{"id":4321,"date":"2010-03-08T20:31:40","date_gmt":"2010-03-08T17:31:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/"},"modified":"2010-03-08T20:31:40","modified_gmt":"2010-03-08T17:31:40","slug":"kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/","title":{"rendered":"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi – Karl Marks"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ekonomi Politik, biri \u00fcreticinin kendi eme\u011fine, di\u011feri ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011finin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesine dayanan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden iki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u015feklini birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ikincisinin yaln\u0131zca do\u011frudan birincisinin antitezi olmakla kalmay\u0131p, mutlaka onun mezar\u0131 \u00fczerinde boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da unutmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomi politi\u011fin yurdu Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da, ilkel birikim s\u00fcreci, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Burada, kapitalist rejim, ya do\u011frudan b\u00fct\u00fcn ulusal \u00fcretim alan\u0131n\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ya da ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n hen\u00fcz tam geli\u015fmedi\u011fi yerlerde, eski \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmakla birlikte, (sayfa 784) yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmekte olan bu \u00fcretim tarz\u0131yla yanyana ya\u015famaya devam eden toplum katlar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 de\u011filse dolayl\u0131 olarak denetleyecek durumdad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekler, ideolojisinin y\u00fcz\u00fcne ne kadar y\u00fcksek sesle hayk\u0131r\u0131rsa, ekonomi politik\u00e7i, bu haz\u0131r buldu\u011fu sermaye d\u00fcnyas\u0131na, kapitalizm-\u00f6ncesi d\u00fcnyadan devraldi\u011fi hukuk ve m\u00fclkiyet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131, o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7aba ve tatl\u0131 dillilikle uygulamaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde durum ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr.Orada, her yerde; kapitalist rejim, kendi emek ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, kapitalisti de\u011fil, kendisini zengin etmek i\u00e7in kullanan \u00fcreticinin direni\u015fiyle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Birbiriyle taban tabana kar\u015f\u0131t bu iki ekonomik sistem aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki, pratikte, kendisini bir sava\u015f\u0131m ile ortaya koyar. Anayurdun g\u00fcc\u00fcne s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 dayayan kapitalist, \u00fcreticinin kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z eme\u011fine dayanan \u00fcretim ve m\u00fclk edinme tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 yolunun \u00fczerinden zorla temizler. Sermaye dalkavu\u011fu ekonomi politik\u00e7iyi, anayurtta, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 ile bunun kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n teorik \u00f6zde\u015fli\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmeye zorlayan ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, onu, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde, bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 itiraf etmeye, iki \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek sesle il\u00e2n etmeye zorlar.<\/p>\n

Bu ama\u00e7la, emek\u00e7iler m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmeden ve buna uygun olarak \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sermayeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmeden, eme\u011fin toplumsal \u00fcretme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesinin, elbirli\u011finin, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde makine kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n vb. olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tlamaya kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131r. S\u00f6zde ulusal zen\u011finlik ad\u0131na ve yarar\u0131na, halk\u0131 sefille\u015ftirecek yapay yollar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 pe\u015findedir. \u0130\u015fin buras\u0131nda, b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc o mazur g\u00f6sterme z\u0131rh\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu gibi par\u00e7a par\u00e7a da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. E. G. Wakefield’in b\u00fcy\u00fck meziyeti, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler[71]\u00a0 konusunda yeni bir \u015fey ke\u015ffetmesi de\u011fil, ama anayurttaki kapitalist \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fini buralarda ke\u015ffetmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Himaye sisteminin, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta,[72]\u00a0 anayurtta yapay olarak kapitalist imal etme giri\u015fiminin olmas\u0131 gibi, \u0130ngiltere’de bir s\u00fcre Parlamento yasalar\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Wakefield’in s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik teorisi de, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde, \u00fccretli-i\u015f\u00e7i imal etmeye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir giri\u015fimdi. O, buna, “sistemli s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik” ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyor.
Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce Wakefield, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i, kendi (sayfa 785) \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesi ile kendisini satmak zorunda bulunan ba\u015fka bir insan yoksa, para, ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131, makineler ve di\u011fer \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetinin, bir adama, hen\u00fcz bir kapitalist damgas\u0131 vurmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. O, sermayenin bir \u015fey olmay\u0131p, \u015feylerin arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda kurulan toplumsal bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti.[73] Bay Peel’in, 50.000 sterlin de\u011ferinde \u00fcretim ve ge\u00e7im arac\u0131yla birlikte, \u0130ngiltere’den kalk\u0131p, ta Bat\u0131 Avustralya’da Swan nehrine gitmesine ac\u0131r. Bay Peel, ayr\u0131ca, beraberinde erkek ve \u00e7ocuk 3,.000 ki\u015filik bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek kadar da ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Gidece\u011fi yere var\u0131nca, “Bay Peel’in yan\u0131nda, yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapacak ya da nehirden su ta\u015f\u0131yacak bir u\u015fak bile kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.”[74] Zavall\u0131 Bay Peel, her \u015feyi \u00f6nceden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc de, \u0130ngiliz \u00fcretim tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 Swan nehrine ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 ak\u0131l edememi\u015fti!
