{"id":4389,"date":"2010-03-19T12:44:54","date_gmt":"2010-03-19T09:44:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/03\/19\/nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem\/"},"modified":"2010-03-19T12:44:54","modified_gmt":"2010-03-19T09:44:54","slug":"nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/19\/nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Ta\u015f\u0131yabilir mi? | Duygu \u00d6KTEM"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re, insan, insan olmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili sahip oldu\u011fu olanaklar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131na ge\u00e7irirken bir bunalt\u0131 s\u00fcrecine girer. Bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda e\u011fer insan t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fczerinde hissetmez ve kendini ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirmeye almazsa bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza girer. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sa\u00e7ma bir d\u00fczen oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve insan\u0131n bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ne yapabilece\u011fini David Fincher\u2019\u0131n filmi \u201cD\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201dnden faydalanarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, insan\u0131n, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmemi\u015fli\u011finden dolay\u0131, insan olmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili, sahip oldu\u011fu haklar\u0131 hayat\u0131na ge\u00e7irebilmesidir. Yani insan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bilincinde oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Peki, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki olanaklardan birini se\u00e7erek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren insan, bu olana\u011fa ba\u011flanmakla ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 nereye s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011finin fark\u0131nda m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re varolu\u015fun \u00f6zden \u00f6nce gelmesi yani insan\u0131n varolu\u015fu sonras\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 sonucu, insan sonsuz se\u00e7enekle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201c\u0130nsan \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmaya mahkumdur, zorunludur. Zorunludur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yarat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yery\u00fcz\u00fcne geldi mi, d\u00fcnyaya at\u0131ld\u0131 m\u0131 bir kez, art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan sorumludur. Se\u00e7ti\u011fi belli bir insan tasar\u0131s\u0131 kurar, yani kendini se\u00e7erken ger\u00e7ekte \u2013insan\u0131\u2013 se\u00e7er\u201d. (Sartre 2003: 37) <\/p>\n

Sartre\u2019\u0131n burada anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131n se\u00e7imini yaparken asl\u0131nda t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in gerekeni se\u00e7ti\u011fidir. \u0130nsan, yap\u0131p etmeleriyle ilgili bir se\u00e7im a\u015famas\u0131ndayken, yapmas\u0131 gereken bu se\u00e7imi salt kendi ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil de, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da bu se\u00e7imi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 taktirde olumsuz bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furuyor olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle insan\u0131n kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir di\u011fer yandan ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu durumun fark\u0131nda olan insan s\u00f6z konusu se\u00e7im a\u015famas\u0131nda, t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlendi\u011fini hisseder. Bu durum ise \u201cbunalt\u0131\u201d, \u201cb\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k\u201d, \u201cumutsuzluk\u201d gibi kavramlar\u0131 anlamaya iter bizi. Peki \u201cbunalt\u0131\u201d deyince ne anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor? Sartre\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k bunalt\u0131d\u0131r!\u201d. (Sartre 2003: 32) Ba\u011flanan ve yaln\u0131zca olmak istedi\u011fi kimseyi de\u011fil, bir yasa koyucu olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7en ki\u015fi, o derin ve t\u00fcmel sorumluluk duygusundan kurtulamaz. Bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 bu durumda bu bunalt\u0131y\u0131 ya\u015famaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sorumlulu\u011funun fark\u0131nda de\u011fildir. Ancak bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalanlar, bir karar verirken, bunalt\u0131n\u0131n onlar\u0131 bir s\u00fcr\u00fc olanakla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze getirdi\u011finin, bunalt\u0131n\u0131n bizi eylemden ay\u0131ran bir perde de\u011fil, tersine bizi harekete ge\u00e7meye g\u00f6t\u00fcren bir olay, eylemin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funun fark\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k bunalt\u0131yla birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fcr, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bize yol g\u00f6steren bir i\u015faret yoktur. Bu belirlemeden \u00e7\u0131kartabilece\u011fimiz sonu\u00e7 genel bir ahlak\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Dnsan d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde yaln\u0131zd\u0131r, ne yapmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterecek bir i\u015faret olmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z se\u00e7im sadece bizim karar\u0131m\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle Sartre son derece kat\u0131 bir ahlak getirdi\u011fine inan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada insan \u201cyasalar\u201d, \u201cg\u00f6renekler\u201d, \u201cal\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u201d, \u201ct\u00f6reler\u201d arkas\u0131na saklanamaz. Burada \u201ckarakter\u201d, \u201csoy\u201d ya da \u201ctutku\u201dgibi \u00f6z\u00fcrler de kabul edilmez. Burada herkes kendi eyleminin sorumlulu\u011funu kendi \u00fczerine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Akarsu 1994: 234).