Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131 Savunuculu\u011fu’nun Reddedilmesi<\/strong>
Kad\u0131n hareketi veya kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi, toplumsal m\u00fccadelelerden, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildir. Modern anlamda kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri ise tam da s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin k\u00f6kenlerinde yat\u0131yor. Bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn “emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc” de\u011fil de, “kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc” oldu\u011funu iddia etmek, 8 Mart’a ilk olarak \u00f6nerildi\u011finde y\u00fcklenen anlam\u0131 g\u00f6rmezlikten gelmektir. Bu g\u00fcn, daha en ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadeleyle do\u011fmu\u015f ve daha sonraki tarihlerde de hep i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlara ithaf edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\nKapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla beraber, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in “en ucuz” ve “uysal” bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kolay say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle, proleter kad\u0131n iktisadi ya\u015fam mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde proleter kad\u0131nlar -kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc taleplerle- yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1889 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris’te Kurulu\u015f Kongresi’ni yapan II. Enternasyonal’e (Enternasyonal, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor) kat\u0131lan kad\u0131n delegelerinin kad\u0131n sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bariz bir \u015fekilde proleter kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz: \u00d6rne\u011fin bu Kurulu\u015f Kongresi’nde, yani daha 1889 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Klara Zetkin ayn\u0131 zamanda “Alman Kad\u0131n \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi”nin temsilcisi s\u0131fat\u0131yla yer al\u0131yordu. Zetkin, bu kongreye “Kad\u0131n\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu \u0130\u00e7in!” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir rapor sundu.<\/p>\n
Klara Zetkin’in, “Almanya’da Proleter Kad\u0131n Hareketi’nin Tarihine \u0130li\u015fkin” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011findi\u011fi bu rapor sonucunda, Kongre: “\u2026kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 cephe ald\u0131, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunuculu\u011funu reddetti ve proleter kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadele saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti”. (s. 112).<\/p>\n
Evet, ger\u00e7ekten, daha II. Enternasyonal’in ilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda proleter kad\u0131n hareketi ile burjuva kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunuculu\u011fu aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m net bi\u00e7imde ortaya koyuluyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Zetkin’e g\u00f6re, “proleter kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi, burjuva kad\u0131n\u0131n kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n erkeklerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi gibi bir m\u00fccadele olamaz”d\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, az say\u0131daki burjuva kad\u0131n\u0131, “m\u00fclk\u00fc sayesinde bireyselli\u011fini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce geli\u015ftirebilir, kendi \u00f6zlemlerine uygun \u015fekilde ya\u015fayabilir”di (s. 133-134). Burjuva kad\u0131n\u0131n sorunu, ancak kocas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fclkiyeti \u00fczerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, \u00f6zg\u00fcr tasarruf talebini y\u00fckseltmekti. Ama proleter kad\u0131n\u0131n patronlar\u0131n boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulma m\u00fccadelesine burjuva kad\u0131nlar s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. Yine Klara Zetkin’in bu konudaki s\u00f6zlerine g\u00f6z atal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
“Kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00f6leli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini -o cinsiyet k\u00f6leli\u011fini yaratmas\u0131na ve keskinle\u015ftirmesine ra\u011fmen- bo\u015fluyorlar. Bundan da \u00f6te onlar, s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f, ayaklar alt\u0131nda tepelenenlerin efendilerine ve kendilerine azap \u00e7ektirenlere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekli bu sava\u015f\u0131 ilkesel olarak reddetmektedirler. (\u2026) O sadece, kad\u0131n cinsiyetini erke\u011fin lehine zincire vuran burjuva toplumunu yasal ve toplumsal ba\u011flar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle reformdan ge\u00e7irmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Proletaryan\u0131n iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi ve sosyalizmin kurulmas\u0131 arac\u0131yla kad\u0131nlar\u0131 kurtar\u0131c\u0131 toplumsal devrim m\u00fccadelesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bug\u00fcn kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, bu hareketin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda k\u0131smen oldu\u011fu gibi, art\u0131k belirli bir tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde de\u011fil, bilakis apa\u00e7\u0131k kat\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k konumunda durmaktad\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla burjuva kad\u0131n hareketi, kurtulu\u015f \u00f6zlemi \u00e7eken t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi, onlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fildir.” (s. 100-101) “O , emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131 yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 hayallerle erkek karde\u015fleriyle birlikte devrimci m\u00fccadele vermekten al\u0131koyarak emperyalist kapitalizmin yard\u0131m\u0131na ko\u015fmaktad\u0131r.” (s. 105).<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131nlara Oy Hakk\u0131’na Bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong>
