{"id":4252,"date":"2010-02-23T09:49:20","date_gmt":"2010-02-23T06:49:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/02\/23\/iyi-ile-kotunun-otesinde-nietzsche-felsefesi-arthur-danto\/"},"modified":"2010-02-23T09:49:20","modified_gmt":"2010-02-23T06:49:20","slug":"iyi-ile-kotunun-otesinde-nietzsche-felsefesi-arthur-danto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/02\/23\/iyi-ile-kotunun-otesinde-nietzsche-felsefesi-arthur-danto\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130yi ile k\u00f6t\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde | Nietzsche Felsefesi &#8211; Arthur Danto"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"images\/stories\/nietzsche1.jpg\" border=\"0\" width=\"155\" height=\"205\" style=\"float: left;\" \/>Analizleri onun kendi analizleriyle bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan benzerlik g\u00f6steren Hume gibi, Nietzsche de \u201csa\u011fduyunun \u015feylere dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 kurald\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nd\u0131.\u00d6te yandan da , sa\u011fduyunun d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc tam tam\u0131na bir masal anlatan bir \u015fey, yal\u0131n bir kurgu olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc, zira o, d\u00fcnyaya dair belirsiz say\u0131daki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn \u201cyorum\u201d dan sadece biriydi ve Nietzsche, hi\u00e7bir yorum do\u011fru veya yanl\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, do\u011fru bir yorum fikrine hi\u00e7bir anlam y\u00fcklenilemeyece\u011fini savunuyordu. \u0130\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131, o s\u00f6zde do\u011fru olan bir ger\u00e7eklik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirilemez. Ama filozoflar s\u0131k s\u0131k b\u00f6yle bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011fa dikkat \u00e7ekerek, sa\u011fduyunun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin eksik ve hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015f ve ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 veya neye benzemesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda olduk\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler benimsemi\u015flerdir. Nietzsche, sa\u011fduyunun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc desteklemek ister, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f uzun bir zaman dilimi boyunca i\u015flenerek geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olup, insanlar , pratik bir bi\u00e7imde, ona ba\u011fl\u0131 ya\u015fayabilmektedirler: O \u2013 ondan daha az kurgusal olmayan- felsefi teorilerin olamad\u0131klar\u0131 kadar yararl\u0131 bir masald\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcnen d\u00fcnya yegane d\u00fcnyad\u0131r: \u201cGer\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya\u201d ise sadece bir yalan.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGer\u00e7ek\u201d ile o , tam tam\u0131na filozoflar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledikleri \u015feyi, yani sabit, birlikli ve ezeli- ebedi olan\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fenin, \u00e7oklu\u011fun ve zamansall\u0131\u011f\u0131n temelinde bulunmakla birlikte, de\u011fi\u015fenden \u00e7okluktan ve zamansal olandan ayr\u0131lmaz olan\u0131 anlar. Nietzsche duyular\u0131n yalan s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi konusunda \u0131srarl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Duyular, olu\u015fu, yok olup gitmeyi, de\u011fi\u015fmeyi g\u00f6sterdikleri s\u00fcrece, yalan s\u00f6ylemezler.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011fduyu bir yorumdur.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla birlikte, olgular (tatsachen) yoktur, sadece yorumlar vard\u0131r ve bir yorumdan ayr\u0131 olarak, kendinde bir d\u00fcnya bulunmamaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p>Sanki yorumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bir kez \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131nca, geride bir d\u00fcnya kal\u0131rm\u0131\u015f gibi.