![](\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cf\/Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg\")
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Jorge Luis Borges, (1899-1986) Arjantinli, \u015f\u00e2ir, \u00f6yk\u00fc ve deneme yazar\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen isimlerindendir.
Jorge Luis Borges 24 A\u011fustos 1899 tarihinde Buenos Aires’te do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n annesi \u0130ngiliz oldu\u011fu ve evde iki lisan birden konu\u015fuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ocukken her iki lisan\u0131 da \u00e7ok g\u00fczel konu\u015fabiliyordu. O\u011fluna satran\u00e7 tahtas\u0131nda Zeno’nun paradoksunu \u00f6\u011freten Jorge Guillermo Borges avukat ve psikoloji \u00f6\u011fretmeniydi. Evlerinde Borges’in muhayyilesini s\u00fcrekli olarak i\u015fgal edecek bir bah\u00e7e ve k\u00fct\u00fcphane vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Babas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rme yetisinin azalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, \u00e2ile tedavi i\u00e7in I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce (1914) Cenevre\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Burada kald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcre boyunca Borges Calvin Koleji’ne devam ederek, L\u00e2tince, Frans\u0131zca ve Almanca \u00f6\u011frendi. Sembolizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rneklerinden Verlaine, Rimbaud ve Mallarm\u00e9’in eserleriyle bu s\u0131rada tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Schopenhauer’a olan sevgisi ve Walt Whitman’\u0131 ke\u015ffetmesi de Cenevrede’yken ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra \u00e2ilesiyle birlikte \u0130spanya’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Borges art\u0131k yazar olmaya karar vermi\u015fti, babas\u0131na 1870’lerde ge\u00e7en bir roman yazmaya yard\u0131m ediyordu.<\/p>\n
Birka\u00e7 edeb\u00ee gruba girme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, kendine ak\u0131l hocas\u0131 buldu: End\u00fcl\u00fcs’l\u00fc \u015fair Rafael Cansinos-Ass\u00e9ns. Onun etkisiyle kendisini “ultraistler” grubundan saymaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ama k\u0131sa zamanda aidiyet hissinden s\u0131k\u0131larak kimseye ba\u011fl\u0131 olmadan bir\u015feyler yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Denemelerle ve \u015fiirle pasifizm, anar\u015fi, Rus devrimi gibi b\u00e2z\u0131 \u015feyleri \u00f6vd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini dile getirdi\u011fi iki kitap yazd\u0131. Ama sonra yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan utanarak, her iki kitab\u0131 da \u0130spanya’dan ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce imha etti.<\/p>\n
1921\u2019de \u00e2ilesiyle Buenos Aires\u2019e geri d\u00f6nmesinden sonra, babas\u0131n\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 Macedonio Fernand\u00e9z’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden etkilenmesi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yeni yollar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesine neden oldu. Fernandez’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri Schopenhauer, Berkeley ve Hume’\u00fcn bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 idi. Edeb\u00ee stili ekzantrik ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131. Borges’e en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi her \u015feye ku\u015fkuculukla bakmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1923\u2019te ilk kitab\u0131 olan Buenos Aires Tutkusu (Ferver de Buenos Aires)’i \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 1924-1933 aras\u0131 Borges i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a heyecan verici bir zamand\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve \u015fiiri bas\u0131ld\u0131. Luna de Enfrente 1925’te, San Martin DefteriCuaderno San Mart\u00edn 1929’da bas\u0131ld\u0131. 1933-1934 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Cr\u00edtica’da Al\u00e7akl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Evrensel Tarihi(Historia universal de la infamia) yay\u0131mland\u0131. Bu \u00f6yk\u00fc dizisi, \u00f6nceden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00e2z\u0131 hik\u00e2yelerden al\u0131nan karakterler ve fikirler \u00fczerine yeniden hik\u00e2ye yazmakla olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Ger\u00e7e\u011fi ve hik\u00e2yeyi harmanlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu hik\u00e2yeler ger\u00e7ek\u00fcst\u00fc bir otantizm ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Daha sonralar\u0131 bu tarz “b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik”in ilk \u00f6rneklerinden say\u0131lacakt\u0131. Ama onun as\u0131l kariyeri 1935’te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Borges stili”nin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi denilen, hay\u00e2l\u00ee bir roman\u0131 ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi “Al-Motasim’e Bir Bak\u0131\u015f” isimli \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. 