{"id":4212,"date":"2010-02-13T01:53:45","date_gmt":"2010-02-12T22:53:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/02\/13\/estetik-ustune-dersler-ludwig-wittgenstein\/"},"modified":"2010-02-13T01:53:45","modified_gmt":"2010-02-12T22:53:45","slug":"estetik-ustune-dersler-ludwig-wittgenstein","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/02\/13\/estetik-ustune-dersler-ludwig-wittgenstein\/","title":{"rendered":"Estetik \u00dcst\u00fcne Dersler | Ludwig Wittgenstein"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Konu (Estetik) olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f; g\u00f6rebildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmakta. \u201cG\u00fczel\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ge\u00e7ti\u011fi t\u00fcmcelerin dilsel bi\u00e7imine bakarsan\u0131z, yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok s\u00f6zc\u00fckten \u00e7ok daha a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u201cG\u00fczel\u201d [ile \u201ciyi\u201d \u2013R] bir s\u0131fatt\u0131r; kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bu \u015f\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme e\u011filimine girmi\u015f oldu\u011funuzu g\u00f6sterir: \u201cBunun belli bir niteli\u011fi, g\u00fczel olmak niteli\u011fi vard\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

2. Felsefenin bir konu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na, bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00f6be\u011finden bir ba\u015fka s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u00f6be\u011fine do\u011fru ilerliyoruz.<\/p>\n

3. Felsefe \u00fcst\u00fcne yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kitab\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlemenin ak\u0131ll\u0131ca bir yolu, kitab\u0131 konu\u015fma b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile s\u00f6zc\u00fck t\u00fcrlerine ay\u0131rmak olurdu. Ku\u015fkusuz b\u00f6yle bir durumda konu\u015fma b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini ola\u011fan dilbilgisinin ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok say\u0131da b\u00f6l\u00fcme ay\u0131rmak zorunda kal\u0131rd\u0131n\u0131z. Ki\u015fisel ya\u015fant\u0131y\u0131 betimleyen eylemler; \u201cg\u00f6rmek\u201d, \u201cduyumsamak\u201d, vb. fiiller \u00fcst\u00fcne saatlerce konu\u015furdunuz. \u0130\u015fte o an kendimizi b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle birlikte gelen al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k \u00f6zel bir karma\u015fayla ya da karma\u015falarla ba\u015fba\u015fa bulurduk. Elinizde say\u0131 s\u0131fatlar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne bir ba\u015fka b\u00f6l\u00fcm olurdu \u2013burada bir ba\u015fka karma\u015fan\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir bu; \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u201d, \u201cher\u201d, \u201cbirtak\u0131m\u201d, vb. \u00fcst\u00fcne bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm …al\u0131n size bir ba\u015fka karma\u015fa daha; \u201csen\u201d, \u201cben\u201d, vb. \u00fcst\u00fcne bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm …bir ba\u015fka t\u00fcr daha; \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d, \u201ciyi\u201d \u00fcst\u00fcne bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm …i\u015fte bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 daha. Her defas\u0131nda yeni bir karma\u015falar \u00f6be\u011fi i\u00e7ersine giriyoruz: dil b\u0131k\u0131p usanmadan yeni oyunlar oynar bize.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

4. Dili s\u0131k s\u0131k i\u00e7inde \u00e7eki\u00e7, keski, kibrit, \u00e7iviler, vidalar, tutkal bulunan bir alet kutusuna benzettim. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u015feylerin bir araya gelmesi bir rastlant\u0131 de\u011fildir; her ne kadar hi\u00e7bir \u015fey tutkal ile keskinin birbirinden ayr\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar ayr\u0131 olamazsa da \u2013ayr\u0131 aletler aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131l\u0131klar bulunsa da\u2013 bunlar benzer bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Yeni bir alana girdi\u011fimizde, dilin bize oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni oyunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k ya\u015famam\u0131z s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

5. Bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken her zaman yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey, o s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bize nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu sormakt\u0131r. Bunu yapmak bir yandan \u00e7e\u015fitli yanl\u0131\u015f kavray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erken, \u00f6b\u00fcr yandan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile ili\u015fkin kabataslak bir dil tasar\u0131m\u0131 verir. Bu dil her ne kadar yirmi ya\u015f\u0131ndayken konu\u015ftu\u011funuz dil de\u011filse de, ne t\u00fcr bir dil oyunu oynanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 be\u015f yukar\u0131 kestirirsiniz. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n: \u201c\u015eunu \u015funu d\u00fc\u015flemi\u015f oldu\u011fumu\u201d nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frendik? Buradaki ilgin\u00e7 nokta, bunu, bize bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olmas\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenmemi\u015f olmam\u0131zd\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d, \u201cho\u015f\u201d, vb. s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini sorarsan\u0131z kendinize, bunlar\u0131 ilkin \u00fcnlemler (nidalar, hayk\u0131r\u0131lar \u2013hayret ya da sevin\u00e7 belirtmek \u00fczere aniden s\u00f6yleniveren bir s\u00f6z ya da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir ses) olarak \u00fcst\u00fcnk\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. (\u201cG\u00fczel\u201d, s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan olsa gerek, \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015fmak i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla acayip bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fcr.) \u00c7ocuk, \u201ciyi\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc genellikle \u00f6nce yemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r. Burada \u00f6\u011frenme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olan nokta, abart\u0131l\u0131 y\u00fcz ifadeleri ile mimiklerdir. S\u00f6zc\u00fck bir y\u00fcz ifadesinin ya da mimi\u011fin yerine ge\u00e7en kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak \u00f6\u011frenilir. S\u00f6zgelimi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan mimikler, ses tonlar\u0131, bu anlamda hep onama anlat\u0131mlar\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc onama \u00fcnlemi k\u0131lan nedir? Ku\u015fkusuz bunu sa\u011flayan, s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin bi\u00e7imi de\u011fil, o s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin i\u00e7inde belirdi\u011fi oyundur. (Moore da dahil olmak \u00fczere i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n felsefecilerince yap\u0131lan temel yanl\u0131\u015f nedir diye sormu\u015f olsayd\u0131m, dile bakarken yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin bi\u00e7imine bak\u0131lmas\u0131 ama s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin bi\u00e7imini olu\u015fturan kullan\u0131ma bak\u0131lmamas\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerdim.) Dil \u2013konu\u015fmak, yazmak, otob\u00fcste yolculuk etmek, birisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak gibi \u2013 geni\u015f bir etkinlikler k\u00fcmesinin \u0131ralay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini olu\u015fturan par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Burada biz genelde \u00f6zne ile y\u00fcklem aras\u0131nda (\u201cBu g\u00fczeldir\u201d) konumlanan \u201ciyi\u201d ya da \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131yoruz, ki b\u00f6yle yapmak b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u0131ralay\u0131c\u0131 olmaz-d\u0131, bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin s\u00f6ylendikleri durumlara \u2013i\u00e7inde estetik anlat\u0131m\u0131n kendisine bir yer buldu\u011fu, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k anlat\u0131m\u0131n kendisinin \u00e2deta g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir bir konumda bulundu\u011fu son derece karma\u015f\u0131k duruma\u2013 yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

6. Dilini hi\u00e7 mi hi\u00e7 bilmedi\u011finiz yabanc\u0131 bir oyma\u011fa gidip \u201ciyi\u201d, \u201cho\u015f\u201d, vb. s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere onlar\u0131n dilinde hangi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fini bilmek isteseydiniz, arayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ilk ne olurdu? \u00d6ncelikle g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyi\u015fleri, mimikleri, yemekleri, oyun nesnelerini bir ucundan yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131n\u0131z. ([Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fa yan\u0131t:] Mars\u2019a gitmi\u015f olsayd\u0131n, insanlar ba\u015flar\u0131nda antenli k\u00fcrelerle kar\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131 neyi arayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 herhalde bilemezdin. Peki ya a\u011f\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kan seslerin yaln\u0131zca soluk ve m\u00fczik sesi oldu\u011fu, dilin ise kulakla konu\u015fuldu\u011fu bir oyma\u011fa gitti\u011finde neyi arard\u0131n. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n: \u201cA\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n e\u011filerek birbirleriyle konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn zaman ne yapard\u0131n.\u201d (\u201cHer \u015feyin bir tini vard\u0131r.\u201d) A\u011fac\u0131n dallar\u0131n\u0131 insan\u0131n kollar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u015fe yarayabilir. Belli ki oymaktaki insanlar\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc mimiklerini kendi benzetmelerimizi temel alarak yorumlamak zorunday\u0131z.) Kim bilir bu bizi bildi\u011fimiz estetikten [ve etikten \u2013T] ne denli uzaklara savurur. Demek ki belli s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerden de\u011fil, ancak belli olaylardan, belli etkinliklerden ba\u015flayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

7. Dilimizin \u00f6z\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u0131ralay\u0131c\u0131 bir nokta, bu gibi ko\u015fullarda kullan\u0131lan \u201cho\u015f\u201d, \u201csevimli\u201d, vb. \u00e7ok say\u0131da s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u0131fat olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu \u00fczere bunun zorunlu olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir neden yoktur. Biraz \u00f6nce g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, bunlar ba\u015fta \u00fcnlem olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131lar. \u201cBu sevimli\u201d demek yerine yaln\u0131zca \u201cOoo!\u201d deyip g\u00fcl\u00fcmseseydim ya da yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6be\u011fimi s\u0131vazlasayd\u0131m acaba de\u011fi\u015fen bir \u015fey olur muydu? Bu yal\u0131nkat (\u201cilkel\u201d) diller dola\u015f\u0131mda oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin ne hakk\u0131nda olduklar\u0131na, ger\u00e7ek \u00f6znelerinin [\u201cg\u00fczel\u201d ya da \u201ciyi\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan\u0131n \u2013R.] ne oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin soru(n)lar kesinlikle g\u00fcndeme gelmez.<\/p>\n

8. Ger\u00e7ek ya\u015famda, estetik yarg\u0131lar bildirildi\u011finde \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d, \u201cho\u015f\u201d, vb. estetik s\u0131fatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yle \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamamalar\u0131 dikkate de\u011ferdir. Estetik s\u0131fatlar\u0131 m\u00fczik ele\u015ftirisinde kullan\u0131labilirler mi? \u201c\u015eu ge\u00e7i\u015fe bak\u201d ya da [Rhees] \u201cBurada ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00fczg\u00fcn de\u011fil\u201d dersiniz. Ya da bir \u015fiir ele\u015ftirisinde, [Taylor]: \u201c\u0130mgeleri kullan\u0131\u015f\u0131 kusursuz\u201d dersiniz. Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00f6zc\u00fckler \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d ve \u201csevimli\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden \u00e7ok, \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d ya da \u201cuygun\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerine (g\u00fcndelik konu\u015fmada kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 bi\u00e7imleriyle) daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