<\/p>\n<p>Yarars\u0131z bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yarars\u0131z oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taktirde, yararl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f olur diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilirdi. Ama Nietzsche sa\u011fduyunun t\u00fcm a\u015fikar faydas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yine de yanl\u0131\u015f olup, d\u00fcnyada ger\u00e7ek ve birbirlerinden yal\u0131tlanabilir kendilikler oldu\u011fu fikrinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir sa\u011fduyu inanc\u0131 oldu\u011funda \u0131srar etmek ister:<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u00e7bir \u015fey var de\u011fildir diye yazar, Nietzsche (bir \u015feylerin var oldu\u011fu) bizim kurgumuzdur.<\/p>\n<p>Ama bu, bizim g\u00fcndelik hayatta veya bu nedenle, bilimde kendisinden vazge\u00e7ebilece\u011fimiz bir kurgu de\u011fildir:<\/p>\n<p>Varolmayan \u015feylerle, y\u00fczeylerle, cisimlerle ve mekanlarla i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n<p>Bu kavramlar\u0131n bir kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131r, fakat onlar ne somut varl\u0131klara delalet ederler, ne de Nietzsche\u2019nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 terimlerle ifade edildi\u011finde, \u201ca\u00e7\u0131klarlar\u201d. Atom kavram\u0131 buna \u00e7ok iyi bir \u00f6rnektir:<br \/>D\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in, hesap yapabilmemiz gerekir; hesap yapabilmek i\u00e7inse, sabit nedenlere ihtiya\u00e7 duyar\u0131z. Ger\u00e7eklikte sabit hi\u00e7bir neden bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, kendimiz i\u00e7in baz\u0131 sabit nedenler , \u00f6rne\u011fin atomu icat ederiz.Atomculu\u011fun men\u015fei i\u015fte budur.<\/p>\n<p>Nietzsche bildi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz her\u015feyin yalan yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu,<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde, tekrar tekrar s\u00f6yler, fakat yine de bir \u015feyin, ancak onun ne oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilmemiz durumunda do\u011fru- en az\u0131ndan kendisini betimlemenin ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe tekab\u00fcl etme anlam\u0131nda do\u011fru- olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. Sa\u011fduyu, bilim ve felsefenin yorumlar, bildi\u011fimizi s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz her\u015feyin bir yorum oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, kendisinin de, \u00e7\u0131plak hakikat yerine, bir yorum \u00f6nermekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6remedi. Bunu, farketti\u011fi zaman, o Nietzsche i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici bir \u015fey oldu.<\/p>\n<p>Felsefi psikoloji Nietzsche kendisini \u00f6nc\u00fc bir psikolog olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, insan zihni denen b\u00fcy\u00fck ve bakir orman\u0131n \u0130lk ka\u015fifi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Nietzsche\u2019nin ilk ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck hedefi ego kavram\u0131 olup, temel iddias\u0131 da, benlik diye bir kendili\u011fin var oldu\u011funu kabul etmenin ontolojik bak\u0131mdan gereksiz, metafiziksel bak\u0131mdan da tehlikeli oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n<p>Ak\u0131l genel olarak iradelerin nedenler olduklar\u0131na inan\u0131r. O egonun bir varl\u0131k, bir t\u00f6z oldu\u011funa inan\u0131r ve ego-t\u00f6z\u00fcne beslenen inanc\u0131 \u015feylere yans\u0131t\u0131r. Neden olarak kurulan varl\u0131k \u015feylerin aras\u0131na dahil edilir, onlar\u0131n alt\u0131na sokulur: \u201cVarl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131 \u201cego\u201d kavram\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar, benlik kavram\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir hatan\u0131n, iradenin etki eden bir \u015fey oldu\u011fu, iradenin bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck u\u011fursuzlu\u011fu bulunmaktad\u0131r&#8230;.Biz bu g\u00fcn onun bir hatadan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz.<\/p>\n<p>Onun te\u015fhisi kabaca \u015f\u00f6yledir: Bir \u015fey olup bitti\u011fi zaman, onun bir fail taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir failin etkisiyle vuku buldu\u011funu z\u0131mnen kabul ederek , d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin vuku bulmas\u0131, onun bir eylem olmas\u0131 olgusundan, \u015fu halde onu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek bir failin bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucunu \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r\u0131z. \u0130\u015fte bu, benliktir. Ego, demek ki, ilkel bir veri olmay\u0131p, \u00e7\u0131karsanan bir kendiliktir ve onun iradenin etkisiyle eylemde bulundu\u011funu kabul etmek b\u00fct\u00fcn bir nedensellik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, oldu\u011fundan ba\u015fka g\u00f6sterir.