{"id":4185,"date":"2010-09-22T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-09-21T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/09\/22\/her-insanin-yasamin-da-filozoflastigi-bir-an-vardir-felsefe-nedir-j-m-bochenski\/"},"modified":"2010-09-22T01:00:00","modified_gmt":"2010-09-21T22:00:00","slug":"her-insanin-yasamin-da-filozoflastigi-bir-an-vardir-felsefe-nedir-j-m-bochenski","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/09\/22\/her-insanin-yasamin-da-filozoflastigi-bir-an-vardir-felsefe-nedir-j-m-bochenski\/","title":{"rendered":"Her insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n da filozofla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an vard\u0131r | Felsefe Nedir? – J. M. Bochenski"},"content":{"rendered":"![](\"http:\/\/i67.servimg.com\/u\/f67\/13\/47\/52\/10\/felsef10.jpg\")
Felsefe yaln\u0131zca uzman ki\u015fiyi ilgilendiren bir i\u015f de\u011fildir;\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6yle ilgi \u00e7ekici g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, felsefe yapmayan ola ki hi\u00e7bir insan yoktur. Ya da en az\u0131ndan, her insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n da filozofla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an vard\u0131r. Bu her\u015feyden \u00f6nce do\u011fa bilimcilerimiz, tarih\u00e7ilerimiz ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in do\u011frudur.Bunlar\u0131n hepsi er ge\u00e7 felsefeyle u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar. Elbette bununla insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6devi yerine getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemiyorum; felsefe yapan cahillerin kitaplar\u0131 \u2013bunlar \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7iler, yazarlar, politikac\u0131lar da olsalar\u2013 genellikle k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr; \u00e7o\u011fu kez yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ocuksu-safdil, \u00e7o\u011fu kez de yanl\u0131\u015f felsefe i\u00e7erirler. Ama burada yan bir konudur bu. \u00d6nemli olan hepimizin felsefe yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve galiba yapmam\u0131z da gerekti\u011fidir.Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u015fu soru da herkes i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli: felsefe neyin nesidir?<\/p>\n
Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu, felsefenin en g\u00fc\u00e7 sorular\u0131ndan biri. \u201cFelsefe\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar \u00e7ok-anlaml\u0131 pek az s\u00f6zc\u00fck biliyorum. Daha birka\u00e7 hafta \u00f6nce, Fransa\u2019da, Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin bir kolokyumunda haz\u0131r bulundum. Hepsi felsefeden s\u00f6z ediyor, ama ondan tamamen farkl\u0131 \u015feyler anl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Farkl\u0131 yorumlara yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m, b\u00f6ylece bu ger\u00e7ek tan\u0131mlar ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bir kavray\u0131\u015f yolu bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
\u0130lkin, felsefenin hen\u00fcz bilimsel say\u0131lamayan her\u015feyin ortak ad\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f vard\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6rne\u011fin Lord Bertrand Russell\u2019\u0131n ve bir\u00e7ok pozitivist filozofun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bunlar Aristoteles\u2019te felsefe ile bilimin ayn\u0131 anlama geldi\u011fine, sonradan tek tek bilimlerin felsefeden koptu\u011funa dikkatimizi \u00e7ekerler: ilkin t\u0131p, sonra fizik, daha sonra psikoloji, son olarak da, bilindi\u011fi gibi, bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fu kez matematik fak\u00fcltelerinde \u00f6\u011fretilen bi\u00e7imsel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisi. Ya da,ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc dile getirildikte, \u00f6rne\u011fin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc nesnesiyle matemati\u011fin varolmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda, felsefe diye bir\u015fey yoktur. Felsefenin b\u00f6yle bir nesnesi yoktur. Onunla yaln\u0131zca hen\u00fcz olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmaya y\u00f6nelik kimi \u00e7abalar adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu elbette ilgin\u00e7 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ve ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen savlar inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ama i\u015flere biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ku\u015fkular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, ilkin, bu filozoflar\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi olsayd\u0131, bug\u00fcn bizim bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncekinden daha az felsefemiz olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Ama durum kesinlikle \u00f6yle de\u011fil. Bug\u00fcn her zamankinden daha az de\u011fil, \u00e7ok daha fazla felsefe vard\u0131r. Felsefecilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kastetmiyorum \u2013bu say\u0131 bug\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k onbin olsa gerek\u2013, ele al\u0131nan sorunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kastediyorum. Eski Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n felsefesi bizimkiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, biz, \u0130sa\u2019dan sonra yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n bildi\u011finden daha fazla anlaml\u0131 soru soruyoruz.<\/p>\n
