![](\"http:\/\/www.baybul.com\/resimler\/Resim-181108-1241\/1935-3721.jpg\")
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S\u00f6yle tanr\u0131\u00e7a, Peleuso\u011flu Akhilleus’un \u00f6fkesini s\u00f6yle, Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ve Yunan mitolojisinin ilk ve en \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131 Homeros’tur. Homeros’un kim oldu\u011fu hen\u00fcz tam olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Hayat\u0131 ile ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Nerede do\u011fdu\u011fu ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bir\u00e7ok \u015fey yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, nedense bunlar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu birbirini tutmamaktad\u0131r. Onu \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131ran iki eseri ile tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar \u0130lyada ve Odysseia’d\u0131r. Ancak bu iki eserde de kendi ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili bilgi yoktur, ozan kendinden s\u00f6z etmemi\u015ftir. Homeros hakk\u0131nda bilinen en kesin \u015feyler M\u00d6.850 civar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130zmirli oldu\u011fudur. T\u00fcm \u015fairlerin babas\u0131 olarak kabul edilir Homeros. Kimine g\u00f6re kimli\u011fi belirlidir, \u0130zmirlidir. K\u00f6r bir ozand\u0131r. Eserlerindeki \u00fcslup farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na bakan kimilerine g\u00f6re ise o asl\u0131nda tek bir ki\u015fi de\u011fildir, tarih i\u00e7inde anonimle\u015fmi\u015f bir ki\u015filiktir.<\/p>\n Homeros, \u0130onia b\u00f6lgesindeki Smyrna (\u0130zmir) \u015fehrinde do\u011fmu\u015f, \u015fehirden \u015fehre dola\u015farak \u015fark\u0131lar s\u00f6yleyen k\u00f6r bir ozand\u0131r. Masal\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle, hurafelerin haberle, tarihin mitolojiyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e oldu\u011fu ilk \u00e7a\u011f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u0130lyada ve Odysseia epik \u015fiirlerini do\u011fduklar\u0131 topraklarda kendinden bir \u00fcslup ve renk katarak, onlar\u0131 tanr\u0131sal niteliklerle harmanlayarak gitti\u011fi yerlerde \u00f6nce k\u00f6y kahvelerinde sonra \u00fcn kazand\u0131k\u00e7a zengin sofralar\u0131nda daha da giderek krallar\u0131n huzurunda anlatan bir gezgin \u00f6yk\u00fc anlatand\u0131r. Meddaht\u0131r, vakan\u00fcvistir, masalc\u0131d\u0131r, halk ozan\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok niteli\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f edebiyat\u0131n da temel kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan s\u00f6zl\u00fc anlat\u0131m\u0131n ilk ustalar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Homeros; ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en eserlerini yarat\u0131rken, duyumlardan ve tarih bilgilerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu sava\u015f Homeros\u2019tan y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce olmu\u015f bitmi\u015ftir. Homeros belki anne babas\u0131ndan, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere gelen kendisi gibi gezgin \u015fairlerden dinledi\u011fi destan par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 derleyerek bir manzum esere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, ona \u00fcslupsal zenginlik ve mitolojik ve hatta felsefi derinlik katarak ve eksik kalan yerlerine dehas\u0131n\u0131n ve hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ortak eseri olan katk\u0131lar yaparak ilk \u00e7a\u011f \u0130on uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na birden fazla \u015feyi ayn\u0131 anda kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Eserler yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemden \u00e7ok sonra yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130lyada, 24 kitaba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kahramanl\u0131k destan\u0131d\u0131r. Destan 10 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Troia sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n 49-50 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir d\u00f6nemini i\u015flemi\u015ftir. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta \u00e7ok eskimi\u015f ve \u00e7ocuksu gelebilir Homeros’un destanlar\u0131. Mitolojiden, fantastik anlat\u0131mdan ho\u015flanmayanlar ise onlar\u0131 sa\u00e7ma bulacaklard\u0131r. Oysa bu metinlerde, insano\u011flunun y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri de\u011fi\u015fmeyen pek \u00e7ok temel d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc, duygusu vard\u0131r. Onlar\u0131 t\u00fcm zamanlarla \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015ft\u0131ran yani “klasik” yapan i\u015fte bu \u00f6zellikleridir. \u00dcstelik, “il\u00ecada” ve “odysseia”, bir yandan Yunan tragedyalar\u0131n\u0131n habercisidir, di\u011fer yandan, yal\u0131n bir dille kaleme al\u0131nan daha do\u011frusu s\u00f6ze d\u00f6k\u00fclen destanlardaki anlat\u0131m tarz\u0131; ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve \u015fimdi aras\u0131nda gidip gelerek -zaman ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rarak- aktar\u0131lan hikayeler, modern edebiyat\u0131n bilin\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 tekni\u011finin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00dcsluptaki sadeli\u011fin as\u0131l nedenini ise, o \u00e7a\u011flarda s\u00f6zl\u00fc anlat\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fczik e\u015fli\u011finde yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda bulabiliriz. Ancak bu sadelik, bir cans\u0131zl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelmez; tersine, \u00e7ok canl\u0131 ve e\u011flenceli bir havas\u0131 vard\u0131r Homeros hikayelerinin. Homeros, s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir tarlay\u0131, bu\u011fday-y\u00fcrekli ekme\u011fi, ku\u015flar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015funu, yontulmu\u015f bir iskemleyi, limanda bir gece-g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 duran gemileri, derede \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r y\u0131kayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 anlat\u0131r. yal\u0131nd\u0131r, canl\u0131d\u0131r, klasiktir…<\/p>\n Homeros’un destanlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Bu d\u00fcnya iki tarih tabakas\u0131 \u00fczerine yay\u0131l\u0131r; kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f ve eski \u00e7a\u011flar \u00fczerine bildikleri. Homeros s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelene\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bir ozand\u0131. Daha sonraki ozanlar gibi O da muhtemelen saraydan saraya dola\u015f\u0131p destanlar okurdu.<\/p>\n \u0130lyada; Homeros’un Yunanca \u0130lias ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan destan\u0131, \u0130lyon ya da Troya olarak an\u0131lan kentin destan\u0131d\u0131r. Konusu Troya Sava\u015f\u0131 olmakla beraber, sava\u015f\u0131n ancak k\u0131sa bir d\u00f6nemini kapsar ve Troya efsaneleri diye and\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fck efsane ve masal \u00e7emberinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. \u0130lyada destan\u0131n\u0131n konusu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Destan Akhilleus ile Yunan ordusunun ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 Agamemnon aras\u0131nda, Troya kenti \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7\u0131kan bir kavgayla ba\u015flar. Agamemnon, Akhilleus’un g\u00fczel g\u00f6zdesi Briseis’i onun elinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna k\u0131zan Akhilleus sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekilir. Annesi Thetis’in yalvarmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Zeus da sava\u015f\u0131n seyrini Troyal\u0131lardan yana \u00e7evirir. Bunun \u00fczerine Agamemnon Akhilleus’a bir ricac\u0131lar heyeti g\u00f6nderir ve ona Briseis’i geri vermeyi teklif eder. Ancak Akhilleus sava\u015fa d\u00f6nmeyi reddeder. Bu s\u0131rada Troya kahraman\u0131 Hektor, Yunan gemilerini yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dostunun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Akhilleus’un sava\u015fa girmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Yeni silahlar\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fanarak Hektor’la teke tek bir m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fir ve Hektor’u \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bir arabaya ba\u011flayarak Troya \u00e7evresinde s\u00fcr\u00fckletir. Sonunda merhamete gelip Hektor’un cesedini babas\u0131 Troya Kral\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131 Priamos’a verir.