Bu d\u00f6nemde emek\u00e7i erkeklerin de farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde farkl\u0131 tarihlerde olmak \u00fczere, oy (se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme) hakk\u0131n\u0131 yeni yeni kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, daha \u00f6nce yaln\u0131zca “m\u00fclk sahipleri”nin oy kullanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundural\u0131m. Oysa kom\u00fcnist hareket, ayr\u0131ms\u0131z kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da oy hakk\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu. Klara Zetkin, 1906’daki o d\u00f6nemin kom\u00fcnist partisi olan sosyal demokrat parti kongresinde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7im hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin raporunda sosyalist kad\u0131n hareketi ile burjuva kad\u0131n hareketinin “oy hakk\u0131” konusundaki ilkesel kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade ediyordu:<\/p>\n“Proleter kad\u0131n… yaln\u0131zca iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in se\u00e7im hakk\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymuyor, se\u00e7im hakk\u0131na \u00f6rne\u011fin kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n erkek d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bilakis her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. Ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla o, burjuva topluma, kapitalist iktisat d\u00fczenine dayanak olmak i\u00e7in toplumsal reformu talep etmiyor. Hay\u0131r! Biz erkekle e\u015fit politik haklar\u0131, bu toplumu devirmek, par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in; yasal engellerle engellenmeden birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in talep ediyoruz.” (s. 210)<\/p>\n
8 Mart’\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi<\/strong>
II. Enternasyonal’in b\u00fcnyesinde 17 A\u011fustos 1907 tarihinde Stuttgart’ta “Birinci Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131” topland\u0131. Bu konferans bir “Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Sekretaryas\u0131” olu\u015fturur. Bu g\u00f6revi, 1917 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Klara Zetkin y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu konferans kararlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, kad\u0131n\u0131n iktisadi ve toplumsal hayatta tam e\u015fitli\u011fini \u015fiar edindi. Kad\u0131nlara ayr\u0131ms\u0131z oy hakk\u0131 da al\u0131nan kararlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu ilk konferansta, ayn\u0131 zamanda “E\u015fitlik” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kad\u0131n gazetesinin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131na karar verilir. Bu gazetenin edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Klara Zetkin se\u00e7ilir.
II. Enternasyonal’e ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen “\u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131” ise 26-27 A\u011fustos 1910 tarihinde Kopenhag’da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu konferans\u0131n g\u00fcndemini ve sonu\u00e7ta al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere g\u00fcnde sekiz saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi talebi, hamile kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere do\u011fumdan \u00f6nce 8 haftal\u0131k do\u011fum izni talebi, emziren kad\u0131nlara s\u00fct izni, 12 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131, i\u015fsiz kad\u0131nlara sosyal g\u00fcvenlik talepleri olu\u015fturuyordu. Ayr\u0131ca, kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 talebi, bu konferans\u0131n di\u011fer bir g\u00fcndemiydi ve karara ba\u011fland\u0131. Ancak her s\u0131n\u0131ftan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy hakk\u0131na bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n neticede farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu da bu konferansta dile getiriliyordu. Burjuva kad\u0131n hareketinin talep etti\u011fi oy hakk\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 olarak, proleter kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy hakk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi gere\u011fi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fte bu konferansta, Klara Zetkin, ayr\u0131ca her y\u0131l sosyalist kad\u0131nlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta bir kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenlemesini \u00f6nerir. Bu \u00f6nerge \u015fu \u015fekilde sunulmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n“Her \u00fclkenin sosyalist kad\u0131nlar\u0131, kendi \u00fclkelerinde proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f bilincine sahip politik ve sendikal \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle mutabakat i\u00e7inde, esas olarak kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131n\u0131n ajitasyon ve propagandas\u0131na hizmet etmek \u00fczere, her y\u0131l bir kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenler. Bu talep, sosyalist anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n kad\u0131n sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na uygun olarak g\u00fcndeme getirilmelidir. Kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 bir karakter ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131 ve \u00f6zenle haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
Not: Bildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla, bu belge T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’de ilk kez yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. Orijinal metin Friedrich Ebert Stiftung’un www.library.fes.de sayfas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Konferans\u0131n “Talepler ve Kararlar” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan raporundan taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir)<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi, “proleter” ve “sosyalist” i\u00e7erik, “kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcn” fikrinin ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda var. Daha sonralar\u0131, her \u00fclkede farkl\u0131 tarihlerde, d\u00fczensiz olarak kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in bir g\u00fcn kutlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
