ilk defa, yay\u0131nland\u0131ktan iki sene sonra 1939’da olmak \u00fczere defalarca sinemaya uyarland\u0131. Lewis Milestone taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen uyarlamada Lon Chaney Jr. Lennie, Burgess Meredith ise George rol\u00fcndeydi. Film, en iyi film de dahil olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt dalda Oscar aday\u0131 oldu.1981’de eser, televizyon filmi olarak uyarland\u0131. Randy Quaid’in Lennie, Robert Blake’in George ve Ted Neeley’nin Curley rollerini oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 filmi Reza Badiyi y\u00f6netti.<\/p>\n

Eserin en son film uyarlamas\u0131, 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gary Sinise taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi. Sinise’in George’u oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 filmde Lennie rol\u00fcn\u00fc John Malkovich canland\u0131rd\u0131. Sinise bu film ile Cannes Film Festivali’nde Alt\u0131n Palmiye’ye aday g\u00f6sterildi. Filmde her iki akt\u00f6r de, 1980’de Steppenwolf Theatre Company yap\u0131m\u0131 sahne uyarlamas\u0131nda oynad\u0131klar\u0131 rolleri tekrarlam\u0131\u015f oldular.<\/p>\n

Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar ABD sinemas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki kez daha sinemaya uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki 1962 yap\u0131m\u0131 T\u00fcrk filmi \u0130kimize Bir D\u00fcnya’d\u0131r. Y\u00f6netmenli\u011fini Nevzat Pesen’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu siyah beyaz filmin uyarlama senaryosunu Orhan Elmas yazm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fl\u0131ca rollerinde Orhan G\u00fcn\u015firay, \u00c7olpan \u0130lhan, Kadir Savun, Renan Fosforo\u011flu ve H\u00fcseyin Baradan oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer uyarlama ise \u0130ran sinemas\u0131ndan 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda geldi. Yine siyah beyaz olan Topoli adl\u0131 bu filmin senaristi ve y\u00f6netmeni Reza Mirlohi’ydi.<\/p>\n

*******************<\/p>\n

Roman-oyun t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir denemesi olarak yaz\u0131lan eser, bir\u00e7ok defa sahnelendi. \u0130lk prod\u00fcksiyonun yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Sam H. Harris, y\u00f6netmeni ise George S. Kaufman’d\u0131. Oyunun ilk g\u00f6sterimi, 23 Kas\u0131m 1937’de Broadway’deki Music Box Theatre’da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Wallace Ford’un George, Broderick Crawford’\u0131n Lennie rol\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu oyun 207 defa sahnelendi. Bu yap\u0131ma, 1938’de New York Drama Critics’ Circle taraf\u0131ndan “en iyi oyun” \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc verildi. Oyun 1939’da Los Angeles’a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Wallace Ford rol\u00fcn\u00fc korurken, Lon Chaney, Jr. Lennie rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Akt\u00f6r, oyundaki performans\u0131 sayesinde, 1939’daki film uyarlamas\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 rolle yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Oyunun yeniden yap\u0131m\u0131, 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Broadway’deki Brooks Atkinson Theatre taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Kevin Conway’in George’u, James Earl Jones’un Lennie’yi canland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 oyunda, Pamela Blair de Curley’nin Kar\u0131s\u0131 rol\u00fcyle yer ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Carlisle Floyd 1970’te Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar’\u0131 ayn\u0131 isimle operaya uyarlad\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yoksul bir \u0131rgat ve g\u00f6\u00e7men olan Prusyal\u0131 bir baba ve \u0130rlandal\u0131 bir annenin\u00a0 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak 27 \u015fubat 1902’de A.B.D’nin Kaliforniya eyaleti salinas k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya geldi Hen\u00fcz on d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndayken yazar olmay\u0131 akl\u0131na koyan Steinbeck, eserlerinin \u00e7o\u011funa mek\u00e2n olarak se\u00e7ti\u011fi Salinas Vadisi\u2019ndeki bu \u00e7iftliklerde k\u0131rsal kesimdeki zorlu hayat \u015fartlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilk izlenimlerini edindi .1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stanford […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4033","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuram"},"yoast_head":"\nG\u00fcnahlar\u0131n hepsini bilseydim ke\u015fke, hepsini i\u015flerdim | Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar - 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