<br \/>Nietzsche felsefi bak\u0131mdan bir determinist de\u011fildi. O pratikte yeterince yararl\u0131 olan neden ve sonu\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fa bilimcinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi&#8230;h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren mekanistik budalal\u0131\u011fa uygun olarak nesnele\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011finde \u0131srar eder.Neden ve sonu\u00e7 da, \u015fu halde bir kurgu oldu\u011fu farkedilmeyip, do\u011fru oldu\u011fu kabul edilen ba\u015fka kurgudur. Gere\u011fi gibi ifade edildi\u011finde, onun a\u00e7\u0131klama bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil de, \u201cileti\u015fim ve anlama ama\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan\u201d bir kullan\u0131m de\u011feri vard\u0131r: An sich ger\u00e7eklikte, hi\u00e7bir nedensel ba\u011f, hi\u00e7bir zorunluluk yok, psikolojik y\u00f6nden \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmay\u0131\u015f diye bir \u015fey bulunmuyor; orada sonu\u00e7 nedeni izlemiyor, yasa h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fcyor: Nedenleri, s\u00fcreklilikleri, ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00f6relili\u011fi, zorlanmay\u0131, say\u0131lar\u0131, yasalar\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gerek\u00e7eleri, ama\u00e7lar\u0131 icad eden sadece biziz. Bundan dolay\u0131, bu uzla\u015f\u0131msal d\u00fcnyay\u0131 an siche y\u00fckler, onu kendinde ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe kat\u0131p kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsak, hep e\u011filimli olmu\u015f oldu\u011fumuz \u00fczere, mitolojik davranm\u0131\u015f, efsane uydurmu\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ahlak Ve Din<\/strong><br \/>O, d\u00fcnyada nesnel bir ahlaki d\u00fczenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tekrar tekrar s\u00f6yler:<\/p>\n<p>Ahlaki fenomenler yoktur, ama sadece fenomenlerin ahlaki yorumlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>O kendisinin, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak hi\u00e7bir ahlaki olgu bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilk g\u00f6ren ki\u015fi oldu\u011funa inan\u0131r ve kendisi de dahil olmak \u00fczere, her filozofu<br \/>iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesinde bir duru\u015f almaya \u2013 kendisini ahlaki yarg\u0131lar yan\u0131lsamas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmeye zorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Her ahlak, do\u011faya, hatta \u201cakla\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 bir par\u00e7a zorbal\u0131kt\u0131r diye yazan Nietzsche, hemen ard\u0131ndan \u015funu eklemeyi unutmaz:<\/p>\n<p>Bu, onlar i\u00e7in asla bir itiraz de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p>Bunun nedeni, her\u015feyden \u00f6nce tutkular\u0131n bazen,<\/p>\n<p>Budalal\u0131klar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 mecalsiz b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 yerde, mahvedici olmalar\u0131, ikinci olarak da ahlaki k\u0131s\u0131tlaman\u0131n hayat\u0131 ya\u015fanmaya de\u011fer k\u0131lan \u015feylerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn zuhurundan nedensel olarak sorumlu olmas\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ster d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmede ya da ister idare etmede, veya konu\u015fmada ve konu\u015farak ikna etmede, ahlaki davran\u0131\u015fta oldu\u011fu gibi, sanatta da, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, derinli\u011fin, yi\u011fitli\u011fin, dans\u0131n ve efendice kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda olan, olmu\u015f olan her\u015fey \u00f6ncelikle \u201cb\u00f6ylesi keyfi yasalar\u0131n bu zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayesinde\u201d m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur.Ger\u00e7ekten de, ve b\u00fct\u00fcn ciddiyetle, laissez-aller\u2019nin de\u011fil de, i\u015fte bunun \u201cdo\u011fa\u201d ve \u201c do\u011fal olan\u201d