<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n kendinden ne yapabilirse o oldu\u011funu, insan\u0131n her \u015feyde \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011funu ancak yaln\u0131z \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kimsenin insan\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtaramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Sartre\u2019\u0131n varolu\u015f\u00e7ulu\u011fu insan\u0131; toplumsal \u00fcretim d\u00fczeniyle bireysel m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczeni aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fmenin tedirginli\u011fini duyan, iki d\u00fczen aras\u0131nda bir uyarl\u0131k sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, gittik\u00e7e \u201ckendine yabanc\u0131, sa\u00e7ma, ezici, g\u00fcvensiz, anlams\u0131z bir ortamda \u2013hi\u00e7likle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya- ya\u015famak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f bir varl\u0131k\u201d olarak ele al\u0131r. Giderek insano\u011flu Sartre\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle \u201cnedensiz, zorunsuz, anlams\u0131z bir varl\u0131k\u201d haline gelmi\u015ftir (2003: 10). <\/p>\n

Sartre\u2019\u0131n ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle yap\u0131lan her \u015fey ahlaka uygundur. Bir tek su\u00e7 vard\u0131r; pi\u015fmanl\u0131k. Kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan pi\u015fmanl\u0131k duyan kimse, kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, dolay\u0131siyla kendi varolu\u015funa ihanet ediyor demektir. \u00d6yleyse insanlar\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan de\u011fil pi\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan kurtarmal\u0131d\u0131r. (Akarsu 1994: 234)<\/p>\n

David Fincher\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc filmi \u201cD\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201dndeki anlat\u0131c\u0131, Sartre\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u201ckendine yabanc\u0131, sa\u00e7ma, ezici, g\u00fcvensiz, anlams\u0131z bir ortamda \u2013hi\u00e7likle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015f, nedensiz, zorunsuz, nesnele\u015fmi\u015f\u201d insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na tam da uymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peki anlat\u0131c\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n pi\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ne yap\u0131yor? Anlat\u0131c\u0131 pi\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fmeyi reddederek yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 karakteri kullan\u0131p sahip oldu\u011fu, onu nesnele\u015ftiren, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7im sonucu ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sonunda ya\u015fam\u0131na yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve \u00f6z\u00fcne ters d\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan her \u015feyi yok eder. Kendisine ne yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini anlatacak, bir i\u015faret olarak alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131 se\u00e7erken insan asl\u0131nda kendini se\u00e7er. Anlat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendisinin yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu karakter \u2013Tyler\u2019a- hayat\u0131n\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol vermesiyle, onu as\u0131l olmak istedi\u011fi, kendinden yapmak istedi\u011fi insan olarak yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f olur. <\/p>\n

Anlat\u0131c\u0131 art\u0131k Tyler\u2019a ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u011flanmaya dayanarak insan, insanl\u0131ktan bir tipi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekle kendi kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olur. B\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k i\u00e7inde insan, ortaya de\u011ferler koydu\u011funu bir kez anlad\u0131 m\u0131 art\u0131k bir tek \u015fey dileyebilir: Bu da b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferlere temellik eden \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Tyler\u2019la birlikte yeniba\u015ftan kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayat\u0131na yeni de\u011ferler getiren anlat\u0131c\u0131, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imlerin getirdi\u011fi sorumluluk duygusunu hafifletmek ad\u0131na, fiziksel ac\u0131n\u0131n onu bu duygudan kurtaraca\u011f\u0131na inanarak; kendisini ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden izleyerek, kendi g\u00f6z\u00fcnden yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden kendini olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f kul\u00fcb\u00fc kurar.<\/p>\n