1936’da denemelerini toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sonsuzlu\u011fun Tarihi Historia de la Eternidad bas\u0131ld\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada madd\u00ee s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00e7ekiyordu, bu nedenle 1937’de Belediye K\u00fct\u00fch\u00e2nesi’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u00fct\u00fcph\u00e2nedeki i\u015fi hafif olan yazar, i\u015f g\u00fcnlerinin kalan\u0131n\u0131 kl\u00e2sikleri okuyarak ve modern edebiyat\u0131n uluslar aras\u0131 \u00f6rneklerini \u0130spanyolca\u2019ya \u00e7evirerek ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Virginia Woolf\u2019un ve William Faulkner\u2019\u0131n kitaplar\u0131 \u0130spanyolca\u2019ya ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde Borges taraf\u0131ndan kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmekten korkan Borges, e\u015f\u015fiz bir eser yazmak istedi ve \u201cPierre Menard, Don Quixote’un Yazar\u0131\u201d’n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan da \u201cTl\u00f6n, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius\u201d geldi. Her iki hik\u00e2ye Victoria Ocampo\u2019nun Sur edebiyat dergisinde yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi motivasyonla Babil K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. 1941’de bu \u00f6yk\u00fclerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yollar\u0131 \u00c7atallanan Bah\u00e7e bas\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 hik\u00e2yeler toparlanarak “Artifices”e eklendi ve ve 1944’de Ficciones ad\u0131yla yeniden bas\u0131ld\u0131. 1942’de \u201cBustos Domecq\u201d takma ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Adolfo Bioy Casares ile birlikte polisiye hik\u00e2yeler dizisi olan Don \u0130sidro \u0130\u00e7in Alt\u0131 Problem’i yazd\u0131lar. Felsefe, ger\u00e7ekler, fantazi ve gizemleri harmanlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yeni \u00f6yk\u00fclerin yan\u0131nda, El Hogar’da anti-semitizmi, fa\u015fizmi ve nazizmi e\u015feltiren politik makaleler de yaz\u0131yordu. Bu makalelerle olduk\u00e7a tan\u0131nd\u0131. 1946\u2019da Juan Peron\u2019un iktidara geli\u015fiyle, k\u00fct\u00fcph\u00e2nedeki i\u015finden at\u0131ld\u0131. Bu i\u015ften at\u0131lma onun i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr kurtulu\u015f olmu\u015ftu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem Arjantin’den Uruguay’a kadar pek \u00e7ok yeri gezip, Budizm’den Blake’e kadar pek \u00e7ok konuda seminerler veriyor, hem de iyi para kazan\u0131yordu. Ama \u00e2ilesi Peron’un bask\u0131c\u0131 rejiminde zor g\u00fcnler ge\u00e7irdi, annesi ve k\u0131z karde\u015fi hapse girdi. 1949’da ikinci \u00f6nemli k\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler kitab\u0131 Alef (El Alef) bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
1955\u2019de Peron devrilince Borges hay\u00e2lindeki meslek olan Arjantin Ulusal K\u00fct\u00fcph\u00e2nesi M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019ne getirildi. \u00c2ilesinden gelen hastal\u0131k nedeniyle g\u00f6rme bozuklu\u011fu \u00e7eken Borges bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6rme yetisini tamamen kaybetti. “Beni ayn\u0131 anda hem 800,000 kitab\u0131 hem de karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veren Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n muhte\u015fem ironisi” diyerek bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi kab\u00fbllenmi\u015ftir. 1956’da Buenos Aires \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u0130ngiliz ve Amerikan edebiyat\u0131 profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne atand\u0131 ve 12 y\u0131l bu g\u00f6revi y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. 1961\u2019de Samuel Beckett\u2019le birlikte Uluslararas\u0131 Yay\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc (Formentor \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc) kazand\u0131. Bu \u00f6d\u00fcl ona gecikmi\u015f bir uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcn kazand\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00f6zlerinin g\u00f6rmeyi\u015fini \u015fiire y\u00f6nelerek tel\u00e2fi etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1970’li y\u0131llarda ABD’de \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelerde dersler verdi. 1973’te Peron geri d\u00f6n\u00fcnce, g\u00f6revinden istifa etti. Ders vererek ve yolculuk yaparak ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi zaman\u0131n meyvesi 1975’te bas\u0131lan toplama hik\u00e2yelerin oldu\u011fu Kum Kitab\u0131 (El libro de arena) oldu. D\u00fcnya gezilerinin sonucu ona e\u015flik eden Maria Kodama’n\u0131n resimlerini \u00e7ekti\u011fi yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ise kendi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atlas(1984)’la sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n
Zannedilenin aksine, Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alamadan 86 ya\u015f\u0131nda, 14 Haziran 1986\u2019da Cenevre\u2019de karaci\u011fer kanserinden hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.
