{"id":4324,"date":"2010-03-09T12:57:22","date_gmt":"2010-03-09T09:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/03\/09\/buyuk-kole-ayaklanmasinin-onderi-spartakus\/"},"modified":"2010-03-09T12:57:22","modified_gmt":"2010-03-09T09:57:22","slug":"buyuk-kole-ayaklanmasinin-onderi-spartakus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/09\/buyuk-kole-ayaklanmasinin-onderi-spartakus\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi – Spartak\u00fcs"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Trakya\u2019ya veren Traklar; Bulgaristan tarih\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re \u00d6n- Bulgarlar,\u00a0 b\u00f6lgenin en eski halklar\u0131ndand\u0131rlar. Tarihin babas\u0131 Herodotos (\u0130. \u00d6. 490- 425), Traklardan s\u0131k s\u0131k s\u00f6zetmektedir. Herodotos’un anlat\u0131mlar\u0131ndan Traklar’\u0131n o y\u0131llarda farkl\u0131 a\u015firet yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde orta barbarl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir halk oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 anlat\u0131mlardan Traklar’\u0131n sonderece yi\u011fit ve cocukca bir halk olduklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n biryerinde Herodotos, B\u00fcy\u00fck Dareios\u2019un \u0130skitler\u2019e y\u00f6nelik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z seferini (\u0130. \u00d6. 513- 512) anlat\u0131rken bir Trak a\u015firetinden s\u00f6zetmektedir… Daha Istros\u2019a (Tuna Nehri) varmadan \u00f6nce Dareios\u2019a direnen Getai adl\u0131 bu Trak a\u015firetinden, \u201c\u00d6lmek istemeyen halk\u201d olarak s\u00f6zetmektedir Herodotos. Tarihin babas\u0131, onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuk\u00e7a inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlatmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c…\u00d6l\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131na inanmazlar. \u00d6lenin\u00a0 tanr\u0131sal ruh Zalmoxis\u2019e veya di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Gebeleizis\u2019e kavu\u015faca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131rlar. Her be\u015f y\u0131lda bir i\u00e7lerinden birini kura ile se\u00e7ip Zalmoxis\u2019e haberci olarak yollarlar. Habercinin g\u00f6revi halk\u0131n dileklerini iletmektir. Aralar\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi ellerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u0131zraklarla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Di\u011ferleri haberciyi ellerinden ve ayaklar\u0131ndan tutarak kald\u0131r\u0131p m\u0131zraklar\u0131n sivri u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. E\u011fer haberci \u00f6l\u00fcrse, tanr\u0131n\u0131n bu ki\u015fiden ho\u015fnut oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6lmezse e\u011fer,\u00a0 haberciye k\u0131zarlar, onu k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olmakla su\u00e7larlar ve yerine bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 yollarlar. \u015eim\u015fe\u011fe ve y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne ok at\u0131p tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc korkutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Traklar bunlard\u0131r. Zira onlar kendilerininkinden ba\u015fka tanr\u0131n\u0131n bulunabilece\u011fine inanmazlar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Heredotos’un yukar\u0131daki anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 okuyanlar\u0131n neler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebileceklerini bilemiyorum ama, do\u011frusu Traklar\u0131 \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fimi ifade etmekten ve \u201ckafa dengiymi\u015fler\u201d demekten kendimi alam\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fik baz\u0131 kaynaklardan edindi\u011fim eksik bilgileri \u00f6zetleyecek olursam, Traklar’\u0131n kuzeyin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 suvarileri g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u0130skitler’in ve daha sonra b\u00f6lgeyi kolonile\u015ftirecek olan Grekler’in etkileri alt\u0131nda kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 rahatca s\u00f6yleyebilirim. \u015e\u00fcphesiz Grekler b\u00f6lgeye Traklar\u2019dan \u00e7ok sonra, \u0130. \u00d6. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kuzeyden g\u00f6\u00e7ederek yerle\u015fmi\u015f Hint- Avrupai a\u015firetlerdir. \u0130kinci y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal Grek g\u00f6\u00e7leri veya Dor g\u00f6\u00e7leri de \u0130. \u00d6. 1000’li y\u0131llar da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca yine b\u00f6lgenin en eski halklar\u0131ndan olan \u0130lliryal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n (Arnavutlar), Traklar \u00fczerlerindeki etkilerinden s\u00f6zedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Makedonyal\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in \u0130. \u00d6. 330\u2019lu y\u0131llarda do\u011fuya ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sefere Traklar\u2019da \u0130lliryal\u0131lar gibi paral\u0131 askerler olarak s\u00fcvari birlikleri ile kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6lge, \u0130sa\u2019dan yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce tamamen Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun denetimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir…<\/p>\n