\u201cBenim i\u00e7in de\u011ferli olan her \u015fey ba\u015fkalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de de\u011ferli. Kendimi ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan kurtarmak istedi\u011fim s\u0131rada, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 da kendini benden kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 kendime ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u0131lmak istedi\u011fim s\u0131rada, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 da beni kendine ba\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta. Burada bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Ba\u015fkas\u0131 i\u00e7in varolman\u0131n birincil anlam\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.\u201d (a.e., 60).<\/p>\n

Burada D\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f Kul\u00fcb\u00fc g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda bazen rekabet bazen dayan\u0131\u015fma halinde olan \u00fcyelerin, kul\u00fcpteki rollerinin birbirleriyle kul\u00fcp d\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131na yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 kesinlikle yasakl\u0131yor. Sevgide \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck eksikse ya da bir zorlama s\u00f6z konusu ise ger\u00e7ek sevginin olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalmamak i\u00e7in biribirlerine sar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirten Sartre, kul\u00fcpteki rollerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fama yans\u0131mamas\u0131 hatta \u00fcyelerin birbirini kul\u00fcp d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tan\u0131m\u0131yor gibi davranmas\u0131 bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Bununla birlikte, Sartre\u2019\u0131n bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famdaki bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya ra\u011fmen kul\u00fcp i\u00e7inde herkesin rollerine hi\u00e7bir \u015fey olmam\u0131\u015f gibi uyum g\u00f6stermesi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ad\u0131na g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famdaki rolleri ile de\u011fil; sadece kendilikleriyle orada bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klamaz m\u0131? <\/p>\n

Filmde anlat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, asl\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan son derece rahats\u0131z oldu\u011fu, kendisiyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma halinde oldu\u011funu fark etti\u011fi Marla Singer adl\u0131 karakter ile yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 anla\u015fmalar ve sonras\u0131nda anlat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Marla\u2019ya a\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131, di\u011fer yandan \u201cdama\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fan, ona ac\u0131 veren, fakat diliyle oynamaktan kendini alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7izik\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 bizi yine Sartre\u2019\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalmamak i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131n birbirine sar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Peki insanlar nas\u0131l oluyor da d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f kul\u00fcb\u00fcn\u00fc bu kadar benimsiyor? Bu durumu Sartre\u2019\u0131n \u201cnedensiz ve anlams\u0131z\u201d insan modelinden bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f; bir ba\u011flanma olarak de\u011ferlendirmekle birlikte \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bu kul\u00fcpte farkl\u0131 do\u011frultular kazanmas\u0131 ve insan\u0131n t\u00fcm umutsuzlu\u011funu, b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 burada hissederek bunlarla y\u00fczle\u015fme f\u0131rsat\u0131 olarak da de\u011ferlendirebiliriz. Ancak Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re ba\u011flanma sadece bir se\u00e7im yapmak anlam\u0131na gelmiyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u011flanma bir yandan durumu ortaya koymak bir yandan da sahip olduklar\u0131 olanaklar\u0131 belirlemek ad\u0131na kavramlar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131r. Benim ele alaca\u011f\u0131m sorun i\u015fte bu noktada ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131 sahip oldu\u011fu olanaklardan birini se\u00e7er, fakat ba\u011flanmak konusunda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karga\u015fadan dolay\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 istemedi\u011fi y\u00f6nlere s\u00fcr\u00fckleyebilmektedir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7im sonucu se\u00e7imine ba\u011flanan ancak i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu ayd\u0131nlatmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nan, Sartre\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle \u201ckendisini bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden g\u00f6rmeyi denemeyi reddeden\u201d, sadece kendi sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanan, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda endi\u015fe duyarak ondan ka\u00e7mak u\u011fruna kendini aldatmaya ba\u015fvuran insan i\u015fte bu ba\u011flamda tam da as\u0131l ba\u011flanma kavram\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fen insan de\u011fil midir? \u201cKendini aldatma\u201d kavram\u0131na Sartre\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ki\u015fi hem yalan s\u00f6yleyen yani hem kand\u0131ran hem de kand\u0131r\u0131land\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 endi\u015feden kurtulmak ad\u0131na ba\u015fvuraca\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 yol vard\u0131r; bunlardan birincisi karar