[\u00e7ok daha sonradan, 8 Mart tarihi anlat\u0131l\u0131rken, tarihte meydana gelmi\u015f kimi \u00f6nemli olaylara da at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bunlardan birincisinde, 8 Mart 1857’de New York’lu tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n grevi anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Grevci i\u015f\u00e7ilerin talepleri aras\u0131nda 16 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn 10 saate indirilmesi ve \u00fccretlerin y\u00fckseltilmesi bulunuyordu. Bu grevin ard\u0131ndan tekstil ve t\u00fct\u00fcn sanayiinde birbiri ard\u0131na grevler patlak verdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci olay, bu direni\u015fi anmak \u00fczere, 8 Mart 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine New York’ta “Cotton” tekstil fabrikas\u0131nda kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in greve \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu grevde patronlar kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan destek g\u00f6rmelerini engellemek \u00fczere fabrikaya kilitledi ve \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nda 129 kad\u0131n can verdi.<\/p>\n
Bu iki olay zaman zaman kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, kimi kaynaklarda 129 kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 1857’deki olaylara ba\u011flan\u0131yor, tarih konusundaki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar bundan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Biz her iki bilgiyi de www.renner.institut.at\/fraueakademie\/frauentag\/frauentag.htm sitesinden \u00e7evirdik] Klara Zetkin’in \u00f6nerisinin kabul edilmesinden sonra, ilk defa \u00e7ok kitlesel olarak ve uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta, 1911 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 19 Mart’\u0131nda, Almanya, Avusturya, Danimarka, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve ABD’de bu g\u00fcn kitlesel bir bi\u00e7imde kutland\u0131. Bu kutlamalar, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 talebi ile birle\u015fiyordu. E\u015fit i\u015fe e\u015fit \u00fccret, sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc, anal\u0131k haklar\u0131 ve de emperyalist sava\u015flar\u0131n son bulmas\u0131 gibi talepler kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli talepleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca bu g\u00fcn “devrimci” bir nitelikte kutlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, o da \u015furadan geliyordu: 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Mart devrimleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda 18 Mart’ta Berlin’de \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fenler an\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ve yine Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc’n\u00fc 18 Mart’ta 1871’de (bir proleter devrim giri\u015fimiydi ve 29 May\u0131s 1871’de burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, onun y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bundan sonraki y\u0131llarda “emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na ayr\u0131lan bu bir g\u00fcn”, b\u00f6ylesi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k ve gelenekten yola \u00e7\u0131karak, uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta Mart ay\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fcnlerinde kutlanmaya devam etti.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte b\u00f6yle devrimci ve proleter temelli bir “Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc”n\u00fcn \u00f6nerildi\u011fini, Klara Zetkin’in sonralar\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan da \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Klara Zetkin, “Almanya’da Proleter Kad\u0131n Hareketi’nin Tarihine \u0130li\u015fkin” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n eylem g\u00fcn\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ifade ediyordu:<\/p>\n
“1910’da Kopenhag’daki \u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131, birle\u015fik uluslararas\u0131 eylem olarak her y\u0131lki kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc, proleter kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fcncel taleplerinden, \u00f6rne\u011fin kad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7im hakk\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, proleter kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin burjuva toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci bir s\u0131n\u0131fsal hareketi olmal\u0131yd\u0131.” (ab\u00e7.) (s. 114)<\/p>\n
\u015eubat Devrimi<\/strong>
Emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131k resmen Mart’\u0131n 8’i olarak belirlenmesi ise, bundan \u00e7ok sonra, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moskova’da yap\u0131lan II. Uluslararas\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131’nda g\u00fcndeme geldi. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda (eski Rus takvimine g\u00f6re 25 Ekim, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc takvime g\u00f6re 7 Kas\u0131m’da) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen B\u00fcy\u00fck Ekim Devrimi’nden \u00f6nce, \u015eubat Devrimi olarak an\u0131lan devrim patlak vermi\u015fti. \u015eubat Devrimi \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 takvimine g\u00f6re 23 \u015eubat’a, yani bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z takvime g\u00f6re 8 Mart 1917 tarihine denk geliyordu. Ve bu devrimin k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7akan, Petrograd’l\u0131 tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlar t\u00fcm i\u015fyerlerinde birden o tarihte, yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc takvime g\u00f6re 8 Mart’ta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 grevler ve direni\u015fler oldu.