Wakefield’in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ke\u015fiflerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in iki noktay\u0131 belirtelim: \u00dcretim ve ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, ilk \u00fcreticinin m\u00fclkiyetinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece sermaye olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bunlar, ancak, ayn\u0131 zamanda, emek\u00e7iyi hem s\u00f6m\u00fcrme ve hem de boyunduruk alt\u0131na alma arac\u0131 olarak hizmet ettikleri zaman, sermaye halini al\u0131rlar. Ama onlardaki bu kapitalist ruh, ekonomi politik\u00e7inin kafas\u0131nda, maddi \u00f6zleri ile o kadar s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, o, bunlara, her durumda ve hatta tam tersi olduklar\u0131 zaman bile sermaye ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. Bu, Wakefield’de de b\u00f6yledir. \u00dcstelik: \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, kendi hesaplar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pek \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z emek\u00e7inin bireysel m\u00fclkiyeti halinde par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na, sermayenin e\u015fit olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi der. Ekonomi politik\u00e7inin, feodal hukuk\u00e7udan fark\u0131 yoktur. Bu hukuk\u00e7u da, salt parasal ili\u015fkilere, feodal huku\u011fun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaftalar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.
“E\u011fer” diyor Wakefield, “toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri, sermayenin e\u015fit k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na sahip olsalard\u0131 … hi\u00e7 kimse kendi elleriyle kullanabilece\u011finden fazla sermaye biriktirme d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip olmazd\u0131. Toprak sahibi olma tutkusunun, \u00fccretle tutulabilecek bir emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fi yeni Amerikan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde durum bir dereceye kadar b\u00f6yledir.”[75] Bu nedenle, emek\u00e7i, (sayfa 786) kendisi i\u00e7in biriktirebildi\u011fi s\u00fcrece \u2014bunu, ancak, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece yapabilir\u2014 kapitalist birikim ve kapitalist.\u00fcretim tarz\u0131 olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bunlar i\u00e7in mutlaka gerekli olan bir \u00fccretli-emek\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda, \u00f6yleyse, eski Avrupa’da emek\u00e7inin, kendi emek ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, yani sermaye ile \u00fccretli-eme\u011fin birarada varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu? Olduk\u00e7a \u00f6zg\u00fcn t\u00fcrden bir toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile. “\u0130nsano\u011flu, sermaye birikimini h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in”, ku\u015fkusuz Adem’den beri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tek ve son amac\u0131 olarak hayalinde besledi\u011fi “basit bir y\u00f6ntemi benimsedi: bunlar kendilerini, sermaye ve emek sahibi olarak ikiye b\u00f6ld\u00fcler. … Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnme, bir uyum ve birle\u015fmenin sonucuydu.”[76] Tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle: b\u00fcy\u00fck insan kitlesi, “sermaye birikimi” onuruna, kendisini m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirdi. \u015eimdi insan, bu fanatik\u00e7e kendini yads\u0131ma i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, b\u00f6yle bir toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hayal alan\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek \u00e2leme ge\u00e7irebilece\u011fi insanlarla ko\u015fullar\u0131n ancak varolabilece\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde, \u00f6zellikle etkili olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Ama e\u011fer \u00f6yleyse, kendili\u011finden ve d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yerine, onun tam kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan “sistemli s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik” ni\u00e7in gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor? Ama \u2014ama\u2014 Amerikan Birli\u011finin kuzey devletlerinde, halk\u0131n onda-birinin bile, \u00fccretli-emek\u00e7iler tan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7ine girebilece\u011fi ku\u015fkuludur. … \u0130ngiltere’de … emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.”[77] Ayr\u0131ca, sermayenin zaferi i\u00e7in, emek\u00e7i insanl\u0131kta kendini m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirme d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc o kadar azd\u0131r ki, Wakefield’e g\u00f6re, k\u00f6lelik, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci zenginli\u011fin biricik do\u011fal temelidir. Ne var ki, o k\u00f6lelerle de\u011fil; \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlarla i\u015f g\u00f6rmek zorunda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, onun sistemli s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi yaln\u0131zca pis aller’dir.[5*] “Saint Domingo’ya yerle\u015fen ilk \u0130spanyollar, hi\u00e7 \u0130spanyol emek\u00e7i bulamad\u0131lar. Ama, emek\u00e7i olmaks\u0131z\u0131n sermayeleri yokolup giderdi ya da en az\u0131ndan, herbirinin kendi elleriyle kullanabilece\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130ngilizlerin kurduklar\u0131 son s\u00f6m\u00fcrgede \u2014Swan River s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi\u2014 bu, fiilen b\u00f6yle oldu: burada, sermayeyi kullanabilmek i\u00e7in gerekli emek\u00e7i yoklu\u011fundan, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sermaye, tohum, ara\u00e7 ve hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc yokoldu ve hi\u00e7 kimse kendi elleriyle (sayfa 787) kullanabilece\u011finden fazla sermayeyi elde tutmad\u0131.”[78]
Halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n topraktan m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesinin, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bulunuyoruz. Oysa bunun tersine \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgenin temeli \u015fudur: topra\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 kamu m\u00fclkiyetidir ve bu nedenle her g\u00f6\u00e7men, daha sonra geleceklerin ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemeyecek \u015fekilde, bunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel m\u00fclk\u00fc ve ki\u015fisel \u00fcretim arac\u0131 haline getirebilir.[79] Hem s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdeki g\u00f6nencin ve hem de k\u00f6kle\u015fli\u015f d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u2014sermayenin yerle\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u2014 s\u0131rr\u0131, i\u015fte buydu. “Topra\u011f\u0131n ucuz, herkesin \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve dileyen herkesin kendisi i\u00e7in kolayca bir par\u00e7a toprak edinebilece\u011fi yerde, emek\u00e7inin \u00fcr\u00fcndeki pay\u0131 bak\u0131mdan emek, yaln\u0131z pahal\u0131 olmakla kalmaz, ne fiyata olursa olsun toplu emek bulmak da g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fir.”[80]