Eserleri [de\u011fi\u015ftir]<\/p>\n
* Fervor de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Tutkusu), 1923) \u015eiir
* Luna de enfrente (Yolun \u00d6tesinde Ay), 1925) \u015eiir
* El tama\u00f1o de mi esperanza, 1925, Denemeler.
* El idioma de los argentinos, 1928, Denemeler.
* Cuaderno San Martin (San Martin Defteri), 1929) \u015eiir
* Evaristo Carriego, 1930, Denemeler
* Discusi\u00f3n, 1932, Denemeler ve Ele\u015ftiriler.
* Historia universal de la infamia (Al\u00e7akl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Evrensel Tarihi), 1935, Hikayeler
* Historia de la eternidad (Sonsuzlu\u011fun Tarihi), 1936, Denemeler
* El jard\u00edn de senderos que se bifurcan (Yollar\u0131 \u00c7atallanan Bah\u00e7e), 1941, Hikayeler.
* Seis problemas para don Isidro (Don \u0130sidro \u0130\u00e7in Alt\u0131 Problem) 1942, Adolfo Bioy Casares\u2019le yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f detektif hik\u00e2yeleri
* Poemas : 1922-1943, 1943, \u015eiir.
* Ficciones (Ficciones Hayaller ve Hikayeler) 1944, K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler
* Un modelo para la muerte, 1946, Adolfo Bioy Casares\u2019le yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f detektif hik\u00e2yeleri
* Dos fantas\u00edas memorables, 1946 Adolfo Bioy Casares\u2019le yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fantastik hik\u00e2yeler
* El Aleph (Alef) 1949, Denemeler Hikayeler
* Aspectos de la poes\u00eda gauchesca, 1950, Ele\u015ftiriler.
* Antiguas literaturas germ\u00e1nicas, 1951, Ele\u015ftiriler
* La muerte y la br\u00fajula,(\u00d6l\u00fcm ve Pusula) 1951, K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler
* Otras inquisiciones 1937-1952 (\u00d6teki Soru\u015fturmalar) , 1952, Denemeler ve Ele\u015ftiriler.
* Historia de la Eternidad (Sonsuzlu\u011fun Tarihi), 1953, Denemeler, K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler, ve Ele\u015ftiriler.
* El “Mart\u00edn Fierro”, 1953, Denemeler
* Poemas : 1923-1953, 1954, \u015eiirler
* Los orilleros; El para\u00edso de los creyentes, 1955, Adolfo Bioy Casares ile \u0130ki Senaryo.
* Leopoldo Lugones, 1955, Ele\u015ftiriler Betina Edelborg\u2019le beraber.
* La hermana de Elo\u00edsa, 1955, K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler.
* Manual de zoolog\u00eda fant\u00e1stica (Hayali Varl\u0131klar Kitab\u0131)1957, Margarita Guerrero ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hayali hayvan metinleri.
* Libro del cielo y del infierno, 1960, Denemeler, Adolfo Bioy Casares ile beraber.