9. \u201cSevimli\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden s\u00f6zc\u00fckler ba\u015fta \u00fcnlem olarak, daha sonraysa tek t\u00fck durumlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bir m\u00fczik par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n sevimli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz, bu onu \u00f6vmek de\u011fil ona bir \u00f6zellik y\u00fcklemektir. (Kendilerini do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst dile getiremeyen pek \u00e7ok insan do\u011fal olarak bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullan\u0131\u015flar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir \u00fcnlem olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.) \u015eunu sorabilirim o zaman: \u201cEn \u00e7ok hangi ezgi i\u00e7in \u2018sevimli\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmay\u0131 isterdim?\u201d Bir ezgiye \u201csevimli\u201d demek ile \u201ctam gen\u00e7lere g\u00f6re\u201d demek aras\u0131nda bir se\u00e7im yapabilirim. Bir m\u00fczik par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 \u201c\u0130lkbahar Melodisi\u201d ya da \u201c\u0130lkbahar Senfo-nisi\u201d diye adland\u0131rmak ahmakl\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Gelgelelim \u201cbahara yara\u015f\u0131r\u201d ya da \u201cbahara \u00f6zg\u00fc\u201d demek de \u201cal\u0131ml\u0131\u201d ya da \u201cg\u00f6steri\u015fli\u201d demekten hi\u00e7 de daha az sa\u00e7ma olmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

10. Karakalem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan iyi bir ressam olsayd\u0131m, d\u00f6rt kalem darbesiyle say\u0131s\u0131z anlat\u0131m kurabilirdim.

\u201cAl\u0131ml\u0131\u201d ya da \u201cg\u00f6steri\u015fli\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden s\u00f6zc\u00fckler y\u00fcz ile anlat\u0131labilir. Bunu yaparken, betimlemelerimiz s\u0131fatlarla anlat\u0131lanlardan \u00e7ok daha esnek, say\u0131ca da \u00e7ok daha \u00e7e\u015fitli ola-caklard\u0131r. Schubert\u2019in bir par\u00e7as\u0131na melankolik (karaduygulu) dersem, bu ona bir y\u00fcz y\u00fcklemeye benzer (amac\u0131m burada oturup onay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ya da onamay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 anlatmak de\u011fil). Bunu yapmak yerine mimikleri ya da [Rhees] dans\u0131 da kullanabilirdim. Ger\u00e7ekten de ne zaman kendimizi eksiksiz dile getirmek istesek, ister istemez bir mimi\u011fi ya da bir y\u00fcz ifadesini kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

11. [Rhees: \u201cDo\u011fru yol bu\u201d derken hangi kural\u0131 kullan\u0131ma sokuyor ya da hangi kurala ba\u015fvuruyoruz? Bir m\u00fczik \u00f6\u011fretmeni bir par\u00e7an\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyip \u00f6yle de \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6\u011fretmenin burada uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedir?]<\/p>\n

12. S\u00f6zgelimi \u015fu soruyu al\u0131n: \u201c\u015eiir nas\u0131l okunmal\u0131d\u0131r?\u201d \u201cBir \u015fiiri okuman\u0131n uygun yolu nedir?\u201d Uyaks\u0131z bir \u015fiir okuyorsan\u0131z, bu \u015fiiri okuman\u0131n do\u011fru yolu onu yerinde vurgular yaparak okumakt\u0131r \u2013ku\u015fkusuz bir yandan \u015fiirin ritmine nas\u0131l bir vurguda bulunman\u0131z gerekti\u011fini tartarken, bir yandan da o ritmi ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gizlemeniz gerekti\u011fini tartars\u0131n\u0131z. Birisi \u00e7\u0131kar da onun \u015fu bi\u00e7imde okunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyip size o bi\u00e7imde de okursa, ona \u201cAa evet. \u015eimdi anlaml\u0131 buluyorum\u201d dersiniz. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k, a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu kadar da berrak oldu\u011fundan bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilerek okunmas\u0131 gereken \u015fiirler vard\u0131r. Yine \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ardalanda kalan kimi ba\u015fka \u015fiirler de vard\u0131r. S\u00f6zgelimi 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ozan\u0131 Klopstock ile bir deneyimim olmu\u015ftu. G\u00f6rd\u00fcm ki, onu okuman\u0131n yolu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne ola\u011fan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir vurguda bulunmaktan ge\u00e7iyordu. Klopstock, \u015fiirlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ?–? (vb.) simgeler koymu\u015ftu. \u015eiirlerini bu yeni yolla okudu\u011fumda kendime: \u201cH\u0131\u0131mm \u015fimdi bunu niye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yorum\u201d demi\u015ftim. Ne olmu\u015ftu? Bu t\u00fcr bir z\u0131mb\u0131rt\u0131y\u0131 okurken \u00f6nceleri az \u00e7ok can\u0131m s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama o \u00f6zel yolla okudu\u011fumda keskin bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyip kendime: \u201cBu m\u00fcthi\u015f\u201d falan demi\u015ftim. Asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey s\u00f6yleyememi\u015ftim ki… Alt\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m, \u015fiiri yeniden yeniden okumu\u015f olmamd\u0131. Bu \u015fiirleri okurken onama mimikleri diye adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek birtak\u0131m mimikler yapm\u0131\u015f, birtak\u0131m y\u00fcz ifadeleri tak\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ancak \u00f6nemli olan \u015fiirleri b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bamba\u015fka, \u00e7ok ama \u00e7ok daha yo\u011fun bir g\u00f6zle okuyup \u00e7evremdekilere de \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015f olmamd\u0131: \u201cBak\u0131n! Al\u0131n size nas\u0131l okunmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi.\u201d Sorar\u0131m size estetik s\u0131fatlar\u0131 \u00f6yle \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131lar m\u0131 burada?<\/p>\n