\u0130kincileyin, farkl\u0131 disiplinlerin zamanla felsefeden koptuklar\u0131 elbette do\u011frudur. Ancak, dikkati \u00e7eken o ki, b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6zel bilim \u00f6zerkle\u015fince, hemen hemen ayn\u0131 zamanda ko\u015fut bir felsef\u00ee disiplin ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin son zamanlarda bi\u00e7imsel mant\u0131k felsefeden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yayg\u0131nla\u015fan ve hararetle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir mant\u0131k felsefesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mant\u0131k alan\u0131nda asl\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011fu halde \u2013ya da s\u0131rf bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc\u2013, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde mant\u0131k felsefesi \u00fczerine, saf mant\u0131k sorular\u0131 \u00fczerine oldu\u011fundan belki de daha \u00e7ok yaz\u0131l\u0131p tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Olgular, felsefenin bilimlerin geli\u015fmesiyle yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00f6lecek yerde, daha da canlan\u0131p zenginle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Son olarak, felsefe diye bir\u015feyin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe ters d\u00fc\u015fen bir soru: Bu sav hangi disiplin, hangi bilim ad\u0131na ortaya at\u0131l\u0131yor? Daha Aristoteles, felsefeye kar\u015f\u0131 olan lara \u015fu ele\u015ftiride bulunuyordu: Felsefe ya yap\u0131l\u0131r \u2013diyordu\u2013ya yap\u0131lmaz; ama felsefe yap\u0131lmazsa, bu da ancak bir felsefe ad\u0131na olur. Yani, felsefe yap\u0131lmayacaksa bile, yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bug\u00fcn de do\u011fru. Felsefe diye bir\u015feyin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in tam bir felsef\u00ee sav dile getiren s\u00f6zde felsefe d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden daha e\u011flenceli bir\u015fey yoktur.Demek ki ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe pek hak verilemez. Felsefe olgun la\u015fmam\u0131\u015f sorunlar deposundan ba\u015fka bir\u015fey olsa gerek. Elbette zaman zaman bu i\u015flevi de g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr, ama ondan \u00e7ok
daha fazla bir\u015feydir.<\/p>\n
Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn olanakl\u0131 bilimler kendisinden koptu\u011fu zaman bile felsefenin yok olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer \u2013 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, felsefe bilim de\u011fildir. S\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi, felsefe us \u00f6tesi olan\u0131 \u2013kavranamayan\u0131, anl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ya da en az\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunan\u0131\u2013 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Yani bilimle, anl\u0131kla pek az ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Alan\u0131 ussal olan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunur. Buna g\u00f6re, felsefe yapmak ak\u0131lla soru\u015fturmak de\u011fil, herhangi bir ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imde, az \u00e7ok \u201cussal olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde\u201d soru\u015fturmakt\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00f6zellikle Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr bu \u2013 ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra,varolu\u015f filozoflar\u0131 denen birtak\u0131m filozoflarca savunulur. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir savunucusu, felsefe ile \u015fiir aras\u0131nda temelde hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zl\u00fc fark bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Parisli parlak filozof Jean Wahl\u2019dir elbette. Ama \u00fcnl\u00fc varolu\u015f filozofu Karl Jaspers de bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Jean Wahl\u2019e yak\u0131n olabilir. Cenevreli filozof Jeanne Hersch\u2019in yorumuna g\u00f6re, felsefe bilim ile m\u00fczik aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rda bulunan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir; ba\u015fka bir varolu\u015f filozofu Gabriel Marcel bir felsefe kitab\u0131na do\u011frudan do\u011fruya \u00f6zel bir m\u00fczik par\u00e7as\u0131 koydurmu\u015ftur \u2013 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kimi filozoflar\u0131n yazmaya kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 romanlardan s\u00f6z etmiyorum.<\/p>\n
Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de \u00f6nemli bir felsef\u00ee savd\u0131r. Do\u011frusu, bu sav\u0131 destekleyen \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015feyler say\u0131labilir. \u0130lkin, s\u0131n\u0131r sorular\u0131nda \u2013bunlar \u00e7o\u011fu kez felsef\u00ee sorulard\u0131r\u2013 insan g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, yani duyguyu, arzuyu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de \u2013bir \u015fair gibi\u2013 kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincileyin, anl\u0131k i\u00e7in felsefenin temel gerekleri hi\u00e7 de ula\u015f\u0131labilir de\u011fildir \u2013 onlar\u0131, olabildi\u011fince, ba\u015fka yollarla da kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak gerekir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcleyin, anl\u0131kta bulunan her\u015fey, daha \u00f6nce \u015fu ya da bu bilime aittir. B\u00f6ylece felsefeye yaln\u0131zca anl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki ya da s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen \u00f6tesindeki bu \u015fiirsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler kal\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcrden daha ba\u015fka gerek\u00e7eler de bulunabilir belki.<\/p>\n
Ama, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Wittgenstein\u2019\u0131n \u201cHakk\u0131nda konu\u015fulamayan konusunda susmal\u0131.\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcne sad\u0131k olan pek \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Wittgenstein burada \u201ckonu\u015fmak\u201dtan ussal konu\u015fmay\u0131, yani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi anlar. \u015eiirsel felsefeye kar\u015f\u0131 olan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, bir\u015fey normal insan\u00ee bilme ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla, yani anl\u0131kla kavranam\u0131yorsa, hi\u00e7 kavranamaz derler. \u0130nsan bir\u015feyi bilmek i\u00e7in iki olanakl\u0131 y\u00f6ntem tan\u0131r: ya nesneyi herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde \u2013duyularla ya da ruhsal olarak\u2013 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya g\u00f6rmek, ya da onu sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00e7\u0131karmak. \u0130kisi de bir bilme i\u015flevidir ve asl\u0131nda anl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir edimidir. Bir \u015feyi sevmenin ya da nefret etmenin, bir kayg\u0131, bir nefret ya da benzeri bir\u015fey ya\u015faman\u0131n sonucu olarak, ola ki, insan kendini mutlu ya da mutsuz hisseder \u2013 daha fazla bir\u015fey de\u011fil. Bu filozoflar b\u00f6yle der ve \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcyle belirtmem gerekir ki, bunlar \u00f6teki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yanda\u015flar\u0131na g\u00fclerek,\u00a0 onlar\u0131n hayalperest, \u015fair ve gayr\u0131 ciddi insanlar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerler.<\/p>\n
Burada sorunun tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na girmek istemiyorum \u2013 ileride buna f\u0131rsat bulaca\u011f\u0131z. Bununla birlikte, bir \u015feyi ifade etmek istiyorum. Felsefe tarihine \u2013eski Yunanl\u0131 Thales\u2019ten Merleau-Ponty\u2019ye, Jaspers\u2019e dek\u2013 bakarsak, tekrar tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz ki, filozof ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama a\u00e7\u0131klama, a\u00e7\u0131klanacak nesneyi ussal olarak \u2013anl\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131yla\u2013 a\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131lmak demektir. Felsefede anl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na en keskin bi\u00e7imde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar bile \u2013\u00f6rne\u011fin Bergson\u2013 hep \u00f6yle yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. En az\u0131ndan \u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki, filozof, ussal olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, d\u00fcnyaya ve ya\u015fama a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k \u2013bu d\u00fczen demektir, d\u00fczen de anl\u0131k demektir\u2013 getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fidir. Tarihsel olarak bak\u0131l\u0131rsa \u2013yani filozoflar\u0131n kendi yap\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00f6ylediklerine de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ekte ne yapt\u0131klar\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa\u2013 felsefe genellikle \u015fiir de\u011fil, ussal, bilimsel bir etkinlik, bir \u00f6\u011freti olmu\u015ftur. Zaman zaman \u015fiire de yetenekli filozoflar olmu\u015ftur: Platon \u00f6yledir, Aziz Augustinus \u2013ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir yazar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya izin verilirse,birka\u00e7 iyi tiyatro oyunu yazm\u0131\u015f olan Jean-Paul Sartre\u2013 \u00f6yledir. Ama Sartre\u2019da her\u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce iletmenin bir arac\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f gibidir. Onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde felsefe, bilindi\u011fi gibi, hep bir \u00f6\u011freti, bir bilim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6yleyse, soru kendini yeniden sorduruyor: Neyin bilimi? Cisim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 fizik, ya\u015fam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 biyoloji, bilinci psikoloji, toplumu sosyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bilim olarak felsefeye ne kal\u0131r? Onun alan\u0131 nedir?<\/p>\n