Bahsetti\u011fimiz 1921 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki konferansta, Nadejda Krupskaya ve Klara Zetkin de yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu konferansta, kad\u0131n hareketi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan programatik nitelikteki “Y\u00f6nergeler” kabul edildi. 8 Mart ise Petrograd’da \u015eubat Devrimi’ni ba\u015flatan tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlara ithaf edildi.
II. Kom\u00fcnist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131n hareketini burjuva kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131ndan kesin \u00e7izgilerle ay\u0131ran y\u00f6nergeleri belirledi. S\u00f6z\u00fc Klara Zetkin’e b\u0131rakal\u0131m yine:<\/p>\n“Y\u00f6nergeler, cinsiyet k\u00f6leli\u011finin ve s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00f6leli\u011finin nedeninin son tahlilde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet oldu\u011fu ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tam kurtulu\u015funun ancak ve yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilece\u011fi tespitinden yola \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. (…) Proletaryan\u0131n devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek ve tam kurtulu\u015fu olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r, kad\u0131nlar bu m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n kapitalizmin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, sosyalist yeniyi yaratma olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r.” (s. 123)<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, Lenin 8 Mart 1921’de yay\u0131nlanan “Uluslararas\u0131 Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik e\u015fitsizlik ve bask\u0131ya son veren Sovyet Devrimi’nin kad\u0131nlara \u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Oysa, kapitalist \u00fclkelerin burjuva cumhuriyetleri o zamana dek emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ezdi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc. Lenin, topra\u011f\u0131n ve fabrikalar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 “ev i\u00e7i k\u00f6lelikten” kurtararak onlara ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giden yolun kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 aralad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, ger\u00e7ek kurtulu\u015f, ancak sermayedarlar\u0131n boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulu\u015fla sa\u011flanabilir. Lenin’in bu \u00f6nemli metninin \u00e7evirisini ek olarak yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de \u0130lk 8 Mart<\/strong>
Buradan, T\u00fcrkiye’de ilk defa 8 Mart’\u0131n kutlanmas\u0131 fikrinin nas\u0131l do\u011fdu\u011funa ge\u00e7elim. T\u00fcrkiye’de 8 Mart’\u0131n, bir emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kutlanmas\u0131 konusu, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Kom\u00fcnist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131’n\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararla s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin, Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonal’le do\u011frudan ba\u011flar\u0131 vard\u0131. Daha do\u011frusu, TKP Komintern’in T\u00fcrkiye seksiyonu olarak faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmekteydi.<\/p>\n8 Mart’\u0131 ilk defa T\u00fcrkiye’de kutlamak amac\u0131yla, kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131nlardan iki k\u0131z karde\u015f Rahime Selimova ve Cemile Nu\u015firvanova giri\u015fimde bulunurlar ve bir kad\u0131n birimi olu\u015ftururlar. Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc’ne, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya kom\u00fcnistleri gibi, TKP i\u00e7inde de ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir. Bununla ilgili olarak, Rahime Selimova ve Cemile Nu\u015firvanova karde\u015flerin kendi imzalar\u0131yla kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 yaz\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n
“1921 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131yd\u0131. 1919’dan beri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan Ankara T\u00fcrk Kom\u00fcnist Partisi g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f ve Moskova’da Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonali’yle ili\u015fki kurmu\u015ftu. Anadolu i\u00e7erilerinde bir\u00e7ok illerde h\u00fccreler olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. \u015eubat ay\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, Komintern Kad\u0131nlar Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden Klara Zetkin Yolda\u015f\u0131n imzas\u0131 ile, 8 Mart Kad\u0131nlar Bayram\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l kutlamak gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir talimatname alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Buna g\u00f6re, kapitalist \u00fclkelerde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6z insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 istemeleri \u015fiar edinilecekti. Ankara’daysa i\u015fsiz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artmaktayd\u0131. Y\u0131llardan beri erlerini (kocalar\u0131n\u0131), o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015fta yitirmi\u015f olan T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130\u015f bulmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren sava\u015flardan