13. Tak\u0131m elbisenin iyisinden anlayan bir ki\u015fi terzide tak\u0131m elbiseyi giyip denerken ne der? \u201cDo\u011fru uzunluk bu\u201d, \u201cBu \u00e7ok k\u0131sa\u201d, \u201cBu \u00e7ok dar\u201d… Terzideki ki\u015fi ceket kendine yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda zevkten d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fe olsa da do\u011frusu burada onama s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri hi\u00e7bir rol oynamazlar. \u201cBu \u00e7ok k\u0131sa\u201d demek yerine \u201cBak!\u201d, \u201cTamam\u201d yerine de \u201cOldu\u011fu gibi kals\u0131n\u201d diyebilirim. \u0130\u015fini bilen iyi bir terzi bu t\u00fcrden hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullanmay\u0131p yaln\u0131zca gerekli yeri i\u015faretler, sonra da gereken de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapar. Bir tak\u0131m elbiseye ili\u015fkin onay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 nas\u0131l g\u00f6steririm? Ku\u015fkusuz onu s\u0131k s\u0131k giyerek, \u00fcst\u00fcmdeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn tad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kararak, vb.<\/p>\n

14. (Size bir resimde bulunan bir cisim \u00fczerindeki \u0131\u015f\u0131k ile g\u00f6lgeyi verirsem, b\u00f6ylelikle size o cismin bi\u00e7imini de vermi\u015f olurum. Ama size resimdeki \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc verirsem, cismin bi\u00e7iminin ne oldu\u011funu bilemezsiniz.)<\/p>\n

15. \u201cUygun\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7ti\u011finiz \u00e7e\u015fitli durumlar vard\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015fta kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme durumu gelir. Terzi bir ceketin ne uzunlukta olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ceket kolunun ne geni\u015flikte olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, vb.\u2019ni \u00f6\u011frenir. Kurallar\u0131 al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yaparak \u00f6\u011frenir, t\u0131pk\u0131 m\u00fczikte uyumu ve kar\u015f\u0131s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yaparak \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finiz gibi. Diyelim ki terzilik okuluna gidip ilkin b\u00fct\u00fcn kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendim ve iyiden iyiye iki t\u00fcr tutum edindim. Lewy \u201cBu \u00e7ok k\u0131sa\u201d diyor. Ben de \u201cHay\u0131r. Do\u011fru. Kurallara uygun\u201d diyorum. Kurallar i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir duygu geli\u015ftiriyorum. Kurallar\u0131 yorumluyorum. Diyorum ki: \u201cHay\u0131r. Do\u011fru de\u011fil. Kurallara uygun de\u011fil.\u201d Burada belli ki kurallara uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakarak o \u015feye ili\u015fkin estetik bir yarg\u0131da bulunuyorumdur. \u00d6te yandan, kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmemi\u015f olsayd\u0131m, estetik yarg\u0131da da bulunamayacakt\u0131m. Kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendik\u00e7e daha incelikli yarg\u0131larda bulunmay\u0131 da \u00f6\u011frenirsiniz. Kurallar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek ger\u00e7ekten de yarg\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir. (Uyumun ne menem bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmemi\u015f de olsan\u0131z, iyi bir kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131z olmasa da, akortlar\u0131n d\u00fczeninde olu\u015fabilecek herhangi bir uyumsuzlu\u011fu yine de sezebilirsiniz.)<\/p>\n