vermemek, se\u00e7imde bulunmamakt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Sartre a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan se\u00e7memenin kendisi de bir se\u00e7im olup, se\u00e7imsizlik ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve sorumluluktan ka\u00e7mas\u0131na imkan vermez. \u0130kinci yol ise bir tak\u0131m nesnel de\u011ferlerin bize yol g\u00f6sterece\u011fine inanmakt\u0131r ki bu inan\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in Sartre bu de\u011ferleri kendimize mal etmedi\u011fimiz, onlar\u0131 kendi se\u00e7ilmi\u015f de\u011ferlerimiz haline getiremedi\u011fimiz s\u00fcrece, onlar\u0131n bize hi\u00e7bir yard\u0131m\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yol ise kendimizi ba\u015fka insanlar taraf\u0131ndan ve sosyal uzla\u015f\u0131mlarca y\u00f6netilen, dini buyruk ya da ahlaki kurallarca y\u00f6nlendirilen pasif nesneler olarak g\u00f6rmemiz, yani varolu\u015fumuzu zorunlu g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yol bize hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi sorgulamaks\u0131z\u0131n kul\u00fcb\u00fcn t\u00fcm gereklerini yerine getiren \u00fcyelerin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumu a\u00e7\u0131klamaz m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Anlat\u0131c\u0131, insanlar\u0131n kendilerini kand\u0131rmak ad\u0131na, kurduklar\u0131 de\u011ferlerin kendilerine g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir yol olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri kul\u00fcbe ba\u011flanmalar\u0131 ancak kul\u00fcp faaliyetlerinin zamanla kontrolden \u00e7\u0131karak bir\u00e7ok ya\u015fam\u0131 tehlikeye atmas\u0131 sonucu bir de\u011ferlendirmeye girer. T\u00fcmel sorumluluk duygusu alt\u0131nda hissetti\u011fi bask\u0131, kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fini hissetmesi ve kul\u00fcb\u00fcn ba\u015fka insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmesi onu bir se\u00e7im yapmaya zorlam\u0131\u015f ve Sartre\u2019\u0131n \u201cbunalt\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131yla bir kez daha y\u00fczle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n

\u201cBunalt\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olu\u015fu, ilk se\u00e7i\u015f halinin s\u00fcrmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diyerek Sartre ger\u00e7ekte bunalt\u0131n\u0131n edimlerin tam do\u011frulanamay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan geldi\u011fini ve herkese kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan sorumluluk oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. Bu noktada kendini aldatman\u0131n tersine, bir se\u00e7im yapan anlat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n herkese kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu sorumluluk duygusunun etkisinde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Sartre\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bize ne yapabilece\u011fimizi g\u00f6sterebilecek bir i\u015faret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc biliyoruz. Peki nedir bize karar vermemizde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak \u00f6\u011fe? G\u00f6n\u00fcl rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla karar vermek i\u00e7in neye, hangi a\u015fk\u0131n ahlak kural\u0131na dayan\u0131labilir?<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7! \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu konuda yarg\u0131ya varmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir yol yoktur. D\u00e7erik oldum olas\u0131 somuttur; bu y\u00fczden de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez; ancak ke\u015ffedilebilir. Burada \u00f6nemli olan bu ke\u015ffin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bilinciyle yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (Akarsu 1994: 231). E\u011fer ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sadece kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fil, di\u011ferlerinin de \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131ysa ve insan bir karar a\u015famas\u0131nda di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu da ta\u015f\u0131yorsa, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bunalt\u0131 bizi eyleme itti\u011fi s\u00fcrece, filmde anlat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunalt\u0131 sonucu verdi\u011fi karar ve durumun ke\u015ffi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ad\u0131nad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u0130nsan, kendi kendisini ya\u015fayan bir tasar\u0131, edimlerinin toplam\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, s\u00fcrekli olarak kendini olu\u015fturma halindedir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her se\u00e7im onun ne olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken di\u011fer yandan da insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne olarak g\u00f6rmek istedi\u011fini belirler. \u0130nsan ba\u015fkalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bu sorumluluk duygusunu, se\u00e7imleri s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece ta\u015f\u0131r. Hayata hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermek, bu se\u00e7imi yapmak, ona g\u00f6re ya\u015famak demektir. Sartre i\u015fte bu durumu \u201cba\u011flanma\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r. Peki ya insan \u201cba\u011flanma\u201dy\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikten sonra neyi ihmal ederek kendisini tekrar bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyor? Ben bu eksi\u011fin