sonra Antanta devletleri T\u00fcrkiye’yi tam mahvetmek i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul’u ve Anadolu’nun bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerini i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdi. \u0130stikl\u00e2l M\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde Ankara’da kurulan B.M.M. H\u00fck\u00fcmeti de, B\u00fcy\u00fck Lenin’in yard\u0131m\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu s\u0131ralarda Sovyet \u00fclkesinden gelen yard\u0131m\u0131n Karadeniz sahilinden Ankara’ya kadar getirilmesini, kucaklar\u0131nda sil\u00e2h ve asker\u00ee malzeme ta\u015f\u0131yan T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131. Bu kad\u0131nlar, erleri, o\u011fullar\u0131, karde\u015fleriyle birlikte d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ama bu d\u00f6nemde kendilerinin hi\u00e7bir toplumsal haklar\u0131 yoktu; yine de vicdanlar\u0131n\u0131n sesine uyarak vatan m\u00fcdafaas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n insan\u00ee ve toplumsal haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yan tek \u00f6rg\u00fct, Kom\u00fcnist Partisiydi.<\/p>\n
1921 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Mustafa Suphi ve 14 arkada\u015f\u0131, T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin eliyle Karadeniz’de bo\u011fularak feci bir bi\u00e7imde yok edilmi\u015flerdi. Bu olay derin bir nefretle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan ba\u015fka, Ankara’daki merkezi Kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn 18 \u00fcyesi hapse at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu gibi feci olaylar biz Kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcyordu. Bir yandan burjuva cell\u00e2tlar\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmek, bir yandan da i\u015fsiz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r durumlar\u0131n\u0131n hafifletilmesini talep etmek amac\u0131yla, Kom\u00fcnist S\u00fcleyman Selim yolda\u015f\u0131n Ankara dolaylar\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n genel toplant\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. 8 Mart Uluslararas\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar Bayram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini a\u00e7\u0131klayan, \u015eerif Manatov Yolda\u015f\u0131n bildirisi oldu. \u0130kinci sorun olarak, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n durumunu d\u00fczeltmek, onlara i\u015f sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir kad\u0131nlar \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc se\u00e7ildi. \u00d6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan t\u00fcz\u00fck onayland\u0131. Sonra B.M.M.’ne T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ad\u0131na bir bildiri g\u00f6nderilerek, Kom\u00fcnistlere, Mustafa Suphi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6sterilen vah\u015filikler protesto edildi. Kad\u0131nlar \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn Ankara’daki ilk 8 Mart bayram\u0131, T\u00fcrk Kom\u00fcnist hareketi tarihin sayfalar\u0131nda \u015ferefli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r.” (Tun\u00e7ay, 1991, s. 513)<\/p>\n
\u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi<\/strong>
Evet, bu ilk 8 Mart kutlamas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’de kom\u00fcnistlerin en ba\u015f\u0131ndan, kad\u0131n\u0131n siyasal ve toplumsal konumuna burjuvaziden \u00e7ok daha fazla \u00f6nem verdiklerinin iyi bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Yak\u0131n tarihimizde ise yine TKP’li kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi’nin \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi, kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesini i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 g\u00f6rerek, emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Kuruldu\u011fu andan itibaren kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini \u00f6n\u00fcne koyan \u0130KD, T\u00fcrkiye \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme a\u011f\u0131na sahip olmu\u015ftur. Onbe\u015f bine yak\u0131n \u00fcyesi, 33 \u015fubesi, 35 temsilcili\u011fi bulunan \u0130KD’nin yay\u0131n organ\u0131 “Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Sesi” ise otuzbe\u015f bin say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\nYine bu d\u00f6nem, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok kapitalist \u00fclkesinde m\u00fccadele veren ilerici, sosyalist, kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131n hareketlerinin talepleri sonucu Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, 16 Aral\u0131k 1977 tarihinde\u00a0 8 Mart’\u0131n her y\u0131l “D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc” olarak kutlanmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. (Ondan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce de, 1975 y\u0131l\u0131 “D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131n Y\u0131l\u0131” kabul edilmi\u015fti). Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi olarak kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesini \u00f6n ko\u015ful kabul ediyordu. Bu anlam\u0131yla Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’e bu karar\u0131 ald\u0131rmak elbette ilerici, sosyalist, kom\u00fcnist kad\u0131n hareketi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir kazan\u0131m olmu\u015ftur.