16. Ceket \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde alttan alta verili bulunan kurallar\u0131, belli insanlar\u0131n isteklerinin anlat\u0131m\u0131 olarak g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurabilirsiniz. \u0130nsanlar ceket \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerinin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda ayr\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterirler: kimileri geni\u015f ya da dar olmas\u0131na ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmezken kimileriyse ince eleyip s\u0131k dokurlar. Diyebilirsiniz ki uyumun kurallar\u0131, insanlar\u0131n izlemek istedikleri akortlar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, yani bu kurallarda billurla\u015fan dileklerini (\u201cdilekler\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc burada bir hayli belirsizdir) dile getirmekteydi. B\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck besteciler bu kurallara uyarak yazd\u0131lar ([Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fa yan\u0131t:] Hemen her bestecinin bu kurallar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebilirsiniz, ancak de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fc; b\u00fct\u00fcn kurallar ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemi\u015fti. M\u00fczik h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00fczel idiyse bu eski kurallar\u0131n say\u0131ca \u00e7ok olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r \u2013bu konuyu buraya getirmek \u00e7ok da gerekli de\u011fil).
17. Sanat deyince yarg\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f bir ki\u015fi s\u00f6z konusudur. (Yarg\u0131s\u0131 olan ki\u015fi, belli \u015feylere \u201cM\u00fcthi\u015f!\u201d diyen ki\u015fi demek de\u011fildir.) Estetik yarg\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015fuyorsak, binlerce \u015fey aras\u0131nda Sanat diye bir \u015fey \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015ftu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bir \u015fey \u00fcst\u00fcne estetik bir yarg\u0131da bulundu\u011fumuzda, yaln\u0131zca a\u011fz\u0131m\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131p \u201cOoo! Ne m\u00fcthi\u015f!\u201d demez, \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015ftu\u011fu \u015feyi bilen ki\u015fiyi \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015ftu\u011fu \u015feyi bilmeyen ki\u015fiden ay\u0131rt ederiz. \u0130ngiliz \u015fiirini be\u011fenmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce \u0130ngilizce bilmek gerekir. S\u00f6zgelimi \u0130ngilizce bilmeyen bir Rus\u2019un g\u00fczel diye kabul edilen bir soneden \u00e7ok etkilendi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m. B\u00f6ylesi bir durumda o ki\u015finin sonede ne d\u00f6n\u00fcp bitti\u011fini hi\u00e7 mi hi\u00e7 bilmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yleriz. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc bilmeyen buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u015fiirden \u00e7ok etkilenen ki\u015fi i\u00e7in de s\u00f6z konusu \u015fiirin i\u00e7inde ne d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yleriz. M\u00fczikte bu s\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zgelimi, iyi olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f \u015feyi be\u011fenip seven, ama en yal\u0131n na\u011fmeleri dahi an\u0131msayamayan ya da y\u00fckselen al\u00e7ak perdeden sesin m\u00fczi\u011fe ne zaman girdi\u011fini kestiremeyen bir ki\u015fiyi varsayal\u0131m. M\u00fczi\u011fin i\u00e7inde ne olup bitti\u011fini bilmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yleriz bu ki\u015fi i\u00e7in. \u201cBu adam\u0131n m\u00fczik kula\u011f\u0131 var\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc, bir m\u00fczik par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cEnfes!\u201d demekle yetinen bir adam i\u00e7in kullanmay\u0131z, nas\u0131l ki m\u00fczik \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kuyru\u011funu bir o yana bir bu yana sallayan k\u00f6pe\u011fe m\u00fczik kula\u011f\u0131 var diyemiyorsak.<\/p>\n

18. \u015eu an \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015fmam\u0131z gereken s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201cde\u011feri bilinmi\u015f\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. De\u011ferini bilmek, i\u00e7inde ne bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r?<\/p>\n

19. Bir adam terziye gidip y\u0131\u011f\u0131nla elbiselik kuma\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irip \u015f\u00f6yle derse: \u201cHay\u0131r. Bu biraz koyuca. Bu fazla alacal\u0131 bulacal\u0131\u201d vb., o ki\u015fi i\u00e7in kuma\u015ftan anl\u0131yor, kuma\u015f\u0131n de\u011ferini biliyor deriz. Onun bir \u201cde\u011ferbilir\u201d olmas\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnlemler ile g\u00f6sterilemez, g\u00f6sterilse g\u00f6sterilse ye\u011fledi\u011fi se\u00e7me, eleme, vb. yordam\u0131yla g\u00f6sterilebilir. Benzer bi\u00e7imde m\u00fczikte: \u201cBu par\u00e7a uyum i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131yor mu? Hay\u0131r. Al\u00e7ak perdeden ses yeterince y\u00fcksek de\u011fil. Burada arad\u0131\u011f\u0131m ba\u015fka bir \u015fey…\u201d De\u011fer bilme dedi\u011fimiz i\u015fte tam da budur.<\/p>\n

20. De\u011fer bilmenin neye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 betimlemek yaln\u0131zca g\u00fc\u00e7 olmakla kalmay\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r da. De\u011fer bilmenin neye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 betimlemek i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00e7evreyi betimlemek durumunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

21. Elbiselere ili\u015fkin pek \u00e7ok \u015fey bilen biri terziye gitti\u011finde neler olup bitti\u011fini tam anlam\u0131yla biliyorum, ayr\u0131ca elbiselere ili\u015fkin hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilmeyen biri gitti\u011finde neler olup bitti\u011fini de biliyorum \u2013ne dedi\u011fini, nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, vb. Burada say\u0131s\u0131z farkl\u0131 de\u011fer bili\u015f durumu s\u00f6z konusudur. Ku\u015fkusuz benim bildi\u011fim, ba\u015fka birinin bilebilecekleri yan\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015feydir. De\u011fer bilmenin ne oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in s\u00f6zgelimi el sanatlar\u0131 gibi koskocaman bir si\u011fili, b\u00f6ylesi \u00f6zel bir sayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunday\u0131m. Ayn\u0131 zamanda foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bug\u00fcnlerde ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunday\u0131m. T\u0131pk\u0131 arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n adam gibi bir resmini \u00e7ekmenin ya da onu tam anlam\u0131yla anlaman\u0131n, bu i\u015f i\u00e7in 1.000 sterlin \u00f6deseniz dahi, ni\u00e7in olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamak zorunda olmam gibi.<\/p>\n

22. \u00c7ekilen foto\u011fraflar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, s\u00f6zgelimi ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l ile ondan bir \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Alman m\u00fczi\u011fi gibi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek diyebilece\u011finiz bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olan biteni anlayabilirsiniz. \u00d6yk\u00fcnmeler elde ederken ya da binlerce insan en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131larla ilgilenirken mima-ride olan biteni de anlayabilirsiniz. Yine bir yemek odas\u0131 masas\u0131 az \u00e7ok geli\u015fig\u00fczel se\u00e7ilirken olan biteni ya da kimsenin masan\u0131n nereden geldi\u011fini bilmedi\u011fi durumda olan biteni de kavrayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