<\/p>\n Odysseia; \u0130lyada bir olay\u0131n, Odysseia bir ki\u015finin yani Ithaka kral\u0131 Odysseus’un destan\u0131d\u0131r. Latin d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki ad\u0131 Ulisex’tir. 24 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan destan, Odysseus’un Troya’dan \u00fclkesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolculu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. Olaylar burada da \u0130lyada’da oldu\u011fu gibi belli bir kronolojik s\u0131raya g\u00f6re anlat\u0131lmaz. Odysseus evinden 20 y\u0131l uzak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolculu\u011funda gemisi par\u00e7alan\u0131r ve Ogygia adas\u0131nda nymphe Kalypso taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131 konur. Destanda Odysseus’un \u00fclkesi Ithaka’da olup bitenlerde ahlat\u0131l\u0131r.Sad\u0131k kar\u0131s\u0131 Penelope sab\u0131rla kocas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc beklemi\u015f, o\u011flu Telemakhos b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, babas\u0131n\u0131 aramak i\u00e7in yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Destan, Odysseus’un \u00fclkesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve kendisini bekleyen kar\u0131s\u0131na kavu\u015fmas\u0131yla sona erer.<\/p>\n kaynak: ilyada, Arkada\u015f Yay\u0131nevi, \u00e7eviri: Fulya Ko\u00e7ak, may\u0131s 2004<\/p>\n \u0130lyada giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131: (\u00c7eviri: Azra ERHAT ve A.Kadir)<\/p>\n S\u00f6yle tanr\u0131\u00e7a, Peleuso\u011flu Akhilleus’un \u00f6fkesini s\u00f6yle, Onlar\u0131 birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren hangi tanr\u0131? Tekmil Akhalar ba\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bir a\u011f\u0131zdan: S\u00f6yle tanr\u0131\u00e7a, Peleuso\u011flu Akhilleus’un \u00f6fkesini s\u00f6yle, Ac\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne ac\u0131y\u0131 Akhalara o kahreden \u00f6fke getirdi, Ulu canlar\u0131n\u0131 Hades’e att\u0131 nice yi\u011fitlerin, G\u00f6vdelerini yem yapt\u0131 kurda ku\u015fa. Buyru\u011fu yerine geliyordu Zeus’un, \u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden beri aralar\u0131, Erlerin ba\u015fbu\u011fu Atreuso\u011flu’yla Tanr\u0131sal Akhilleus’un… Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ve Yunan mitolojisinin ilk ve en \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131 Homeros’tur. Homeros’un kim oldu\u011fu hen\u00fcz tam […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4035","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuram"},"yoast_head":"\n
Ac\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne ac\u0131y\u0131 Akhalara o kahreden \u00f6fke getirdi,
Ulu canlar\u0131n\u0131 Hades’e att\u0131 nice yi\u011fitlerin,
G\u00f6vdelerini yem yapt\u0131 kurda ku\u015fa.
Buyru\u011fu yerine geliyordu Zeus’un,
\u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden beri aralar\u0131,
Erlerin ba\u015fbu\u011fu Atreuso\u011flu’yla Tanr\u0131sal Akhilleus’un…<\/em><\/p>\n
Her ne kadar Homeros kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7 yazmasa da ve eserler galip akha\u2019n\u0131n zaferini ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de t\u00fcm eser boyunca sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan ma\u011fdurun yan\u0131ndad\u0131r sanki. Elinden geldi\u011fince \u00f6ver Truva\u2019n\u0131n yi\u011fitli\u011fini, cesaretini, ahlak\u0131n\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n
Ac\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne ac\u0131y\u0131 Akhalara o kahreden \u00f6fke getirdi,
Ulu canlar\u0131n\u0131 Hades’e att\u0131 nice yi\u011fitlerin,
G\u00f6vdelerini yem yapt\u0131 kurda ku\u015fa.
Buyru\u011fu yerine geliyordu Zeus’un,
\u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden beri aralar\u0131,
Erlerin ba\u015fbu\u011fu Atreuso\u011flu’yla Tanr\u0131sal Akhilleus’un.<\/p>\n
Apollon, Leto ile Zeus’un o\u011flu.
Atreuso\u011flu Tanr\u0131n\u0131n Duac\u0131s\u0131 Khryses’i saymad\u0131 diye,
\u0130nsanlar K\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p gidiyordu birbiri ard\u0131s\u0131ra.
Khryses, kurtarmak i\u00e7in Akhalar\u0131n elinden k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131,
Bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurtulmal\u0131kla gelmi\u015fti tezgiden gemilerine,
Elinde ok\u00e7u tanr\u0131 Apollon’un \u015feritleri sar\u0131l\u0131 alt\u0131n de\u011fne\u011fi,
Bir bir yalvar\u0131yor tekmil Akhalara,
Daha \u00e7ok, ordular\u0131 dizen Atreuso\u011flu’na yakar\u0131yordu,
G\u00fczel dizlikli Akhalar, Atreuso\u011fullar\u0131,
Olympos’taki y\u00fcce tanr\u0131lardan dilerim,
Priamos’un ilini yerle bir edesiniz.
Sonra sa\u011f salim d\u00f6nesiniz evinize.
Al\u0131n bu kurtulmal\u0131klar\u0131, verin k\u0131z\u0131m\u0131 bana,
Korkun Zeus’un o\u011flu Apollon’dan, say\u0131n onu.<\/p>\n
Al\u0131ns\u0131n de\u011ferli kurtulmal\u0131klar, duac\u0131ya sayg\u0131 gerek.
Ama Atreuso\u011flu Agamemnon’un g\u00f6nl\u00fcnce de\u011fildi bu,
Tersleyip kovdu mu onu, \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu:
“Bir daha seni g\u00f6rmeyim ihtiyar,
\u015eu koca kar\u0131nl\u0131 gemilerin yan\u0131nda
…”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"