Bu sorulara farkl\u0131 felsefe okullar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yan\u0131tlar al\u0131r\u0131z. Ben onlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 belirtece\u011fim. \u0130lk yan\u0131t: Bilgi kuram\u0131. \u00d6teki bilimler bilgi ortaya koyar lar; felsefe bilginin kendisinin olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2013olanakl\u0131 bilginin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131\u2013 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Immanuel Kant ile izleyi\u00ac
cilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu bunu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci yan\u0131t: De\u011ferler. \u00d6teki bilimlerin hepsi, olan\u0131 inceler;buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, felsefe olmas\u0131 gerekeni ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, G\u00fcney Almanya Okulu denen okulun yanda\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Frans\u0131z filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu bu yan\u0131t\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yan\u0131t: \u0130nsan \u2013 ba\u015fka her\u015feyin ko\u015fulu ve temeli olarak insan. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn savunucular\u0131na g\u00f6re, ger\u00e7ekte her\u015fey bir bi\u00e7imde insanla ilgilidir. Bu ili\u015fki do\u011fa bilimlerinde, hatt\u00e2 tin bilimlerinde g\u00f6zden uzak tutulur. Felsefe onu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan\u0131n kendisini, bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla kendine nesne edinir. \u00c7o\u011fu varolu\u015f filozofu b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc yan\u0131t: Dil: \u201cFelsef\u00ee \u00f6nerme yoktur, yaln\u0131zca \u00f6nermelerin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 vard\u0131r\u201d der Wittgenstein. Felsefe \u00f6teki bilimlerin dillerini yap\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceler. Bu Wittgenstein\u2019\u0131n ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 pozitivistinin \u00f6\u011fretisidir.<\/p>\n
Bunlar ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden daha bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7\u0131.Her birinin kendi uslamlamas\u0131 vard\u0131r ve olduk\u00e7a inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde savunulur. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin savunucular\u0131n\u0131n hepsi \u00f6tekilerin yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 de filozof olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Ancak, bu yarg\u0131lara hangi temel kan\u0131yla var\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 pozitivistler, kendileriyle uyu\u015fmayan b\u00fct\u00fcn filozoflar\u0131 metafizik\u00e7i diye yaftalama e\u011filimindedir. Onlara g\u00f6re metafizik s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn en s\u0131k\u0131 anlam\u0131yla bo\u015ftur. Metafizik\u00e7i g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc eder, ama hi\u00e7bir\u015fey s\u00f6ylemez.Kant\u00e7\u0131lar da \u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr: onlar i\u00e7in Kant\u2019tan farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte olan herkes metafizik\u00e7idir; bu onlarda metafizik\u00e7ilerin bo\u015f konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na de\u011fil, eskimi\u015f ve felsefe d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olduklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Varolu\u015f filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6tekiler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki horg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnden s\u00f6z etmeme gerek yok. Onu herkes bilir.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi, size na\u00e7izane kendi ki\u015fisel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc belirtecek olursam, ben \u015fu ya da bu felsefe anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na duyulan bu kat\u0131 inan\u00e7lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 duyuyorum. Felsefenin bilgiyle, de\u011ferlerle, insanla ve insan\u0131n diliyle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek bana \u00e7ok usa yatk\u0131n geliyor. Peki ama niye yaln\u0131zca bunlarla u\u011fra\u015fs\u0131n? Felsefe yapman\u0131n ba\u015fka nesnesi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayan bir filozof olmu\u015f mu? Kim bunu ileri s\u00fcrerse, kendisine, Goethe\u2019deki Mephistopheles gibi, ilkin, kan\u0131tlaman\u0131n neyin nesi oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frensin diye, Collegium Logicum\u2019u \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlemem gerekir. B\u00f6yle bir\u015fey kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f falan de\u011fildir. D\u00fcnyaya \u015f\u00f6yle bir bak\u0131nca; bana \u00f6yle geliyor ki bunlar\u0131n hepsi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f sorunlar \u2013 \u00f6nemli