\u0130sa\u2019dan 500 y\u0131l kadar sonra Karpatlar\u2019dan Slavlar (G\u00fcney Slavlar\u0131) b\u00f6lgeye, Balkanlar’a inmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ve ard\u0131ndan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 y\u0131l kadar sonra, Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyindeki T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131ndan olan Bulgarlar, Ka\u011fan Asparuh\u2019un komutas\u0131nda 679’da Tuna’y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131na, Traklar\u2019\u0131n ve kendilerinden \u00f6nce gelmi\u015f olan G\u00fcney Slavlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 Do\u011fu Roma (Bizans) iktidar alan\u0131na girmi\u015flerdir. Asparuh komutas\u0131ndaki Bulgar ordusu, Burgaz yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki G\u00fcne\u015fli K\u0131y\u0131’da, Do\u011fu Roma (Bizans) ordusunu yenerek yeni yurtlar\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan \u015eamanist Bulgarlar, kendilerinden y\u00fcz y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce gelmi\u015f ve toplumsal geli\u015fmenin daha \u00fcst basamaklar\u0131nda olan, tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fan G\u00fcney Slavlar\u0131 ile 681 y\u0131l\u0131nda konfederatif Bulgar devletinin temellerini atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Konfederasyon’da as\u0131l olarak savunma g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenen bu ilk Bulgarlar, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Traklar, Visigotlar (Bat\u0131 Gotlar\u0131, Almanlar\u2019\u0131n atalar\u0131ndan), Slavlar ile kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar, g\u00fcney Slavlar\u0131’n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7inde erimi\u015flerdir. Onlar\u0131n dillerini konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ve \u015f\u00fcphesiz Traklar onlardan, Bulgarlar\u2019dan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilip kaybolmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Prof\u00f6s\u00f6r Barbara McManus\u2019un, Jonathan Lim\u2019in, N. S. Gill\u2019in, di\u011fer ba\u015fka baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin ve yazar Howar Fast\u2019\u0131n, yazar A. Koestler\u2019in anlat\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 -zor ve gereksiz adlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartarak- \u00f6zetleyecek ve bunlara ba\u015fka baz\u0131 bilgilerle birlikte kendi yorumlar\u0131m\u0131 da ekleyecek olursam, Spartakus ile ilgili s\u00fcre\u00e7ten k\u0131saca \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u00f6zedebilirim…<\/p>\n

\u0130. \u00d6. 72\u2019de silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri hen\u00fcz 70 bin ki\u015fi civar\u0131nda iken Spartakus, Roma Senatosu\u2019nun iki ayr\u0131 komutanla birlikte yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt lejyonu yenmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan merkezi \u0130talya\u2019da kons\u00fcllere ait bir orduyu yenmi\u015f ve sonra kuzeye d\u00f6nerek bir zafer daha kazan\u0131p Alpler\u2019in yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Galyal\u0131 ve Germen k\u00f6leler bu yolu reddedince, g\u00fcneye d\u00f6nmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Spartakus\u2019un silahl\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc 120 bin ki\u015fiye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yolu \u00fczerinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, Crassus komutas\u0131ndaki alt\u0131 lejyonun ve ayr\u0131ca konsullere ait d\u00f6rt lejyonuun birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc yenmi\u015ftir…<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs komutas\u0131ndaki k\u00f6leler, \u00c7izme’nin Sicilya\u2019ya en yak\u0131n yerine, Mesina\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na dek inmi\u015fler ve \u0130. \u00d6. 71\u2019de burada bir yerle\u015fim merkezi kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Spartakus, Sicilyal\u0131 korsanlarla ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7erek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini gemilerle kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa ge\u00e7irmeyi hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama, korsanlar taraf\u0131ndan aldat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta Spartak\u00fcs zaman yitirmi\u015ftir… Spartak\u00fcs i\u00e7in bo\u015fa ge\u00e7en bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Roma, \u0130spanya\u2019dan yeni lejyonlar getirtmi\u015ftir. Spartakus\u2019\u00fcn cephesinde ise, disipline gelemedikleri i\u00e7in O\u2019nu tiranl\u0131kla su\u00e7layan Galyal\u0131 ve Germen k\u00f6leler birlikten kopmu\u015flard\u0131r. Spartak\u00fcs’\u00fcn saflar\u0131ndan kopanlar, Roma\u2019y\u0131 yenebilmek i\u00e7in Roma gibi d\u00fczenli, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve disiplinli olmak gerekti\u011fini kavrayamayan “a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 barbar”l\u0131ktan gelme tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip k\u00f6lelerdir.<\/p>\n