kendini ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden g\u00f6rmek, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde de\u011fil fakat, kendisi ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsa ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden de \u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn fark\u0131nda olmamak oldu\u011funu savunuyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fka bir insanla g\u00f6z g\u00f6ze gelindi\u011fi vakit art\u0131k o sadece sana \u201cbakm\u0131yordur\u201d. Art\u0131k senin g\u00f6zlerinden \u201csen\u201di kendi \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00e7er\u00e7eveleyerek okur ve sen de onun g\u00f6zlerindeki \u201csen\u201di g\u00f6r\u00fcp, onun bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u201ckendin\u201dle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n. Bu bak\u0131\u015f sana etraf\u0131nda bazen bir a\u011fa\u00e7, bir yol gibi alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n insanlar\u0131n varoldu\u011funu ve onlar\u0131n senin yaratmalar\u0131n, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011fil aksine seni rahats\u0131z edecek, sana hem kendi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, hem de \u201csen\u201di hat\u0131rlatacak, senin d\u00fcnyana giren ve seni hayat\u0131n biricik merkezi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karan d\u00fc\u015fmanca varl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u201cBa\u015fkalar\u0131 cehennemdir\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle bu durumu a\u00e7\u0131klar Sartre. O\u2019na g\u00f6re de insan kendisi i\u00e7in ya\u015fam\u0131nda birer tehlike olu\u015fturan \u201cinsan\u201dlardan ka\u00e7mak yerine bu cehennemi ya\u015famay\u0131 se\u00e7memiz, onlar\u0131n \u201cbak\u0131\u015f\u201d\u0131nda kendimizle ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bir sorumlulu\u011fun alt\u0131na girmeyi g\u00f6ze almam\u0131z gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Camus\u2019ye g\u00f6re, insan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011ferleri, ki\u015fisel idealleri ile do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015fa dair yarg\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir temel sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 ister ancak Camus burada d\u00fcnyan\u0131n insana ve \u00f6zlemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z olu\u015funu; mutlu olmak isteyen insan\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 sessizli\u011fiyle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durumunu sa\u00e7ma olarak de\u011ferlendirir. (Cevizci 2002: 208-209)<\/p>\n

Peki sa\u00e7ma duygusu nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar? Sa\u00e7ma duygusunun esas kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm ve \u00f6l\u00fcmle ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimizdir. Sartre ise yukar\u0131daki tan\u0131ma \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n pis, d\u00fczensiz, kar\u015f\u0131 duran bir \u015fey\u201d oldu\u011fu ve \u201cd\u00fcnyada iyi gitmeyen bir \u015fey oldu\u011fu\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda temelsiz varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 temellendirme ihtiyac\u0131 duymas\u0131 ve kendisiyle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131; kendisini a\u015f\u0131p hi\u00e7li\u011fe do\u011fru ad\u0131m atmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. \u201c Yabanc\u0131 bir yerde olmadan insan\u0131n yurdunu tan\u0131yamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d savunan Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re hi\u00e7lik, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yabanc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, insan, varl\u0131kta a\u00e7\u0131lan bir delik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen hi\u00e7likle, \u201ckendisi i\u00e7in\u201d varl\u0131k olarak belirir. Ancak bu \u201ckendisi i\u00e7in\u201d varl\u0131k kendini temellendirmek istedi\u011fi zaman yeniden kendini a\u015f\u0131p hi\u00e7li\u011fe at\u0131l\u0131r: b\u00f6ylece bilin\u00e7 do\u011far. Ancak bu durumda da tekrar kendini hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak ve kendini d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan g\u00f6rebilmek istemesi sonucu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez hi\u00e7li\u011fe ad\u0131m atar. B\u00f6ylece kendi kendinin bilincini, kendi \u00fczerinde bilinci do\u011furur. Buradan hareketle soru soran insanla birlikte hi\u00e7li\u011fin yery\u00fcz\u00fcne geldi\u011fini, o zamandan beri de hi\u00e7lik her \u201ckendi i\u00e7in\u201d olanda, yani bilin\u00e7li olanda, yani insanda yerle\u015fiktir. \u201cNeden insan son bir cevapta karar k\u0131lamadan sorudan soruya at\u0131lacak oluyor da huzursuz oluyor?