23. Uygunluk \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015ftuk. \u0130\u015fini bilen iyi bir terzi \u201cFazla uzun\u201d, \u201cOlmu\u015f\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden s\u00f6zc\u00fckler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck kullanmayacakt\u0131r. Bir Beethoven Senfonisi \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015furken, uygunluktan s\u00f6zetmeyiz. B\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ba\u015fka \u015feyler girer i\u015fin i\u00e7ine. Hi\u00e7 kimse sanattaki g\u00f6rkemli \u015feylerin de\u011ferinin bilinmesi \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015fmayacakt\u0131r. Mimarideki belli bi\u00e7emlere belli t\u00fcrden bir kap\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n daha uygun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde, i\u015fte bu o \u015feyin de\u011ferini bildi\u011finizi g\u00f6sterir. Gelgelelim gotik bir katedral s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ondaki uygunlu\u011fu g\u00f6rmek de\u011fildir \u2013katedral bizim \u00fczerimizde bamba\u015fka bir rol oynar. Burada oynanan b\u00fct\u00fcn oyun ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Bu en az, bir insana ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131da bulunurken \u201cO iyi davran\u0131r\u201d demekle \u201cBende olumlu bir izlenim b\u0131rakt\u0131\u201d demek kadar ba\u015fkad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

24. \u201cUygunca\u201d, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcleyici\u201d, \u201cg\u00fczelce\u201d, vb. b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015fka bir rol oynarlar. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n: Ba\u015fd\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc insan Buffon\u2019 un yaz\u0131daki bi\u00e7em \u00fcst\u00fcne o \u00fcnl\u00fc konu\u015fmas\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc benim ancak belli belirsiz anlayabildi\u011fim ama onun hi\u00e7 de belirsizlik i\u00e7inde s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok ayr\u0131mdan \u2013\u201cg\u00f6zal\u0131c\u0131\u201d, \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcleyici\u201d, \u201c\u00e7ekici\u201d gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lardan\u2013 almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

25. Estetik yarg\u0131 anlat\u0131mlar\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz s\u00f6zc\u00fckler, bir d\u00f6nemin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey \u00fczerinde karma\u015f\u0131k ama \u00e7ok belirgin bir rol oynarlar. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin nas\u0131l kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel be\u011feniyle neyi anlatmak istedi\u011finizi betimlemek i\u00e7in, o k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc betimlemeniz gerekir. Bug\u00fcn bizim burada k\u00fclt\u00fcrel be\u011feni dedi\u011fimiz belki de Orta\u00e7a\u011fda yoktu. Ba\u015fka ba\u015fka \u00e7a\u011flarda ba\u015fka ba\u015fka oyunlar oynan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

26. Bir dil oyununda i\u00e7erilen b\u00fct\u00fcn bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr. M\u00fczik be\u011fenisini betimlerken \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n konser verip vermedi\u011fini, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konser verip vermedi\u011fini, yoksa yaln\u0131zca erkeklerin mi konser verdi\u011fini ve buna benzer daha pek \u00e7ok \u015feyi betimlemek zorundas\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r. Viyana\u2019daki soylu \u00e7evrelerde in-sanlar\u0131n [\u015f\u00f6yle \u015f\u00f6yle] bir be\u011fenisi vard\u0131, sonra bu be\u011feni kentsoylu \u00e7evrelere ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131, kad\u0131nlar da korolara kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar, vb. Bu m\u00fczikteki gelene\u011fe bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

27. [Rhees: Zenci Sanat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir gelene\u011fi var m\u0131d\u0131r? Bir Avrupal\u0131, Zenci Sanat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n de\u011ferini bilebilir mi?]<\/p>\n

28. Zenci Sanat\u0131\u2019ndaki gelenek nas\u0131l bir \u015feydir? Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00f6resel k\u0131yafetler giymeleri mi? Ya da buna benzer bir \u015fey mi? Bilmiyorum. Frank Dobson\u2019\u0131n Zenci Sanat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n de\u011ferini bilmesi ile e\u011fitimli bir zencinin de\u011fer bilmesinin nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorum. Dobson\u2019\u0131n Zenci Sanat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n de\u011ferini bildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyecek olsan\u0131z bile, yine de ben bunun ne anlama geldi\u011fini bilemem. Odas\u0131n\u0131 Zenci Sanat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle doldurmu\u015f olabilir. Acaba yaln\u0131zca \u015funu s\u00f6ylemekle mi yetinir: \u201cAhaa!\u201d? Yoksa en iyi zenci m\u00fczisyenlerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 yapar? Zencilerin yap\u0131tlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u015fu ya da bu noktalarda onlarla uyla\u015f\u0131r m\u0131 yoksa uyla\u015fmaz m\u0131? \u0130\u015fte buna de\u011fer bilme diyebilirsiniz. E\u011fitimli zencininkinden b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015fkad\u0131r bu. E\u011fitimli bir zencinin de odas\u0131nda Zenci Sanat\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olsa da, zenci ile Frank Dobson\u2019\u0131n de\u011fer bilmeleri b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Bunlarla ba\u015fka ba\u015fka \u015feyler yapars\u0131n\u0131z. Diyelim ki zenciler kendi giyinme yordamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re giyinirler, burada g\u00fczel bir zenci ceketinin de\u011ferini bil-di\u011fimi s\u00f6ylerim \u2013bu benim de bir tane dikili zenci ceketim oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir mi, yoksa (terzideykenki gibi) \u201cHay\u0131r… bu gere\u011finden uzun olmu\u015f\u201d mu derdim, yoksa yaln\u0131zca \u015fu dedi\u011fim anlama m\u0131 gelirdi: \u201cNe kadar da b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici!\u201d?<\/p>\n