S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde emek\u00e7inin, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ve k\u00f6kleri olan topraktan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 diye bir durumun hen\u00fcz s\u00f6zkonusu olmamas\u0131, ya da tek-t\u00fck veya pek s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, ne tar\u0131m sanayiden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ne de k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u0131rsal ev sanayii yokedilmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda, sermaye i\u00e7in i\u00e7 pazar nereden sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r? “K\u00f6leler ile bunlar\u0131n, sermaye ile eme\u011fi belli i\u015flerde biraraya getiren patronlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Amerikan n\u00fcfusunun hi\u00e7 bir kesimi, yaln\u0131zca tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fmaz. Topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen \u00f6zg\u00fcr Amerikal\u0131lar, daha ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok i\u015fler yaparlar. Kulland\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fyalar ile ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kendileri yaparlar. Kendi evlerini \u00e7o\u011fu kez kendileri yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, emeklerinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc de, ne kadar uzak olursa olsun, pazara kendileri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler. \u0130plik e\u011firir, kuma\u015f dokurlar; sabun ve mum yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kendi kullanacaklar\u0131 ayakkab\u0131lar ile elbiseleri de kendileri yaparlar. Amerika’da topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flenmesi, \u00e7o\u011fu kez, demircinin, de\u011firmencinin ya da bakkal\u0131n ikinci bir i\u015fidir.”[81] B\u00f6ylesine garip insanlar i\u00e7inde, kapitalistler i\u00e7in, “perhiz alan\u0131” nerededir?
Kapitalist \u00fcretimin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fczelli\u011fi \u015furad\u0131d\u0131r: yaln\u0131z \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iyi durmadan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i olarak yeniden-\u00fcretmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda, sermaye birikimiyle orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak daima bir (sayfa 788) nispi \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i art\u0131-n\u00fcfusunu da \u00fcretir. B\u00f6ylece, eme\u011fin arz ve talep yasas\u0131 do\u011fru \u00e7izgi \u00fczerinde tutulur, \u00fccret sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131, kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in doyurucu s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7ersine al\u0131n\u0131r ve ensonu, emek\u00e7inin kapitaliste toplumsal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu vazge\u00e7ilmez ko\u015ful g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur; anayurtta kurnaz ekonomi politik\u00e7inin, al\u0131c\u0131yla sat\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131nda, yani ayn\u0131 derecede ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z iki meta sahibi, meta-sermaye sahibi ile meta-emek sahibi aras\u0131nda serbest bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015feklinde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu ili\u015fki, asl\u0131nda, tam bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisidir. Ama s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde bu g\u00fczel hayal y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Burada mutlak n\u00fcfus, anayurda g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla artar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc pek \u00e7ok emek\u00e7i, bu \u00e2leme, haz\u0131r yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan olarak ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atar, ama emek pazar\u0131 gene de daima gerekti\u011fi kadar dolu de\u011fildir. Eme\u011fin arz ve. talep yasas\u0131, par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir yandan eski d\u00fcnya, durmadan, s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye ve “perhiz”e susam\u0131\u015f sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131r, \u00f6te yandan, \u00fccretli-emek\u00e7inin \u00fccretli-emek\u00e7i olarak d\u00fczenli yeniden-\u00fcretilmesi, \u00e7ok m\u00fcnasebetsiz ve k\u0131smen de a\u015f\u0131lamayan engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Sermaye birikimine oranla say\u0131ca daima fazla \u00fccretli-emek\u00e7i \u00fcretimine ne olmu\u015ftur? Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fccretli-i\u015f\u00e7isi, yar\u0131n\u0131n kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc ya da zanaat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Emek pazar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir, ama i\u015fevine de girmemi\u015ftir. \u00dccretli-emek\u00e7ilerin, sermaye yerine kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, kapitalist beyler yerine kendilerini zenginle\u015ftiren ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fcreticilere s\u00fcrekli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, kendi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, emek pazar\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok olumsuz etkiler yapar. Yaln\u0131z \u00fccretli-emek\u00e7inin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc derecesi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmakla kalmaz. \u00dccretli-emek\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisi ile birlikte, \u00fcstelik, perhizci kapitaliste olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k duygusunu da kaybeder. \u0130\u015fte size, bizim E. G. Wakefield’in bu kadar yi\u011fit\u00e7e, b\u00f6ylesine dokunakl\u0131 ve veciz bi\u00e7imde \u00e7izdi\u011fi uygunsuzluklar tablosu.