Yeniden \u0130KD’ye gelecek olursak, \u0130KD’nin 8 Mart’\u0131 Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve buna uygun kutlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Bununla ilgili olarak yap\u0131lan yay\u0131nlardan \u00f6rnek verelim:<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nem, emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlar\u0131 yak\u0131ndan ilgilendiren, i\u015fsizlik, pahal\u0131l\u0131k, yoksulluk sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00e7ocuklara kre\u015f ve yuva, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, beslenme, bak\u0131m\u0131 gibi sorunlar \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Yine kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yasalarda ve ya\u015famda ger\u00e7ek e\u015fitli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 di\u011fer taleplerdi.<\/p>\n
Bu taleplerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasal sorunlar\u0131ndan fa\u015fizme ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sloganlar, \u00f6rne\u011fin NATO’dan, \u0130MF’den \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, fa\u015fist derneklerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, anti-demokratik 141-142. maddelerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi talepler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. 19 Mart 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Sava\u015f Yolu dergisi, kapak sayfas\u0131n\u0131n man\u015fetini o y\u0131l kitlesel olarak alanlarda kutlanan 8 Mart’a ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc tum yurtta kutland\u0131”, alt\u0131nda da “\u00c7ocuklar Can\u0131m\u0131z, Fa\u015fistler Can d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z”. Bu haberin 5. sayfadaki devam\u0131na g\u00f6z atal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
“8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi, \u00fclkemizde de, \u00e7e\u015fitli il ve il\u00e7elerde d\u00fczenlenen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal t\u00f6renlerle, miting ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerle kutland\u0131. \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi’nin \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi bu g\u00f6steri, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ve mitinglerde uluslararas\u0131 kad\u0131n hareketiyle olan dayan\u0131\u015fma dile getirildi. Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Y\u0131l\u0131 ile fa\u015fist sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 somutlayan ‘\u00c7ocuklar Can\u0131m\u0131z, Fa\u015fistler Can D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z’ belgesi y\u00fckseltildi. Uluslararas\u0131 kad\u0131n hareketinin se\u00e7kin temsilcileri, \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi’nin konu\u011fu olarak \u0130stanbul’a geldiler.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul’da 8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc kutlama haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcnlerce \u00f6nce ba\u015flad\u0131. (…) August Bebel’in ‘Kad\u0131n ve Sosyalizm’ adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n 100’nc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle de ‘Kad\u0131n sorunu’ konulu bir a\u00e7\u0131k oturum d\u00fczenlendi. Bu a\u00e7\u0131k oturumda ’emek\u00e7i kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015f yolunun bir oldu\u011fu’ ger\u00e7e\u011fi bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.”<\/p>\n
Haberin devam\u0131nda, di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok ilde de 8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc’n\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerle ve mitinglerle kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor.
Ger\u00e7ekten, T\u00fcrkiye’de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik m\u00fccadelesi, sava\u015fs\u0131z ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcz bir d\u00fcnya m\u00fccadelesinden, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi do\u011frudan bu m\u00fccadelenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Klara Zetkin ve Nadejda Krupskaya gibi ve saymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z binlerce s\u0131ra neferi, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc kom\u00fcnizm m\u00fccadelesine adam\u0131\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck dilekleri, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, ev kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kapitalizmin boyunduru\u011fundan ve k\u00f6leli\u011finden kurtulu\u015fu idi. Ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kendi kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelelerini yaratmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kad\u0131n liderlerin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hat, koca bir d\u00fczenin, kapitalist d\u00fczenin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fccadeleyi gerektiren bir hatt\u0131. Do\u011fru bir hatt\u0131. Bug\u00fcn kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck kesimi olu\u015fturan emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irece\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yegane m\u00fccadele hatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet ve 2007 itibariyle d\u00fcnyadan veriler<\/strong>
“Kad\u0131nlara ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son”<\/p>\n * Kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet d\u00fcnyada en yayg\u0131n, ancak en az cezaland\u0131r\u0131lan su\u00e7tur.
* Tahminlere g\u00f6re 113 ile 200 milyon aras\u0131nda kad\u0131n demografik olarak \u201ckay\u0131p\u201d (yok) g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ya do\u011far do\u011fmaz \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fler (erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fun k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fa tercih edilmesi) ya da erkek karde\u015fleri ve babalar\u0131yla e\u015fit derecede g\u0131da ve t\u0131bbi olanaklara ula\u015famam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
* Fuhu\u015fa zorlanan ya da bunun i\u00e7in sat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131lda 700.000 ila 4.000.000 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Cinsel k\u00f6lelik d\u00fczeninden elde edilen kazan\u00e7lar y\u0131lda tahminen on iki milyar dolard\u0131r.