29. Diyelim ki Lewy\u2019de resimde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel be\u011feni denilen \u015fey var. On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel be\u011feni denilen \u015feyden b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015fka bir \u015feydir bu. Bamba\u015fka bir oyun oynanmaktad\u0131r burada. Lewy, bu be\u011feni denen \u015feyle on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan adam\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

30. Hali vakti yerinde, iyi okullara giden, diledi\u011fi zaman yolculuk edebilen, Louvre\u2019u g\u00f6rebilen, d\u00fczinelerce ressama ili\u015fkin pek \u00e7ok \u015fey bilip onlar hakk\u0131nda saatlerce konu\u015fabilen pek \u00e7ok insan var. Bir de ya\u015fam\u0131nda ancak birka\u00e7 resim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00fczerinde derin etkiler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f bu bir ya da birka\u00e7 resmi uzun uzun seyretmi\u015f bir ba\u015fka insan tipi var. Ba\u015fka bir insan tipiyse bu konuda alabildi\u011fine geni\u015f ama ne derin ne de engin. Daha ba\u015fka bir insan tipiyse ayn\u0131 konuda son derece s\u0131\u011f, belli bir \u015feye yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131p ko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015f. Acaba bunlar ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011fer bilme t\u00fcrleri midir? Belki de hepsine birden topluca \u201cde\u011fer bilme\u201d denebilir.<\/p>\n

31. II. Edward\u2019\u0131n ta\u00e7 giyme t\u00f6reninde giydi\u011fi \u00f6zel kaftan ile g\u00fcndelik bir elbise \u00fcst\u00fcne b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ba\u015fka ba\u015fka terimler yoluyla konu\u015fursunuz. O d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fayanlar ta\u00e7 giyme t\u00f6reninde giyilen \u00f6zel kaftana ili\u015fkin ne yaparlar, ne s\u00f6ylerlerdi? Acaba ta\u00e7 giyme t\u00f6reninde giyilen \u00f6zel kaftan bir terzi eliyle mi dikilmi\u015ftir? Kim bilir belki de II. Edward\u2019\u0131n giyene dek hi\u00e7 g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi bu kaftan, kendi gelenekleri bulunan \u0130talyan sanat\u00e7\u0131larca tasar\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cHangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131?\u201d gibi sorular\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u201cBu \u00f6zel kaftan\u0131 onlar\u0131n ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi ele\u015ftirebilir misiniz?\u201d sorusuyla do\u011frudan ilintilidir. B\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015fka bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferini bilirsiniz kaftan\u0131n; kaftana ili\u015fkin tutumunuz kaftan\u0131n tasar\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ki\u015fininkinden b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ba\u015fkad\u0131r. Yine de, her nas\u0131l oluyorsa o d\u00f6-nemde ya\u015fayan bir adam\u0131n s\u00f6ylemi\u015f olabilece\u011fi \u201cBu, ta\u00e7 giyme t\u00f6reni i\u00e7in ho\u015f bir kaftan!\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde bug\u00fcn ya\u015fayan bir adam taraf\u0131ndan da s\u00f6ylenebilecektir.<\/p>\n

32. Dikkatinizi ayr\u0131mlara y\u00f6neltip \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum: \u201cAyr\u0131mlar\u0131n ne denli ayr\u0131 olduklar\u0131na bak!\u201d, \u201cAyr\u0131 durumlarda ortak olan\u0131n ne oldu\u011funa bak\u201d, \u201cEstetik yarg\u0131larda ortak olana bak\u201d. Geriye kala kala dayan\u0131lmaz bir \u00e7ekicili\u011fe konu, u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z bir karma\u015falar ailesi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u2013be\u011fenmenin ifade edilmesi, bir g\u00fcl\u00fcmseme ya da bir mimik s\u00f6zgelimi.<\/p>\n

33. [Rhees, Wittgenstein\u2019a kendi de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme \u201ckuram\u0131\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda birtak\u0131m sorular sordu.] Bir kuram\u0131m oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor musun? Ger\u00e7ekten de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fmenin ne oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor musun? B\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan birbirinden ayr\u0131 \u015feyleri betimlemek. De\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fmeyi onaylayabilirim \u2013\u201cO ho\u015f m\u00fczik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fczde her \u015fey ne kadar da yerli yerinde; bug\u00fcnlerde uyum denilen \u015feyi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenmedi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fck\u00e7e mutlu oluyorum.\u201d [Rhees: S\u00f6yledi\u011finiz alt\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fc \u201cde\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme\u201dyi \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde kullanmay\u0131 ye\u011flemek demeye gelmiyor mu?] Tamam, peki… istedi\u011fin gibi olsun, ama akl\u0131ma gelmi\u015fken bu …hay\u0131r, bunun bir \u00f6nemi yok. De\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme \u00f6rne\u011fim bildi\u011fim, belki de kendisinden pek ho\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir \u015feyin \u00f6rne\u011fi …bilmiyorum. Galiba \u201cde\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme\u201d kendisine ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilebildi\u011fim bir \u015fey i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