\u00dccretli-emek arz\u0131, ne s\u00fcrekli, ne d\u00fczenli, ne de yeterlidir diye yak\u0131n\u0131yor. “Emek arz\u0131, daima, sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fil, g\u00fcvensiz ve belirsizdir de.”[82] “Kapitalist ile emek\u00e7i aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen \u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, emek\u00e7i de o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir pay almakta ve o h\u0131zla, o da kapitalist olmaktad\u0131r. … \u00d6m\u00fcrleri uzun olanlardan bile, \u00e7ok az\u0131, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde servet y\u0131\u011fabilir.”[83] Emek\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde, kapitalistin, emeklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (sayfa 789) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131na g\u00f6zyummuyorlar. Kendi sermayeleri ile Avrupa’dan kendi \u00fccretli-i\u015f\u00e7ilerini getirme karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bir i\u015fe yaram\u0131yor. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, bunlar, “\u00fccretli-emek\u00e7i … olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar; bunlar … emek pazar\u0131nda eski patronlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na rakip olarak \u00e7\u0131kmasalar bile, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z toprak sahibi oluyorlar”.[84] Ne facia! Erdemli kapitalistimiz ta Avrupalardan kendi paras\u0131yla kendi rakiplerini getirmi\u015f oluyor! D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonu geldi zaten! Tevekkeli de\u011fil, Wakefield, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde \u00fccretli-i\u015f\u00e7ilerden yana ne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k kald\u0131, ne de ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k duygusu diye bo\u015funa yak\u0131nm\u0131yor. C\u00f6mezi Merivale, y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler nedeniyle, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde, “daha ucuz ve daha yumu\u015fakba\u015fl\u0131 emek\u00e7ilere \u2014kapitalistin onlardan emir almak yerine kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 zorla kabul ettirebilece\u011fi bir s\u0131n\u0131fa b\u00fcy\u00fck gereksinme bulundu\u011funu” s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. “Eski uygar \u00fclkelerde emek\u00e7i \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmakla birlikte, do\u011fa yasas\u0131 ile kapitaliste ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 idi; s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, yapay yollardan yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.”[85] (sayfa 790)
\u015eimdi Wakefield’e g\u00f6re s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdeki bu k\u00f6t\u00fc durumun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 nedir? \u00dcreticiler ile ulusal servetin, “barbarca par\u00e7alan\u0131p da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 e\u011filimi”.[86] \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, kendi hesaplar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131z sahipler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesinin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, bile\u015fmi\u015f eme\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcn temellerini de yokeder. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l alabilecek ve sabit bir sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 gerektirecek her b\u00fcy\u00fck giri\u015fim, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Avrupa’da sermaye bir an bile duraksamadan yat\u0131r\u0131m yapar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, onun, daima gere\u011finden fazla, daima emrinde canl\u0131 bir ekini, par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Ama s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler! Wakefield son derece ac\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00f6yk\u00fc anlat\u0131r. Kanadal\u0131 ve New York eyaletinden baz\u0131 kapitalistlerle konu\u015fmu\u015ftur; buralarda g\u00f6\u00e7men dalgas\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k durgunla\u015f\u0131yor ve bir “fazla” emek\u00e7i tortusu b\u0131rak\u0131yordu. Melodram\u0131n ki\u015filerinden birisi “Bizim sermayemiz”, diyor, “tamamlanmas\u0131 epeyce uzun bir zaman alacak pek \u00e7ok giri\u015fimler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rd\u0131, ama \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden bizi b\u0131rak\u0131p gidecek i\u015f\u00e7ilerle bu gibi giri\u015fimlere ba\u015flayamazd\u0131k. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7menleri, burada, i\u015f\u00e7i olarak al\u0131koyabilece\u011fimize g\u00fcvenseydik, bunu, sevinerek hemen ve hem de y\u00fcksek bir fiyatla yapard\u0131k: ve hatta bunlar b\u0131rak\u0131p gitse bile, gerekti\u011finde yenilerini bulabilece\u011fimizden emin olsayd\u0131k, gene bu i\u015flere giri\u015firdik.”.[87]