sorunlar, \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de belirtilen b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlara ait olmakla birlikte, \u00f6zel bir bilimce ele al\u0131nan ya da al\u0131nabilen sorunlar. Yasa sorunu bu sorunlara \u00f6rnektir. Bu bir matematik sorunu de\u011fildir; matematik\u00e7i kendine bu sorular\u0131 sormaks\u0131z\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 rahat\u00e7a dile getirir, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu sorunlar dilbilime de ait de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dil s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir, d\u00fcnyadaki ya da en az\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedeki bir\u015fey s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00d6te yandan, matematiksel yasa de\u011fer de de\u011fildir,olmas\u0131 gereken bir\u015fey de\u011fil, olan bir\u015feydir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011fer kuram\u0131na ait de\u011fildir. Felsefe \u00f6zel bir bilimle ya da sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m disiplinlerden biriyle s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131rsa, bu sorun ele al\u0131namaz, ona yer olmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00f6nemli bir sorundur.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece, felsefenin ya dil bilimleriyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesi ya da \u00f6zel bir alanla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Felsefe belirli anlamda bir evrensel bilimdir, alan\u0131 \u00f6teki disiplinlerin alan\u0131 gibi dar, belirlenmi\u015f bir\u015feyle s\u0131n\u0131rlanmaz.<\/p>\n
Bu b\u00f6yleyse, felsefe ba\u015fka bilimlerin de u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nesne lerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yor olabilir ve ger\u00e7ekten de u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Peki felsefe bu bilimlerden nerede ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131,y\u00f6ntemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu kadar, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00f6ntemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar,\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc felsefe bir s\u00fcr\u00fc bilme y\u00f6nteminden hi\u00e7birini kullanmay\u0131 yasaklamaz. \u00d6rne\u011fin filozof, fizik\u00e7i gibi, her\u015feyi duyular arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6zlenebilen g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekle, yani kendini deneysel-indirgemeci y\u00f6ntemle s\u0131n\u0131rlamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc de\u011fildir; verilmi\u015f olan\u0131 i\u00e7inden kavrama y\u00f6ntemini ve daha ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 da kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan, felsefe ba\u015fka bilimlerden bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla da ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir nesneyi ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ona her zaman ve yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, temel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakar. Bu anlamda felsefe bir temel bilimdir. \u00d6teki bilimlerin durdu\u011fu, soru sormay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi yerde, filozof soru sormaya ba\u015flar. Bilimler bilgi ortaya koyar, filozof bilinenin ne oldu\u011funu sorar; bilimler yasalar ortaya koyar, filozof yasan\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu sorusunu ortaya atar.Sokaktaki insan ile politikac\u0131 hazdan, yarardan s\u00f6z eder, filozof ise haz ile yarardan ger\u00e7ekte ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini sorar. Demek ki, felsefe, k\u00f6klere gitmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 zamanda bir k\u00f6k bilimidir; \u00f6teki bilimlerin yeterli g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri
yerde soru sormaya ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam etmek istemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6tekilerden daha derindir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel bir bilim ile felsefe aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n nerede oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek \u00e7o\u011fu kez kolay de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131zda iyice geli\u015fen, matematikte temel ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 pek\u00e2l\u00e2 felsef\u00ee bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda, matematiksel soru\u015fturmalarla da s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ili\u015fkilidir. Bununla birlikte, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu kimi alanlar vard\u0131r. Bunlardan biri, \u015fu ya da bu konuyla de\u011fil, \u015fey, varolu\u015f, nitelik vb. gibi en genel konular\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu eden disiplin olan ontolojidir. De\u011fer olarak de\u011ferin \u2013toplumun geli\u015fmesinde kendini g\u00f6steren de\u011ferin de\u011fil, kendinde de\u011ferin\u2013 incelenmesi de bu alanlardand\u0131r. Bu iki alanda felsefeyi hi\u00e7bir\u015fey