34. Giysilerimiz bir bak\u0131ma 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki giysilerden daha sade; bisiklete binmek, y\u00fcr\u00fcmek, vb. kimi zorlu etkinliklere \u00e7ok daha uygun giysiler. Bir an, ayn\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimin ay\u0131rd\u0131na mimaride, berberlikte, vb.\u2019nde vard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Bir an ya\u015fam bi\u00e7eminin de\u011ferinin d\u00fc\u015fmesine ili\u015fkin konu\u015ftu\u011fumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Birisi \u00e7\u0131kar da \u201cDe\u011ferinin d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ne demek istiyorsun?\u201d diye sorarsa, bunu betimler, \u00f6rnekler veririm. \u201cDe\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme\u201dyi, bir yandan \u00f6zel bir geli\u015fme t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc betimlemek, \u00f6b\u00fcr yandan bunu onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Ben sevdi\u011fim \u015feylere, sizse sevmedi\u011finiz \u015feylere ba\u011flayabilirsiniz \u201cde\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme\u201dyi. Ne var ki bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck elde herhangi etkili bir \u00f6\u011fe olmadan da kullan\u0131labilir; s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmu\u015f belli bir \u015feyi betimlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Bu daha \u00e7ok, zorunlu olmasa da i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcc\u00fc bir \u00f6\u011fe olmas\u0131 pek\u00e2l\u00e2 olanakl\u0131 olan teknik bir terimi kullanmaya benzer. Ben de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fme \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015furken siz kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak: \u201cAma bu zaten \u00e7ok iyiydi\u201d diyebilirsiniz. Ben de size derim ki: \u201cPeki, tamam ama ben bundan (iyi olmaktan) s\u00f6z etmiyorum. De\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fmeyi sadece belli bir geli\u015fmeyi (olu\u015fu) betimlemek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

35. Estetik s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini betimlemeniz gerekir. \u201cBu g\u00fczel\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden estetik yarg\u0131lar \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015fmak zorunda oldu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcz; ama ne zaman ki estetik yarg\u0131lar \u00fcst\u00fcne konu\u015fmak durumunda kalsak kesinlikle bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz, bunun yerine karma\u015f\u0131k bir etkinli\u011fe e\u015flik eden, bir mimik gibi kullan\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck buluruz.<\/p>\n

36. [Lewy: Evsahibem bir resmin ho\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerse, ben de buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k resmin berbat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylersem, birbirimizle \u00e7eli\u015fmi\u015f olmay\u0131z.]Bir anlamda [ve belli \u00f6rneklerde \u2013R] birbirinizle \u00e7eli\u015firsiniz. Evsahibesi resmin tozunu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zenle al\u0131r, resmi s\u0131k s\u0131k seyrederken, siz resmi ate\u015fe atmak istersiniz. Olsa olsa felsefede verilebilecek en ahmak\u00e7a \u00f6rneklerden biri olurdu bu; sanki \u201cBu \u00e7ok berbat\u201d, \u201cBu \u00e7ok ho\u015f\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u015feyler \u015fimdiye dek verilmi\u015f biricik yarg\u0131larm\u0131\u015f gibi. Bu durum, ba\u015fka ba\u015fka \u015feylerin bulundu\u011fu koskoca bir alandan yaln\u0131zca tek bir \u00f6rnektir \u2013\u00f6zel bir durum. Diyelim ki evsahibesi \u201cBu \u00e7ok berbat\u201d derken, siz de \u201cBu \u00e7ok ho\u015f\u201d diyorsunuz \u2013topu topu i\u015fte olan biten bu, neyse o.<\/p>\n

\u00e7eviren: Abd\u00fclbaki G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Konu (Estetik) olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f; g\u00f6rebildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmakta. \u201cG\u00fczel\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ge\u00e7ti\u011fi t\u00fcmcelerin dilsel bi\u00e7imine bakarsan\u0131z, yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok s\u00f6zc\u00fckten \u00e7ok daha a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u201cG\u00fczel\u201d [ile \u201ciyi\u201d \u2013R] bir s\u0131fatt\u0131r; kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bu \u015f\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme e\u011filimine girmi\u015f oldu\u011funuzu g\u00f6sterir: \u201cBunun belli bir niteli\u011fi, g\u00fczel olmak niteli\u011fi vard\u0131r.\u201d 2. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-estetik"],"yoast_head":"\nEstetik \u00dcst\u00fcne Dersler | Ludwig Wittgenstein - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/02\/13\/estetik-ustune-dersler-ludwig-wittgenstein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Estetik \u00dcst\u00fcne Dersler | Ludwig Wittgenstein\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. Konu (Estetik) olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f; g\u00f6rebildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmakta. \u201cG\u00fczel\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ge\u00e7ti\u011fi t\u00fcmcelerin dilsel bi\u00e7imine bakarsan\u0131z, yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok s\u00f6zc\u00fckten \u00e7ok daha a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u201cG\u00fczel\u201d [ile \u201ciyi\u201d \u2013R] bir s\u0131fatt\u0131r; kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bu \u015f\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme e\u011filimine girmi\u015f oldu\u011funuzu g\u00f6sterir: \u201cBunun belli bir niteli\u011fi, g\u00fczel olmak niteli\u011fi vard\u0131r.\u201d 2. 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