Wakefield, \u0130ngiliz kapitalist tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve onun “birle\u015fik” eme\u011fini, Amerikan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k tar\u0131m\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131kdan sonra, fark\u0131nda olmadan, madalyonun \u00f6teki y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc de bize g\u00f6sterir. Amerikan halk kitlesini, hali-vaktinde, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, giri\u015fken ve daha k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc olarak betimler, oysa “\u0130ngiliz tar\u0131m emek\u00e7isi sefil bir yarat\u0131k, bir dilencidir. … Tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan serbest eme\u011fin \u00fccreti, Kuzey Amerika ile baz\u0131 yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hangi \u00fclkede, emek\u00e7inin yaln\u0131zca ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir? … Ku\u015fkusuz, \u0130ngiltere’de, \u00e7iftlik beygirleri, de\u011ferli bir mal olarak, \u0130ngiliz k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinden daha iyi beslenirler.”.[88] Ama, never mind![6*] Ulusal zenginlik bir kez daha, niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi, halk\u0131n sefaleti ile \u00f6zde\u015ftir. (sayfa 791)
Peki \u00f6yleyse, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin anti-kapitalist kanseri nas\u0131l iyile\u015ftirilecektir? E\u011fer bir darbede, b\u00fct\u00fcn toprak, kamu m\u00fclkiyetinden \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmek istenseydi, elbette k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u00f6kleri, ama onunla birlikte s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler de yokedilirdi. Ustal\u0131k, bir ta\u015fla iki ku\u015f vurmakt\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, bakir topraklara arz ve talep yasas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, g\u00f6\u00e7menleri, toprak sat\u0131nalabilecek kadar para kazanmas\u0131 ve kendisini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc haline getirebilmesi i\u00e7in uzun bir s\u00fcre \u00fccretle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlayacak \u015fekilde yapay bir fiyat bi\u00e7meliydi.[89] Topra\u011f\u0131n, \u00fccretli-i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yana\u015famayacaklar\u0131 bir fiyatla sat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan, sa\u011flanan fon, yani kutsal arz ve talep yasas\u0131n\u0131n ayaklar alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131yla, \u00fccretli-emekten s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan bu para ile, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, bu fonla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak Avrupa’dan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere meteliksiz insanlar getirir ve b\u00f6ylece \u00fccretli-emek pazar\u0131n\u0131 kapitalistler i\u00e7in a\u011fz\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131na dolu bulundurabilirdi. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, tout sera pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possibles.[7*] “Sistemli s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin” b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131rr\u0131 buydu. Wakefield, “bu planla” diye zafer \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 at\u0131yor, “emek arz\u0131 s\u00fcrekli ve d\u00fczenli olmak zorundad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6nce, hi\u00e7 bir emek\u00e7i para kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece toprak edinmeyece\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u00fccret almak i\u00e7in birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6\u00e7men emek\u00e7iler, daha fazla emek\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 b\u0131rakan ve toprak sahibi haline gelen her emek\u00e7i, toprak sat\u0131nalmakla, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeye taze emek getirmek i\u00e7in bir fon sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.”.[90] Devletin koyaca\u011f\u0131, toprak fiyat\u0131, ku\u015fkusuz “yeterli bir fiyat” olmal\u0131 \u2014 yani “emek\u00e7iyi, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 emek pazar\u0131nda yerini dolduruncaya kadar, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z toprak sahibi haline gelmekten al\u0131koyacak”[91] kadar y\u00fcksek bir fiyat olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu “yeterli toprak fiyat\u0131”, emek\u00e7inin, \u00fccretli-emek (sayfa 792) pazar\u0131ndan topra\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ekilmesi i\u00e7in kapitaliste \u00f6dedi\u011fi fidye olarak kullan\u0131lan kibarca bir laftan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Emek\u00e7inin, \u00f6nce, kapitalistin daha fazla emek\u00e7iyi s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flayacak “sermaye”yi \u00fcretmesi gerekiyor; sonra, emek pazar\u0131nda kendisinden bo\u015falan yeri doldurmak \u00fczere h\u00fck\u00fcmetin eski patronu kapitalist i\u00e7in okyanus \u00f6tesinden getirece\u011fi locum tenens’in[8*] masraf\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacakt\u0131r.