* El Hacedor, 1960, \u015eiirler
* Antolog\u00eda Personal, 1961, Denemeler, \u015eiir, Ele\u015ftiriler,
* El lenguaje de Buenos Aires, 1963 Uzun denemeler, Jos\u00e9 Edmundo Clemente ile beraber
* Introducci\u00f3n a la literatura inglesa, 1965, Ele\u015ftiri, Mar\u00eda Esther V\u00e1zquez ile beraber . T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi : \u0130ngiliz Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi
* Para las seis cuerdas, 1965, Tango ve milongalar i\u00e7in s\u00f6zler
* Literaturas germ\u00e1nicas medievales (Orta\u00e7a\u011f Alman Edebiyat\u0131) 1966, Ele\u015ftiri, Mar\u00eda Esther V\u00e1zquez\u2019le beraber
* Cr\u00f3nicas de Bustos Domecq, Denemeler, 1967, Adolfo Bioy Casares\u2019le beraber.
* Introducci\u00f3n a la literatura norteamericana(Amerikan Edebiyat\u0131na Giri\u015f)(1967), Ele\u015ftiri, Esther Zemborain de Torres ile beraber. T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: ,.
* Conversations with Jorge Luis Borges(Borges’le Konu\u015fmalar), 1968, Richard Burgin, \u0130ngilizce.
* Nueva Antolog\u00eda Personal, 1968, Denemeler, \u015eiirler, Ele\u015ftiriler.
* Elogio de la Sombra(Karanl\u0131\u011fa \u00d6vg\u00fc), 1969, \u015eiir
* El otro, el mismo, 1969, \u015eiir
* El informe de Brodie (Brodie Raporu), K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler, 1970.
* El congreso, 1971, Denemeler.
* Nuevos Cuentos de Bustos Domecq, Adolfo Bioy Casares ile beraber.
* El oro de los tigres, 1972, \u015eiir.
* El libro de arena (Kum Kitab\u0131), 1975, K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler
* La Rosa Profunda (Sonsuz G\u00fcl), 1975, \u015eiir
* La moneda de hierro, 1976, \u015eiir.
* Di\u00e1logos, 1976 Borges ve Ernesto Sabato, aras\u0131nda konu\u015fmalar.
* \u00bfQue es el Budismo?, 1976, Dersler
* Historia de la Noche, 1977, \u015eiir.
* Pr\u00f3logos con un Pr\u00f3logo de Pr\u00f3logos, 1977, Kitap \u00f6ns\u00f6zleri.
* Borges El Memorioso, 1977, Antonio Carrizo ile konu\u015fmalar
* Rosa y Azul: La rosa de Paracelso; Tigres Azules, 1977
* Borges, oral, 1979, dersler.
* Siete noches (Yedi Gece) 1980, dersler
* La cifra, 1981, \u015eiir.
* Nueve ensayos dantescos (Dantevari Denemeler), 1982, Denemeler Dante \u00fczerine
* Un argumento, 1983,
* Veinticinco Agosto 1983 y otros cuentos, 1983, K\u0131sa hik\u00e2yeler
* Atlas (Atlas), 1984, Hikayeler ve Denemeler, Mar\u00eda Kodama ile beraber.
* Los conjurados, 1985, \u015eiir.
* Textos cautivos, 1986, Ele\u015ftiriler
* This Craft of Verse, 2000, dersler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Jorge Luis Borges, (1899-1986) Arjantinli, \u015f\u00e2ir, \u00f6yk\u00fc ve deneme yazar\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen isimlerindendir.Jorge Luis Borges 24 A\u011fustos 1899 tarihinde Buenos Aires’te do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n annesi \u0130ngiliz oldu\u011fu ve evde iki lisan birden konu\u015fuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ocukken her iki lisan\u0131 da \u00e7ok g\u00fczel konu\u015fabiliyordu. O\u011fluna satran\u00e7 tahtas\u0131nda Zeno’nun paradoksunu \u00f6\u011freten Jorge Guillermo Borges avukat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[136],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4174","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-jorge-luis-borges"},"yoast_head":"\n