Roma art\u0131k Spartak\u00fcs\u2019u korkuyla ciddiye almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Spartak\u00fcs’\u00fcn \u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131, e\u011fitilmi\u015f ve askeri bir dehaya sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Y\u00f6netimden ho\u015fnutsuz baz\u0131 Romal\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc destekledi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bilgiler vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, yine merkezi y\u00f6netimden, Roma’dan ho\u015fnutsuz baz\u0131 liman kentlerinin de Spartakus ile ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bunlar, ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan ve Roma’ya vergi \u00f6deyen kentlerdir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta ka\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan \u00e7aresiz Spartakus, bu kez yeniden kuzeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve Roma \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fakat art\u0131k gecikmi\u015ftir ve d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131n toparlanmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Di\u011fer yandan, Galyal\u0131 ve Germen k\u00f6leler birlikten kopmu\u015flard\u0131r…<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs imdatlar\u0131na yeti\u015femeden, Crassus\u2019un ordusu, Spartak\u00fcs’\u00fcn saflar\u0131ndan kopmu\u015f olan Galyal\u0131 ve Germen k\u00f6lelerin olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri yakalay\u0131p ezmi\u015ftir… Crassus\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 ordunun baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kazan\u0131lan ufak zaferlerin ard\u0131ndan, par\u00e7alanarak zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f olan Spartakus g\u00fc\u00e7leri, Crassus\u2019un as\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck ordusu ile g\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019da, Siler nehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015ftir… Crassus\u2019un ordusunda, ileride pleplerden (Roma ordusunun temelini olu\u015fturan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi \u00f6zg\u00fcr vatanda\u015flar) yana bir tiran olacak ve ard\u0131ndan Latifundistler\u2019in (b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri) komplolar\u0131na, cinayetlerine kurban gidecek olan gen\u00e7 Yul Sezar\u2019da (Julius Caesar) vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelerin bu son sava\u015flar\u0131nda Spartakus\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama, \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc asla bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Prof\u00f6s\u00f6r B. McManus\u2019un zaman\u0131n Romal\u0131 tarih\u00e7isi Appian\u2019dan aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, esir al\u0131nan 6 000 k\u00f6le, \u00fcnl\u00fc gladyat\u00f6r okulunun bulundu\u011fu Capua kenti ile Roma aras\u0131ndaki Appian Yolu \u00fczerinde \u00e7arm\u0131ha gerilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Say\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 000 kadar olan k\u00f6le kuzeye do\u011fru ka\u00e7abilmi\u015flerdir ama, \u0130spanya\u2019dan Crassus\u2019a destek amac\u0131yla gelmekte olan Pompey komutas\u0131ndaki ordu taraf\u0131ndan Roma\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde elege\u00e7irilmi\u015flerdir… Hakl\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda as\u0131l rol\u00fc Crassus oynam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, heriki askerde, Crassus ve Pompey, Senato\u2019ya konsul se\u00e7ilerek \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015flerdir. Ve Roma bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131dan sonra yap\u0131s\u0131nda, kolonileri ile olan ili\u015fkilerinde reform yaparak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki emperyalist ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye gitmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde -bir\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tatmin etti\u011fi- i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7ler yaratm\u0131\u015f ve as\u0131l olarak iktidar\u0131n\u0131 bunlara dayand\u0131rtm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Esas itibariyle kolonilerindeki i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7lere dayanarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131na g\u00f6re en \u00fcst\u00fcn bilgilere ve teknolojiye sahip olmas\u0131na, en m\u00fckemmel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, sistemin temellerinin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve bask\u0131ya dayan\u0131yor olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan antagonizmalar (toplumsal uzla\u015fmazl\u0131klar) sonucu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131lmaktan kurtulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kanl\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k uzun s\u00fcreci m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde bir- iki c\u00fcmle ile soyutlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsak, \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz…<\/p>\n