* K\u00fcresel olarak, on be\u015f ile k\u0131rk be\u015f ya\u015f aras\u0131 kad\u0131nlar, kanser, s\u0131tma, trafik kazalar\u0131 ve sava\u015flardan daha ziyade, erkek \u015fiddetinin sonucu hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmekte veya sakatlanmaktad\u0131r.
* En az \u00fc\u00e7 kad\u0131ndan biri d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, cinsel ili\u015fkiye zorlanm\u0131\u015f ya da hayat\u0131 boyunca ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc suistimal edilmi\u015ftir (tecav\u00fcz, k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f). Genellikle, suistimal eden ki\u015fi aileden bir \u00fcye ya da kad\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kimsedir. Ev i\u00e7i \u015fiddet, b\u00f6lge, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, etnik k\u00f6ken, e\u011fitim, s\u0131n\u0131f ve din ne olursa olsun kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 en yayg\u0131n suistimal \u015feklidir.
* Dinsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel vb. nedenlerle y\u0131lda iki milyondan fazla k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun genital organlar\u0131na hasar verilmektedir (kad\u0131n s\u00fcnneti). Bu oran, 15 saniyede bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fudur.
* Sistematik tecav\u00fcz yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki bir\u00e7ok \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda bir ter\u00f6r silah\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ruanda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 (1994) esnas\u0131nda 250.000 ila 500.000 kad\u0131n\u0131n tecav\u00fcze u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir.
* Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, kad\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet ile HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131nda y\u00fckselen ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6stermekte ve HIV bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha fazla \u015fiddete maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, \u015fiddet kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n da HIV bula\u015fma risklerinin daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8 Mart’\u0131n kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131:<\/strong>
\u015eubat 1848 – Marks ve Engels, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’yu yay\u0131nlad\u0131lar.
18 Mart 1848 – Almanya’da Mart Devrim’leri s\u0131ras\u0131nda Berlin’de \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fenler oldu.
8 Mart 1857 – New York’lu tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlar greve gittiler.
Eyl\u00fcl 1864-I. Enternasyonal Londra’da kuruldu. Birli\u011fin t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Marks ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131.
18 Mart – 29 May\u0131s 1871 tarihleri aras\u0131nda – Bir proleter devrim giri\u015fimi olan Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, tarihin ilk i\u015f\u00e7i devleti.
1889 – II. Enternasyonal’in Kurulu\u015f Kongresi Paris’te yap\u0131ld\u0131.
17 A\u011fustos 1907 – II. Enternasyonal’e ba\u011fl\u0131 “Birinci Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131” Stuttgart’ta yap\u0131ld\u0131.
8 Mart 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine New York’ta “Cotton” tekstil fabrikas\u0131nda kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler greve gittiler. \u00c7\u0131kan yang\u0131nda 129 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6ld\u00fc.
26-27 A\u011fustos 1910-II. Enternasyonal’e ba\u011fl\u0131 “\u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131” Kopenhag’da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta “kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcn” belirlenmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.
18 Mart 1911 – Konferansta al\u0131nan “kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcn” karar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk kutlaman\u0131n tarihi
8 Mart 1917 (\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 takvimine g\u00f6re 23 \u015eubat 1917) – Petrograd’l\u0131 tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlar y\u00fczlerce i\u015fyerinde grev ve direni\u015f yapt\u0131lar. Bu eylemler \u015eubat Devrimi’ni ba\u015flatt\u0131.
Ekim 1917 – B\u00fcy\u00fck Ekim Devrimi sonucunda, (eski tarihle 25 Ekim, yeni takvimle 7 Kas\u0131m tarihinde) Sovyetler Birli\u011fi kuruldu.
1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya’da kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131.
10 Eyl\u00fcl 1920 – T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi kuruldu.
1920 – Birinci Uluslararas\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131 Moskova’da yap\u0131ld\u0131.
28-29 Ocak 1921-Mustafa Suphi ve 14 yolda\u015f\u0131 burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan Karadeniz’de bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.
8 Mart 1921 – Lenin’in “Uluslararas\u0131 Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 Pravda No. 51’de yay\u0131nland\u0131.