s\u0131n\u0131rlamaz \u2013 onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu nesnelerle u\u011fra\u015fan ya da u\u011fra\u015fabilen hi\u00e7bir bilim yoktur. Ontoloji de \u00f6teki alanlardaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00f6nko\u015ful haline gelir ki, bununla, felsefenin ontoloji hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir\u015fey bilemeyen alanlardan fark\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin en b\u00fcy\u00fck filozoflar\u0131nca felsefe b\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Felsefe bir bilimdir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015fiir de\u011fil, m\u00fczik de\u011fil, cidd\u00ee, sa\u011flam bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r. Kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir alana kapamamas\u0131, ula\u015fabildi\u011fi her y\u00f6ntemi kullanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda evrensel bir bilimdir. S\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n, temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n bilimidir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6teki disiplinlerin varsay\u0131mlar\u0131yla yetinmeyen, k\u00f6klere gidesiye ara\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen bir k\u00f6k bilimidir.<\/p>\n
Felsefenin son derece zor bir bilim oldu\u011funu da s\u00f6ylemek gerek. Her zaman hemen her\u015feyin soru konusu edildi\u011fi, yerle\u015fik hi\u00e7bir varsay\u0131m\u0131n ve y\u00f6ntemin ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ontolojinin en karma\u015f\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n her zaman g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi yerde i\u015f kolay olamaz.Felsefedeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin biribirinden b\u00f6ylesine \u00e7ok ayr\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak bir\u015fey yok. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr olan, kesin
likle ku\u015fkucu olmayan \u2013 tersine, tarihteki en b\u00fcy\u00fck dizgecilerden biri olan Aquinolu Aziz Thomas, felsefenin temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 pek az insan\u0131n, ancak uzun zaman sonra \u00e7\u00f6zebilece\u011fini, bunun da yanl\u0131\u015flarla kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ne ki, istesin istemesin, felsefe yapmak zorundad\u0131r insan.S\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc bitirirken size bir\u015fey daha s\u00f6ylememe izin verin.Yan\u0131 s\u0131ra getirdi\u011fi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklere kar\u015f\u0131n, insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda olabilecek en g\u00fczel, en de\u011ferli \u015feylerden biridir felsefe yapmak. Ger\u00e7ek bir filozofla bir kez olsun ha\u015f\u0131r ne\u015fir olan, kendini ona kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hisseder.<\/p>\n
\u00e7eviren: Kurtulu\u015f Din\u00e7er<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Felsefe yaln\u0131zca uzman ki\u015fiyi ilgilendiren bir i\u015f de\u011fildir;\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6yle ilgi \u00e7ekici g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, felsefe yapmayan ola ki hi\u00e7bir insan yoktur. Ya da en az\u0131ndan, her insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n da filozofla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an vard\u0131r. Bu her\u015feyden \u00f6nce do\u011fa bilimcilerimiz, tarih\u00e7ilerimiz ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in do\u011frudur.Bunlar\u0131n hepsi er ge\u00e7 felsefeyle u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar. Elbette bununla insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6devi yerine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4185","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-felsefe-genel"},"yoast_head":"\n
Her insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n da filozofla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an vard\u0131r | Felsefe Nedir? - J. M. Bochenski - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/09\/22\/her-insanin-yasamin-da-filozoflastigi-bir-an-vardir-felsefe-nedir-j-m-bochenski\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Her insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n da filozofla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an vard\u0131r | Felsefe Nedir? - J. M. Bochenski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Felsefe yaln\u0131zca uzman ki\u015fiyi ilgilendiren bir i\u015f de\u011fildir;\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6yle ilgi \u00e7ekici g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, felsefe yapmayan ola ki hi\u00e7bir insan yoktur. Ya da en az\u0131ndan, her insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n da filozofla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an vard\u0131r. Bu her\u015feyden \u00f6nce do\u011fa bilimcilerimiz, tarih\u00e7ilerimiz ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in do\u011frudur.Bunlar\u0131n hepsi er ge\u00e7 felsefeyle u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar. 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