olmas\u0131 ihtimali hi\u00e7 de az de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p>Ahlaki perspektifin, efendi ahlaki ve k\u00f6le ahlaki olmak \u00fczere, iki temel t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r.Bunlardan ikincisi yaratan \u015fey, korku ve yetersizliktir.Verili bir grup ya da toplulukta, belirli bireyler geri kalanlara, ayn\u0131 toplulu\u011fun di\u011fer bireylerinin yoksun olduklar\u0131 karakter \u00f6zelliklerine sahip olmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u00fckmetme e\u011filimi sergilerler; s\u00f6z konusu \u00f6nderlere ve kararlar\u0131na itaat etmek zorunda olanlar, bu bireylere k\u0131zar, onlardan korkarlar. Bu gruplardan her biri \u201ciyi\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne farkl\u0131 bir anlam y\u00fckler. Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6nder veya efendiler i\u00e7in \u201ciyi\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tam tam\u0131na onlar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 ve kendileri sayesinde grup ya da topluluk i\u00e7inde \u00f6ncelik ve \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elde ettikleri nitelikleri g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re, din taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilen ahlaki mekanizmalar olmasayd\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczler durumun do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7 isteminden \u00f6nce yok olup giderlerdi.Fakat o bir yandan da, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin her hal\u00fckarda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc seyrek ve bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder:<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsanlar aras\u0131nda, di\u011fer hayvan t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n, soysuzla\u015fman\u0131n, ac\u0131ya mahkum olman\u0131n daima bir a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 var; ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 durumlar, insanlar aras\u0131nda da daima bir istisnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Tragedyan\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu\u2019nda, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz ve ehliyetsiz vah\u015fili\u011fe, onu deh\u015fet verici bularak, kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z \u00e7ekilen b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ac\u0131lar\u0131n, ona g\u00f6re hi\u00e7bir anlam\u0131 yoktur.Fakat avc\u0131 ve av\u0131n bir oldu\u011fu \u00e7ileci ideal ac\u0131ya bir mana kazand\u0131r\u0131r ve ona g\u00f6re, bu pozitif bir de\u011feri olan bir \u015feydir:<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ileci idealin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, insan\u0131n, bir hayvan olan insan\u0131n, \u015fimdiye dek bir anlam\u0131 olmad\u0131. D\u00fcnyadaki varolu\u015funun hi\u00e7bir amac\u0131 yoktu; \u201c \u0130nsana ne gerek var?\u201d sorusu yan\u0131ts\u0131zd\u0131; insan ve d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in isteme eksikti; her b\u00fcy\u00fck insan yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda, nakarat olarak koca bir \u201c bo\u015funa!\u201d \u00e7\u0131nlad\u0131: \u0130\u015fte \u00e7ileci idealin anlam\u0131 tam da bu: Eks\u0131k olan bir \u015fey, insan\u0131 \u00e7epe\u00e7evre saran m\u00fcthi\u015f bir bo\u015fluk- kendini nas\u0131l hakl\u0131 k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, evetleyece\u011fini bilmiyordu; anlam\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorundan dolay\u0131 ac\u0131 \u00e7ekiyordu; ba\u015fka bir \u015feyden dolay\u0131 da yaral\u0131yd\u0131, temelde hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bir hayvand\u0131: Oysa \u00e7ekti\u011fi ac\u0131n\u0131n kendisinden gelmiyordu sorunu; \u201cni\u00e7in bunca ac\u0131?\u201d soru \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yan\u0131t\u0131 yoktu. En cesur, ac\u0131ya en al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olan hayvan olan insan, b\u00f6yle bir ac\u0131y\u0131 olumsuz bulmuyor; istiyor onu, hatta ar\u0131yor, yeter ki ona bunun anlam\u0131 g\u00f6sterilsin, ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir amac\u0131 ortaya konsun.Ac\u0131n\u0131n kendisi de\u011fil de anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fimdiye dek insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine bir lanet olarak \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr- ve \u00e7ileci ideal insana anlam sundu!