1921 – \u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131 Moskova’da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcn\u00fcn kutlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in her y\u0131l\u0131n 8 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc kesin tarih olarak belirlendi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde ve daha sonra kurulan t\u00fcm sosyalist devletlerde bu g\u00fcn resmi tatil olarak ilan edildi.
8 Mart 1921 – T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00fcyesi kad\u0131nlar, uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist hareketle ayn\u0131 tarihte T\u00fcrkiye’de ilk 8 Mart’\u0131 kutlad\u0131lar.
1975 – \u0130lerici Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi kuruldu.
1975 – Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler bu y\u0131l\u0131 D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131n Y\u0131l\u0131 ilan etti.
16 Aral\u0131k 1977-Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler 8 Mart’\u0131n her y\u0131l “D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc” olarak kutlanmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\nKaynaklar:<\/strong>
Zetkin, Klara; Krupskaya, Nadejda; Pieck Wilhelm (1992). “Almanya’da Proleter Kad\u0131n Hareketi’nin Tarihine \u0130li\u015fkin”, Kad\u0131n Sorunu \u00dczerine Se\u00e7me Yaz\u0131lar ve Klara Zetkin \u00dczerine, \u0130stanbul: \u0130nter (der.)
Tun\u00e7ay, Mete, T\u00fcrkiye’de Sol Ak\u0131mlar-I (1908-1925) Belgeler 2 (1991). \u0130stanbul: BDS Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
V.I. Lenin Toplu Eserler (1965), 1. \u0130ngilizce Bask\u0131, Cilt 32. Moskova: Progress Publishers.
www.library.fes.de: II. Enternasyonal, \u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyalist Kad\u0131nlar Konferans\u0131, Talepler ve Kararlar, 26-27 A\u011fustos 1910, Kopenhag.
www.renner.institut.at\/fraueakademie\/frauentag\/frauentag.htm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"8 Mart kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlarla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ek olarak belirtelim. Bu ama\u00e7la \u00f6nce, tarihsel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fiminde 8 Mart’a nas\u0131l bir i\u00e7erik y\u00fcklendi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftural\u0131m. Ard\u0131ndan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de 8 Mart’\u0131 ni\u00e7in “emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n” g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ele alal\u0131m. Son olarak da, konuya bug\u00fcn ana damar feminist ak\u0131mlarla […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4315","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kadin-a-dair"},"yoast_head":"\n
8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc Tarih\u00e7esi - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc Tarih\u00e7esi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"8 Mart kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlarla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ek olarak belirtelim. Bu ama\u00e7la \u00f6nce, tarihsel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fiminde 8 Mart’a nas\u0131l bir i\u00e7erik y\u00fcklendi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftural\u0131m. Ard\u0131ndan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de 8 Mart’\u0131 ni\u00e7in “emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n” g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ele alal\u0131m. 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Bu ama\u00e7la \u00f6nce, tarihsel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fiminde 8 Mart’a nas\u0131l bir i\u00e7erik y\u00fcklendi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftural\u0131m. Ard\u0131ndan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de 8 Mart’\u0131 ni\u00e7in “emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n” g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ele alal\u0131m. Son olarak da, konuya bug\u00fcn ana damar feminist ak\u0131mlarla […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2010-03-06T13:53:45+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.ttb.org.tr\/tok\/images\/stories\/8_mart.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"24 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc Tarih\u00e7esi","datePublished":"2010-03-06T13:53:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/"},"wordCount":4864,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.ttb.org.tr\/tok\/images\/stories\/8_mart.jpg","articleSection":["Kad\u0131na Dair"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/06\/8-mart-dunya-emekci-kadinlar-gunu-tarihcesi\/","name":"8 Mart D\u00fcnya Emek\u00e7i Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc Tarih\u00e7esi - 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![](\"http:\/\/www.ttb.org.tr\/tok\/images\/stories\/8_mart.jpg\")
8 Mart kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131nlarla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ek olarak belirtelim. Bu ama\u00e7la \u00f6nce, tarihsel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve geli\u015fiminde 8 Mart’a nas\u0131l bir i\u00e7erik y\u00fcklendi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftural\u0131m. Ard\u0131ndan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de 8 Mart’\u0131 ni\u00e7in “emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlar\u0131n” g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ele alal\u0131m. Son olarak da, konuya bug\u00fcn ana damar feminist ak\u0131mlarla sosyalist ak\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda teorik tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan ayr\u0131m ba\u011flam\u0131nda g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim.<\/p>\n