K\u00f6le eme\u011finin verimsizli\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin (Latifundistlerin) Roma ordusunun temelini olu\u015fturan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi \u00f6zg\u00fcr vatanda\u015flar (plepler) aleyhine s\u00fcrekli \u015fi\u015fmeleri, pleplerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri ile birlikte biryandan ordu zaafa u\u011frarken di\u011fer yandan ho\u015fnutsuz yar\u0131 a\u00e7 ve i\u015fsiz y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131, Roma ekonomisini temellerinden sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekonominin yedi\u011fi darbe, orduyu ve donanmay\u0131 zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sistemin merkezindeki bu zaaf, kolonilerle olan ticaretin zaafa u\u011framas\u0131na, kolonilerin denetlenmelerinin g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmesine ve sonu\u00e7ta kolonilerdeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k e\u011filimlerinin, ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer yandan, medenile\u015fmi\u015f, veya bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 topluma ge\u00e7erek art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnle derin bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve k\u00f6leli\u011fi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f olan toplumlara \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyal \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle dolu Roma, d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hen\u00fcz medenile\u015fememi\u015f “barbar” toplumlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli hedefi olmu\u015ftur. Roma’n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hen\u00fcz medenile\u015fmemi\u015f, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe, yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe toplumlar, veya bu katagorilerin de\u011fi\u015fik a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki orta ve yukar\u0131 \u201cbarbar\u201d Germen ve Kuzey Asyal\u0131 halklar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nefretle Roma\u2019ya s\u00fcrekli sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde bu barbar topluluklar\u0131 ezebilen, birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kullanabilen, veya paral\u0131 asker olarak kullanabilen Roma, zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen bu “barbar” sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r yenilgilere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da \u00f6zetlenen i\u00e7teki toplumsal uzla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme ile d\u0131\u015ftan gelen bu barbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131 birle\u015fince, Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n sonu kolayca gelmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00f6mr\u00fc ise -bilindi\u011fi gibi- daha uzun olmu\u015ftur. Roma son nefesini 1453 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin elinde vermi\u015ftir…<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7alanan Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olan Latifundistler’den (b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri), Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f feodal sistemi do\u011fmu\u015ftur… Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazan\u0131n y\u00fcre\u011fi ise, neyin ne oldu\u011funu hi\u00e7 anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlardan beri Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015f, Roma\u2019dan nefret etmi\u015ftir. Roma’ya ba\u015fkald\u0131ranlar\u0131 sevmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Karl Marks\u2019\u0131n en sevdi\u011fi, hayranl\u0131k duydu\u011fu tarihi karakter olan Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u201ckazansa\u201d bile yenilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini kavramak gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, Spartak\u00fcs sava\u015f\u0131 kazansa idi, zorunlu olarak y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7ecek ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde onun gibi olacakt\u0131… Tarihin tekerle\u011fi, karma\u015f\u0131k helezoni bir yol izleyerek Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ve pe\u015findeki k\u00f6lelerin temsil ettikleri ve insan soyunun \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu olan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe veya yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00f6zg\u00fcr \u201cbarbarlar\u0131n\u201d d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n aleyhine d\u00f6nmekteydi…<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fik medeniyetler, sahip olduklar\u0131 teknoloji ile insanlar\u0131n do\u011fa \u00fczerinde artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde hakimiyet sa\u011flamalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu anlamda insan soyunun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrekli geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Fakat di\u011fer yandan, geli\u015fmekte olan bilimin ve teknolojilerin ve bunlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla do\u011fan art\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece imtiyazl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan denetliyor olmas\u0131, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclk haline getirilmesi, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun toplumsal anlamda k\u00f6lele\u015fmesinin ve her t\u00fcrden toplumsal bask\u0131n\u0131n, haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n, i\u015fkencelerin yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, olumlumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, medeniyetlerin insanlara derin ac\u0131lar veren y\u00fczleri de