\u201d sorusunu soracak olursak Sartre\u2019\u0131n bu soruya cevab\u0131: \u201cDnsan temelinden \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d olacakt\u0131r. O, olmu\u015f bitmi\u015f, son bulmu\u015f bir \u201ckendinde varl\u0131k\u201d de\u011fil fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda bir hi\u00e7lik, \u201cbir kendi i\u00e7inde varl\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d, bir olu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insan\u0131n\u0131n, kendi kendisini kesintisiz bir yaratmayla i\u00e7eriklenen olu\u015f olarak, terkedilmi\u015flik hissine kap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve umutsuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmesi, bu durumda ne ge\u00e7mi\u015fine d\u00f6nebilmesi ne de \u015fimdinin kendisi i\u00e7in bo\u015f bir imkan olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 gelece\u011fine g\u00fcvenememesi sonucu kendisini sa\u00e7ma bir d\u00fcnyada hisseder. \u201cKendi i\u00e7inde\u201d varl\u0131k olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 hi\u00e7li\u011fi de yerle\u015fmi\u015f olarak b\u00fcnyesinde bulundurmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak insan \u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z se\u00e7enek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurma sorumlulu\u011fundan ka\u00e7mas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda bir \u201cbunalt\u0131\u201dya s\u00fcr\u00fckleniyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insan\u0131n\u0131n bu durumda bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu bulamamas\u0131, varolan t\u00fcmel sorumluluktan ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden kendine bir de\u011ferlendirme yapamamas\u0131, kendisini s\u00fcrekli, ya\u015fam\u0131n tek merkezi olarak g\u00f6rmesi ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yads\u0131mas\u0131 sonucu, se\u00e7imini insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ad\u0131na bir karar verebilecek durumdan uzakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyaya uzaktan ve yukar\u0131dan bakabildi\u011fi ve s\u00fcrekli se\u00e7im yaparak hem kendisini hem de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor olma olgusunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin kendisi i\u00e7in olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelidir. Bununla birlikte \u201cbilin\u00e7li\u201d bir varl\u0131k olarak insan\u0131n; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer yandan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n onun \u00fczerindeki sorumlulu\u011funun fark\u0131nda olmas\u0131 kendisini d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumdan kurtarmak i\u00e7in bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu de\u011fil midir? Buradan hareketle insan\u0131n bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolunu sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kendini de\u011ferlendirmeye almas\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131n neresinde durdu\u011funun fark\u0131na varmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterebiliriz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re, insan, insan olmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili sahip oldu\u011fu olanaklar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131na ge\u00e7irirken bir bunalt\u0131 s\u00fcrecine girer. Bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda e\u011fer insan t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fczerinde hissetmez ve kendini ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirmeye almazsa bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza girer. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sa\u00e7ma bir d\u00fczen oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve insan\u0131n bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ne yapabilece\u011fini David Fincher\u2019\u0131n filmi \u201cD\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201dnden faydalanarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131m. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4389","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-felsefe-genel"},"yoast_head":"\n\u0130nsan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Ta\u015f\u0131yabilir mi? | Duygu \u00d6KTEM - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/19\/nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130nsan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Ta\u015f\u0131yabilir mi? | Duygu \u00d6KTEM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sartre\u2019a g\u00f6re, insan, insan olmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili sahip oldu\u011fu olanaklar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131na ge\u00e7irirken bir bunalt\u0131 s\u00fcrecine girer. 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D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sa\u00e7ma bir d\u00fczen oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve insan\u0131n bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ne yapabilece\u011fini David Fincher\u2019\u0131n filmi \u201cD\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201dnden faydalanarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131m. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/19\/nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-03-19T09:44:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/t3.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:pvLLvaliwwIGLM:http:\/\/www.enterstageright.com\/archive\/articles\/1107\/110507sartrejeanpaul.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/19\/nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/19\/nsan-oezguerlueuenue-tayabilir-mi-duygu-oektem\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"\u0130nsan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Ta\u015f\u0131yabilir mi? 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Bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda e\u011fer insan t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fczerinde hissetmez ve kendini ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirmeye almazsa bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza girer. 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