<br \/>Hristiyan idealin hayata d\u00fc\u015fman oldu\u011fu, onun hayat\u0131n en temel \u00f6nkabullerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011frudur. Bu, genel olarak dinlerin hepsi i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenebilir.Ama din, hayata kar\u015f\u0131 bir iradeyi temsil etse bile, yine de bir istemi ifade eder ve Nietzsche\u2019nin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, insan, istememeye kar\u015f\u0131, hi\u00e7li\u011fi ister.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dcstinsan ve Ebedi D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tarihsel Zerd\u00fc\u015ft d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, birer nesnel g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak de\u011ferlendirilen iyi ile k\u00f6t\u00fc aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve sava\u015f\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Nietzsche\u2019nin Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u2019\u00fc buna, elbette inanmaz.Fakat Zerd\u00fc\u015ft bu temel hatay\u0131 yapan ilk kimse oldu\u011fundan, Nietzsche s\u00f6z konusu hatay\u0131 d\u00fczeltecek ilk ki\u015finin de o olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini yazar. Onun felsefesinin s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u2019\u00fc se\u00e7mesinin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fteki nedeni budur.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte o Zerd\u00fc\u015ft, eserde b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferlerin g\u00f6relili\u011fini ilan eder:<\/p>\n<p>Zerd\u00fc\u015ft nice \u00fclke, nice halklar g\u00f6rd\u00fc: Nice halklara g\u00f6re iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc nedir, anlad\u0131 b\u00f6ylece. Zerd\u00fc\u015ft iyi ile k\u00f6t\u00fcden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcce rastlamad\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde&#8230;<br \/>Bir halk\u0131n iyi sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok \u015feyi, ba\u015fka bir halk utan\u00e7 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck say\u0131yordu:B\u00f6yle g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ben.Burada k\u00f6t\u00fc denen pek \u00e7ok \u015feyin, erguvani \u015fereflerle s\u00fcslendi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ba\u015fka yerde.<br \/>Kom\u015fu kom\u015fuyu anlam\u0131yordu hi\u00e7:Kom\u015fusunun delilik ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015fa\u015f\u0131yordu hep&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Ger\u00e7ek \u015fu ki, insanlar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fclerini kendi kendilerine vermi\u015flerdir.Ger\u00e7ek \u015fudur ki, onlar bunlar\u0131 almad\u0131lar, bunlar\u0131 bulmad\u0131lar, bunlar g\u00f6kten bir ses gibi inmedi onlara&#8230;<br \/>Bin ama\u00e7 vard\u0131 \u015fimdiye dek, bin ulus vard\u0131 da ondan&#8230;Ancak bin boyuna vurdurulacak boyunduruk yok daha, bir ama\u00e7 eks\u0131k.\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n amac\u0131 yok daha&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Zerd\u00fc\u015ft insanl\u0131\u011fa bir \u201cama\u00e7\u201d temin etmeyi g\u00f6revi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr; \u201c\u00fcstinsan\u201d \u00f6\u011fretisi de, i\u015fte bu amaca hizmet etmektir.Zerd\u00fc\u015ft tekd\u00fcze bir sesle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr:<\/p>\n<p>Bak\u0131n, size \u00fcstinsan\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretiyorum! \u00dcstinsan yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn anlam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla birlikte, \u00f6teki insan t\u00fcrleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirilmek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00fcst insan burada \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir karakterizasyona, a\u00e7\u0131k bir betimlemeye konu olmaz; o \u00f6ncelikle de \u201cson insan\u201dla, ba\u015fka herkese benzeyip, mutlu olmaktan mutluluk duyan,<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcnd\u00fcz i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hazlar\u0131, gece i\u00e7in