\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, Bay Wakefield’in \u00f6zellikle s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere \u00f6nerdi\u011fi bu “ilkel birikim” y\u00f6ntemini y\u0131llard\u0131r kullanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, \u00e7ok karakteristiktir. U\u011fran\u0131lan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, ku\u015fkusuz, Sir Robert Peel’in Banka Yasas\u0131 kadar tam ve kesindi. G\u00f6\u00e7 ak\u0131n\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden Birle\u015fik Devletler’e \u00e7evrilmi\u015f oldu. Bu arada, Avrupa’da, kapitalist \u00fcretimdeki geli\u015fme, artan h\u00fck\u00fcmet bask\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte Wakefield’in \u00f6nerisini gereksiz duruma getirdi. Bir yandan, y\u0131llar y\u0131l\u0131 Amerika’y\u0131 y\u00f6neten b\u00fcy\u00fck ve bitip t\u00fckenmez insan seli, Birle\u015fik Devletler’in do\u011fu kesiminde, ard\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir tortu b\u0131rakt\u0131; Avrupa’dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131, buradaki emek pazar\u0131na, bat\u0131ya do\u011fru olan g\u00f6\u00e7 ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilece\u011finden fazla insan getiriyordu. \u00d6te yandan, Amerikan i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 muazzam bir ulusal bor\u00e7 getirmi\u015f ve onunla birlikte vergi bask\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir mali aristokrasi do\u011fmu\u015f, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n, madenlerin vb. s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in spek\u00fclat\u00f6r \u015firketler b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7alar halinde kamu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fmalam\u0131\u015f, k\u0131sacas\u0131, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir sermaye merkezile\u015fmesi olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck cumhuriyet, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in vaadedilen toprak olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, normal Avrupa d\u00fczeyine indirilmekten uzak olmakla birlikte, kapitalist \u00fcretim burada dev ad\u0131mlar\u0131yla ilerlemektedir. \u0130\u015flenmemi\u015f s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131n\u0131n, Wakefield’i bile isyan ettiren bir utanmazl\u0131kla, h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan, aristokratlara ve kapitalistlere pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekilmesi, \u00f6zellikle Avustralya’da[92] gold-diggings’in[9*] \u00e7ekti\u011fi insan seli ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zanaat\u00e7\u0131larla bile rekabet eden \u0130ngiliz meta ithal\u00e2t\u0131 ile birlikte bol (sayfa 793) bir “nispi art\u0131-emek\u00e7i n\u00fcfus” yarat\u0131r ve hemen hemen her posta, “Avustralya emek pazar\u0131n\u0131n dolup ta\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131” ve fuh\u015fun yer yer Londra’daki Haymarket kadar \u015fehvetle geli\u015fti\u011fi konusunda cans\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 haberler getirir.
Her neyse, biz, burada, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin durumu ile ilgilenmiyoruz. Bizi ilgilendiren tek \u015fey, eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ekonomi politi\u011finin, yeni d\u00fcnyada ke\u015ffetti\u011fi ve damlar\u0131n \u00fczerinden il\u00e2n ettikleri s\u0131rd\u0131r: kapitalist \u00fcretim ve birikim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin, temel ko\u015ful olarak, bizzat kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin yokolmas\u0131, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, emek\u00e7inin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesidir. (sayfa 794)<\/p>\n

Kapital Cilt 1 | 8 K\u0131s\u0131m | 32 B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p>\n

Karl Marx’\u0131n Capital, A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Productuon, Volume 1, (Lawrence ande Wishart, London, 1971) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngilizcesinden Alaattin Bilgi dilimize \u00e7evirmi\u015f, ve kitap, Kapital, Kapitalist \u00dcretimin Ele\u015ftirel Bir Tahlili, Birinci Cilt, ad\u0131 ile, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 1986 (Birinci Bask\u0131: Temmuz 1975; \u0130kinci Bask\u0131: Mart 1978) tarihinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

[70] Biz, burada, ger\u00e7ek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri, serbest g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerle\u015ftikleri bakir topraklar\u0131 ele al\u0131yoruz. Birle\u015fik Devletler, ekonomik anlamda, bug\u00fcn bile ancak Avrupa’n\u0131n bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesidir. Ayr\u0131ca bu kategoriye, k\u00f6leli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile daha \u00f6nceki ko\u015fullar\u0131n tamam\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu eski plantasyonlar da girer.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

[71] Wakefield’in modern s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik konusundaki birka\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, fizyokrat Mirabeau Baba ve hatta \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce \u0130ngiliz iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamam\u0131yla sezilmi\u015ftir.
[72] Sonralar\u0131 bu, uluslaras\u0131 rekabet sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda ge\u00e7ici bir zorunluluk halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ama nedeni ne olursa olsun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r.
[73] “Bir zenci, bir zencidir. Ancak belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bir k\u00f6le durumuna gelir. Bir pamuk e\u011firme makinesi, pamuk e\u011firme makinesidir. Ancak belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, sermaye durumuna gelir. Bu ko\u015fullardan kopar\u0131ld\u0131 m\u0131, art\u0131k sermaye de\u011fildir, t\u0131pk\u0131 alt\u0131n\u0131n kendi kendine para olmamas\u0131 ya da \u015fekerin, \u015feker fiyat\u0131 olamamas\u0131 gibi. … Sermaye de bir toplumsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir. Bir burjuva \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisi, burjuva toplumunun \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir.” (Karl Marx “Lohnarbeit und Kapital, N. Rh. Zeitung”.) n\u00b0 266, 7 Nisan 1849 [\u00dccretli Emek ve Sermaye \u2014 \u00dccret, Fiyat ve K\u00e2r, s. 40-41, 41-42.]