vard\u0131r. Bu ikinci y\u00fczleriyle, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ellerinden alan ve onlar\u0131 ac\u0131larla dolu tutsakl\u0131klara mahkumeden y\u00fczleriyle medeniyetler, halen ayn\u0131 yollar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcmektedirler… Tam bilincinde olmadan medeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n s\u00f6zkonusu bask\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131na ba\u015fkald\u0131ran Spartakus\u2019un ve di\u011fer k\u00f6lelerin temsil ettikleri toplumsal anlamda \u00f6zg\u00fcr ama, teknolojik olarak geri -ilkel kom\u00fcnist- d\u00fcnya, daha o y\u0131llarda h\u0131zla yokolu\u015f s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015fti. K\u0131sacas\u0131, barbarlar herhangi bir medeniyeti y\u0131ksalar bile, ya onun yerini alarak yenilecekler, ya da bir s\u00fcre sonra yine ayn\u0131 sorunla y\u00fczy\u00fcze kal\u0131p yokolocaklard\u0131. Spartak\u00fcs’\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, bilimin ve teknolojinin \u00e7ok \u00e7ok daha ileri oldu\u011fu a\u015famalarda, belki binlerce y\u0131l sonra enternasyonalist modern kom\u00fcnist bir d\u00fcnya da ger\u00e7ek olabilecektir. Ve o d\u00fcnyaya ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131ncaya dek, Spartak\u00fcs’\u00fcn haks\u0131zl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcm hakl\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecektir…<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da ifade edilen ger\u00e7e\u011fi analiz edebilecek durumda olmayan Spartak\u00fcs ve yanda\u015flar\u0131, kendilerini k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmi\u015f olan medeniyetin elinden kurtularak yokolma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7indeki eski d\u00fcnyalar\u0131na, insan soyunun \u00f6zg\u00fcr mutlu \u00e7ocukluk g\u00fcnlerine d\u00f6nmeyi \u00f6zlemekteydiler sadece. Ka\u00e7\u0131p kurtulabilselerdi bile, temsilettikleri d\u00fcnya, sonu\u00e7ta, be\u015f, on veya otuz nesil sonra yokolu\u015ftan kurtulamayacakt\u0131…<\/p>\n

Yollar\u0131 t\u0131kan\u0131nca, Spartak\u00fcs, Roma\u2019y\u0131 y\u0131karak onun yerini almak gerekti\u011fini, veya ba\u015fka \u00e7aresi kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma\u2019y\u0131 taklit eden bir disiplini k\u00f6leler \u00fczerinde uygulamaya kalk\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ise, Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc “Roma\u2019n\u0131n yerini almakla”, “tiranl\u0131kla” su\u00e7layan Galyal\u0131lar\u0131n ve Germenlerin kopmalar\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Ve ger\u00e7ekten de Spartak\u00fcs Roma\u2019y\u0131 yenme olana\u011f\u0131na sahibolsa idi, belki ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta g\u00f6receli daha adaletli bir sistem olu\u015fturacakt\u0131 ama, sonu\u00e7ta Roma\u2019y\u0131 yeniden bir ba\u015fka adla ve belki daha da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olarak diriltmekten \u00f6te \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu bulamayacakt\u0131. Bu yol ise Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u201ckazanarak\u201d yenilmesi demekti sadece… Tarihleri boyunca T\u00fcrkler ve akraba Asyal\u0131 topluluklar benzer s\u00fcreci, \u201ckazanarak\u201d yenilme s\u00fcrecini \u00fcst \u00fcste \u00e7ok ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r…<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 solcu karakterler iyi niyetle ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kulaktan dolma bilgilerle Spartak\u00fcs ile \u015eeyh Bedreddin aras\u0131nda paralelelikler kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Asl\u0131nda, bu ikisinin, Spartak\u00fcs ve \u015eeyh Bedreddin’in haks\u0131zl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ortak yanlar\u0131 yoktur. Bu konuya \u015fimdi girmeyece\u011fim ama, \u015eeyh Bedreddin olay\u0131n\u0131n Spartak\u00fcs\u2019den tamamen farkl\u0131 katagoride tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ek oldu\u011funu ifade etmeliyim.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f yazar taraf\u0131ndan, Spartak\u00fcs \u00fczerine, iki ayr\u0131 roman yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zkonusu romanlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda baz\u0131 paralellikler olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yine de bunlar tamamen farkl\u0131 yap\u0131tlard\u0131r. Bunlardan birincisi ve bence daha ilgin\u00e7 olan\u0131, Arthur Koestler (1905- 1983) taraf\u0131ndan 1939\u2019da kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan The Gladiators (Gladyat\u00f6rler) adl\u0131 romand\u0131r. Koestler\u2019in ilk roman\u0131 olan ve t\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de bulunan kitap, Spartak\u00fcs ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 bilinebilen tarihi ger\u00e7eklere dayanarak \u015fiirsel bir \u00fcslupla anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Henrik K. Koestler adl\u0131 mucid (bulu\u015flar\u0131 olan) ve end\u00fcstrici varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir Yahudi baban\u0131n o\u011fludur Arthur Koestler. Babas\u0131 gibi annesi de Yahudi as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r ve Budape\u015fte\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Viyana \u00fcniversitesinde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr… Arthur Koestler, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda birs\u00fcre Ziyonist eylemin etkisinde kalarak Filistin\u2019de bulunmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7ta bu ak\u0131mdan uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve Yahudi dinini terkederek gazetecili\u011fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019ne \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur… \u0130spanya i\u00e7sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Arthur Koestler, \u201csa\u011fc\u0131 gazeteci\u201d kimli\u011fi ile partisi taraf\u0131ndan casus olarak Frankocu fa\u015fistlerin aras\u0131na yollanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat \u015f\u00fcphe \u00fczerine tutuklan\u0131p hapsedilmi\u015ftir. Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin esirleri ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek \u00f6l\u00fcmden kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc Moskova duru\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1938\u2019de Stalin\u2019in \u00e7izgisine tepki duyarak partisinden istifa etmi\u015f ve \u201ckom\u00fcnist\u201d ideolojiden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs adl\u0131 di\u011fer roman, 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda New York\u2019da bir i\u015f\u00e7inin o\u011flu olarak do\u011fan \u00fcnl\u00fc Amerikal\u0131 yazar Howard Fast taraf\u0131ndan 1951 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131n\u0131p ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok tarihi romanlar\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan Howard Fast\u2019\u0131n bu yap\u0131t\u0131, Dalton Trumbo taraf\u0131ndan senaryola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131mc\u0131 Stanley Kubrick taraf\u0131ndan 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda film olarak \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Seyredenlerin bildikleri gibi, Spartakus rol\u00fcn\u00fc Kirg Douglas oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6leli\u011fe ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ile her d\u00f6nemde ezilenlerin, t\u00fcm hakl\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n sembol\u00fc olan Spartak\u00fcs, proletaryan\u0131n hakl\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde bayrak olma niteli\u011fini korumu\u015ftur… Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ve di\u011fer k\u00f6lelerin \u00f6zlemini duyduklar\u0131 kaybedilmi\u015f cennet, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n o g\u00fczel ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131, elbette ileride, zaman\u0131 olgunla\u015f\u0131nca, t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131f, cins ve soy farklar\u0131n\u0131n yokoldu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnyada en ileri teknolojilerin \u00fczerine basarak ve en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir…<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc halk ozan\u0131 Kazak Abdal\u2019\u0131n \u201cG\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hayra yoran\u0131n da avrad\u0131n\u0131…\u201d diyen dizelerini hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartacak bir d\u00fcnyada ya\u015f\u0131yor olsakta; ahmakca dinsel inanc\u0131, do\u011fmatizmi yeren Voltaire\u2019nin Kandid\u2019ine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir iyimserli\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde asla yeri olmasa da; Kandid vari bir iyimserlik ancak ahmaklara \u00f6zg\u00fc olsa da, Spartak\u00fcs’\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc birg\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek olacakt\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele hi\u00e7 bitmeyecektir. S\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumla birlikte devrilmi\u015f olan \u201cPandoran\u0131n Kutusu\u201dnun dibinde kalan umut, kanatlanarak t\u00fcm gezegeni kucaklayacak g\u00fcce mutlaka eri\u015fecektir<\/p>\n

Yusuf K\u00fcpeli<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Trakya\u2019ya veren Traklar; Bulgaristan tarih\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re \u00d6n- Bulgarlar,\u00a0 b\u00f6lgenin en eski halklar\u0131ndand\u0131rlar. Tarihin babas\u0131 Herodotos (\u0130. \u00d6. 490- 425), Traklardan s\u0131k s\u0131k s\u00f6zetmektedir. Herodotos’un anlat\u0131mlar\u0131ndan Traklar’\u0131n o y\u0131llarda farkl\u0131 a\u015firet yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde orta barbarl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir halk oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 anlat\u0131mlardan Traklar’\u0131n sonderece yi\u011fit ve cocukca bir halk olduklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4324","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel-tarih"},"yoast_head":"\nB\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi - Spartak\u00fcs - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/09\/buyuk-kole-ayaklanmasinin-onderi-spartakus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi - Spartak\u00fcs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Trakya\u2019ya veren Traklar; Bulgaristan tarih\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re \u00d6n- Bulgarlar,\u00a0 b\u00f6lgenin en eski halklar\u0131ndand\u0131rlar. 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