de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hazlar\u0131 olan,<br \/>\u201cBiz Mutlulu\u011fu bulduk\u201d diyen ve g\u00f6z k\u0131rpan<br \/>insanla kar\u015f\u0131tla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa Zerd\u00fc\u015ft, t\u0131pk\u0131 Nietzsche gibi, insan\u0131n mevcut durumundan, \u015fimdiki olma tarz\u0131ndan ho\u015fnut de\u011fildir:<\/p>\n<p>Nietzsche\u2019nin \u00fcstinsan \u00f6\u011fretisiyle yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili olan ve onun b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden daha fazla \u00f6nemsedi\u011fi di\u011fer teorisi ise, yine B\u00f6yle Buyurdu Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u2019te ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen ebedi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f \u00f6\u011fretisidir. Ebedi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kabaca, fiilen vuku bulan her\u015feyin, tam tam\u0131na \u015fimdi vuku buldu\u011fu tarzda say\u0131s\u0131z kez vuku buldu\u011fu ve daha bir\u00e7ok kez yeniden vuku bulaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tam ve gere\u011fi gibi ifade edildi\u011finde, tek bir \u201cson insan\u201d olmay\u0131p, bir son insanlar sonsuzlu\u011fu vard\u0131r; tek bir Nietzsche ki\u015fisi yoktur, fakat birbirlerini zaman\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 boyunca yans\u0131tan tam tam\u0131na ayn\u0131 Nietzsche\u2019lerin sonsuz say\u0131s\u0131 bulunur. \u00dcstinsan \u00f6\u011fretisi gibi ebedi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f teorisi de, Zerd\u00fc\u015ft taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konur:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u0130\u015fte \u00f6l\u00fcyor, yitiriyorum\u201d derdin, \u201cve bir anda hi\u00e7im art\u0131k.Canlar da g\u00f6vdeler kadar \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcrler\u201d<br \/>Fakat i\u00e7ine \u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm nedenler d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc yeniden gelir, o beni yeniden yaratacakt\u0131r!Ben kendim, ebedi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn nedenlerinden biriyimdir.<br \/>Ben geri gelirim bu g\u00fcne\u015fle, bu yery\u00fcz\u00fcyle, bu kartalla, bu y\u0131lanla,- yeni bir hayata, ya da daha iyi bir hayata, yada benzer bir hayata de\u011fil:<br \/>&#8212; Ben, b\u00fct\u00fcn nesnelerin ebedi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden \u00f6\u011frenmek \u00fczere, sonras\u0131zca d\u00f6nerim bu ayn\u0131 hayata, en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7re&#8212;<br \/>&#8212; Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ve insan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6\u011flesiyle ilgili \u00f6\u011fretiyi yeniden dile getirmek \u00fczere, insana \u00fcstinsan\u0131 yeniden bildirmek \u00fczere.<br \/>Ben s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6yledim, ben s\u00f6z\u00fcmle par\u00e7alan\u0131r\u0131m: B\u00f6yle ister benim ebedi yazg\u0131m,- haberci olarak yok olurum ben!<br \/>Batan ki\u015finin kendini kutsama saati i\u015fte geldi.B\u00f6yle biter Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u2019\u00fcn bat\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Kaynak:<\/p>\n<p>Nietzsche Hayat\u0131, Eserleri ve Felsefesi<br \/>Arthur Danto<br \/>T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: Ahmet Cevizci<br \/>Paradigma Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analizleri onun kendi analizleriyle bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan benzerlik g\u00f6steren Hume gibi, Nietzsche de \u201csa\u011fduyunun \u015feylere dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 kurald\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nd\u0131.\u00d6te yandan da , sa\u011fduyunun d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc tam tam\u0131na bir masal anlatan bir \u015fey, yal\u0131n bir kurgu olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc, zira o, d\u00fcnyaya dair belirsiz say\u0131daki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn \u201cyorum\u201d dan sadece biriydi ve [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4252","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-friedrich-wilhelm-nietzsche"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.9 (Yoast SEO v24.9) - 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