[74] E. G. Wakefield, England and America, c. II, a. 33.
[75] l.c., s. 17.
[76] l.c., v. I, s. 18.
[77] l.c., s. 42, 43, 44.
[78] l.c., v. II, s. 5
[79] “S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe konu olabilmesi i\u00e7in, topra\u011f\u0131n, yaln\u0131z bo\u015f ve ekilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 yetmez, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, kamu m\u00fclkiyeti alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 da gerekir.” (I.c., v. II, s. 125.)
[80] l.c., v..I, s. 247.
[81] l.c., s. 21, 22.
[82] l.c.. v. II. s. 116.
[83] l.c.. v. I, s. 131.
[84] l.c., v. II, s. 5.
[85] Merivale, l.c., v. II, s. 235-314 passim. Il\u0131ml\u0131, serbest ticaret yanl\u0131s\u0131, v\u00fclger iktisat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Molinari bile \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: “Dans les colonies o\u00f9 l’esclavage a et\u00e9 aboli sans que le travail forc\u00e9 se trouvait remplac\u00e9 par une quantit\u00e9 \u00e9quivalente de travail libre, on a vu s’op\u00e9rer la contre-partie du fait qui se r\u00e9alise tous les jours sous nos yeux. On a vu les simples travailleurs exploiter \u00e0 leur tour les entrepreneurs d’industrie, exiger d’eux des salaires hors de toute proportion avec la part l\u00e9gitime qui leur revenait dans le produit. Les planteurs, ne pouvant obtenir de leurs sucres un prix suffisant pour couvrir la hausse de salaire, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 obligi\u00e9s de fournir l’exc\u00e9dant, d’abord sur leurs profits, ensuite sur leurs capitaux m\u00eames. Une foule de planteurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ruin\u00e9s de la sorte, d’autres ont ferm\u00e9 leurs ateliers pour \u00e9chapper \u00e0 une ruine imminente. … Sans doute, il vaut mieux voir p\u00e9rir des accumulations de capitaux, que des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d’hommes [bu ne i\u00e7tenlik Bay Molinari!] mais ne vaudrait-il pas mieux que ni les uns ni les autres p\u00e9rissent’ [“Zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, e\u015fde\u011fer bir miktardaki \u00f6zg\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmekbizin, k\u00f6lelli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde, olay\u0131n her g\u00fcn g\u00f6zlerimizin \u00f6n\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n meydana geli\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu kez basit emek\u00e7ilerin sanayi giri\u015fimcilerini s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fckleri, onlardan, \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7inde kendilerinin hakk\u0131 olan pay ile hi\u00e7 bir ili\u015fkisi olmayan y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler istedikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u015eekerlerinden, \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yeterli bir fiyat elde edemeyen tar\u0131m i\u015fletmecileri (plant\u00f6rler), a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nce k\u00e2rlar\u0131, sonra da sermayeleri \u00fczerinden kapama zorunda kald\u0131lar. Bir\u00e7ok tar\u0131m i\u015fletmecisi bu bi\u00e7imde y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frad\u0131, \u00f6b\u00fcrleri, eli kula\u011f\u0131nda bir y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtulmak i\u00e7in, atelyelerini kapad\u0131lar. … Ku\u015fkusuz, sermaye birikimlerinin telef oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek, insan ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n telef oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekten evlad\u0131r […]; ama ne birilerinin, ne de \u00f6b\u00fcrlerinin telef olmas\u0131 daha iyi de\u011fil mi?”] (Molinari, l.c., s. 51, 52.) Bay Molinari, Bay Molinari! \u00d6yleyse, kutsal on emir, Musa ve peygamberler, arz ve talep yasas\u0131 nerede kald\u0131? Mademki Avrupa’da “giri\u015fimci”, emek\u00e7inin hakk\u0131 olan paya eluzat\u0131yor, Bat\u0131 Antiller’de de emek\u00e7i, entrepreneur seine part l\u00e9gitime’ine [giri\u015fimcinin hakk\u0131 olan pay -\u00e7.] pek\u00e2l\u00e2 eluzat\u0131r. Sonra izin verirseniz soral\u0131m: sizin de itiraf etti\u011finiz gibi kapitalistin Avrupa’da her allah\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6demeyi ihmal etti\u011fi bu “part l\u00e9gitime” [“hakk\u0131 olan pay” -\u00e7.] nedir? Ba\u015fka yerlerde otomatik olarak i\u015fleyen arz ve talep yasas\u0131n\u0131, oralarda, emek\u00e7ilerin, kapitalisti “exploiter” [“s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek” -\u00e7.] kadar “simple” [“basit” -\u00e7.] oldu\u011fu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde polis \u00f6nlemleriyle ray\u0131na oturtmak i\u00e7in \u015fiddetli bir istek duyuyor.
[86] Wakefield, l.c., v. II, s. 52.
[87] l.c., s. 191, 192.
[88] l.c.. v. I, s. 47, 246.
[89] “C’est ajoutez-vous, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’appropriation du sol et des capitaux que l’homme, qui n’a que ses bras, trouve de l’occupation, et se fait un revenu … c’est au contraire, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’appropriation individuelle du sol qu’il se trouve des hommes n’ayant que leurs bras. … Quand vous mettez un homme dans le vide, vous vous emparez de l’atmosph\u00e9re. Ainsi faites-vous, quand vous vous emparez du sol. … C’est le mettre dans le vide de richesses, pour ne le laisser vivre qu’\u00e0 votre volont\u00e9.” [“Kollar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015feyi olmayan insan, ancak toprak ve sermaye temell\u00fck\u00fc sayesinde i\u015f bulur ve kendine bir gelir sa\u011flar. Tersine, ancak topra\u011f\u0131n bireysel temell\u00fck\u00fc sayesinde, o insan, kendine kollar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015feyleri olmayan insanlar bulur. … Bir insan\u0131 bo\u015flukta tuttu\u011funuz zaman, havay\u0131 kendinize maledersiniz. Topra\u011f\u0131 kendinize maletti\u011finiz zaman da b\u00f6yle yapars\u0131n\u0131z. Bu, onu ancak kendi iste\u011finize g\u00f6re ya\u015fatmak i\u00e7in, zenginlik bo\u015flu\u011fu i\u00e7inde tutmak demektir.”] (Colins, l.c., t. III., s. 267-271, passim.)
[90] Wakefield, l.c., v. II, s. 192.
[91] l.c., s. 45.<\/p>\n

[6*] \u00d6nemli de\u011fil. -\u00e7.
[7*] Olas\u0131 d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n en yetkinine, en iyi bi\u00e7ime sokulmu\u015f olurdu. -\u00e7.
[8*] Yerini tutan. -\u00e7.
[9*] Alt\u0131n aray\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. -\u00e7.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ekonomi Politik, biri \u00fcreticinin kendi eme\u011fine, di\u011feri ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011finin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesine dayanan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden iki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u015feklini birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ikincisinin yaln\u0131zca do\u011frudan birincisinin antitezi olmakla kalmay\u0131p, mutlaka onun mezar\u0131 \u00fczerinde boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da unutmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomi politi\u011fin yurdu Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da, ilkel birikim s\u00fcreci, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Burada, kapitalist rejim, ya do\u011frudan b\u00fct\u00fcn […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[178],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4321","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-marksizm"},"yoast_head":"\nKapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi - Karl Marks - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi - Karl Marks\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ekonomi Politik, biri \u00fcreticinin kendi eme\u011fine, di\u011feri ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011finin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesine dayanan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden iki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u015feklini birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ikincisinin yaln\u0131zca do\u011frudan birincisinin antitezi olmakla kalmay\u0131p, mutlaka onun mezar\u0131 \u00fczerinde boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da unutmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomi politi\u011fin yurdu Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da, ilkel birikim s\u00fcreci, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Burada, kapitalist rejim, ya do\u011frudan b\u00fct\u00fcn […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-03-08T17:31:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"90\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"23 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi – Karl Marks\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-03-08T17:31:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\"},\"wordCount\":4660,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Marksizm\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\",\"name\":\"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi - Karl Marks - narteks.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2010-03-08T17:31:40+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi – Karl Marks\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"description\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":90,\"caption\":\"narteks.net\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/narteks\",\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\",\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Tar\u0131k\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/narteks.net\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi - Karl Marks - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi - Karl Marks","og_description":"Ekonomi Politik, biri \u00fcreticinin kendi eme\u011fine, di\u011feri ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011finin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesine dayanan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden iki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u015feklini birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ikincisinin yaln\u0131zca do\u011frudan birincisinin antitezi olmakla kalmay\u0131p, mutlaka onun mezar\u0131 \u00fczerinde boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da unutmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomi politi\u011fin yurdu Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da, ilkel birikim s\u00fcreci, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Burada, kapitalist rejim, ya do\u011frudan b\u00fct\u00fcn […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2010-03-08T17:31:40+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":90,"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"23 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi – Karl Marks","datePublished":"2010-03-08T17:31:40+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/"},"wordCount":4660,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Marksizm"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/","name":"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi - Karl Marks - narteks.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"2010-03-08T17:31:40+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/08\/kapital-cilt-1-modern-somurgecilik-teorisi-karl-marks\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Kapital Cilt 1 | Modern S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik Teorisi – Karl Marks"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","name":"narteks.net","description":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization","name":"narteks.net","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","width":300,"height":90,"caption":"narteks.net"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/narteks","https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca","name":"Tar\u0131k","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tar\u0131k"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/narteks.net"],"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4321","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4321"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4321\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}