{"id":4414,"date":"2010-03-22T18:25:47","date_gmt":"2010-03-22T15:25:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/03\/22\/nasil-bir-zeka-mesalesi-sondunasil-bir-yurek-durdu-vilenin\/"},"modified":"2010-03-22T18:25:47","modified_gmt":"2010-03-22T15:25:47","slug":"nasil-bir-zeka-mesalesi-sondunasil-bir-yurek-durdu-vilenin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/22\/nasil-bir-zeka-mesalesi-sondunasil-bir-yurek-durdu-vilenin\/","title":{"rendered":"Nas\u0131l bir zek\u00e2 me\u015falesi s\u00f6nd\u00fc.Nas\u0131l bir y\u00fcrek durdu! | V.\u0130.Lenin"},"content":{"rendered":"

5 A\u011fustos 1895\u2019te Friedrich Engels Londra\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc. Dostu (1883\u2019te \u00f6len) Karl Marx\u2019tan sonra, Engels, b\u00fct\u00fcn uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n modern proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n en yetkin bilim adam\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmeniydi. Kaderin Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels\u2019i bir araya getirdi\u011fi andan bu yana, iki arkada\u015f ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortak bir davaya adad\u0131lar. Ve bu y\u00fczden Friedrich Engels\u2019in proletarya u\u011fruna neler yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketinin geli\u015fiminde Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k bir fikre sahip olmak gerekir. Marx ve Engels, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve onun taleplerinin, burjuvazi ile birlikte ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak proletaryay\u0131 yaratan ve \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen mevcut iktisadi sistemin zorunlu bir sonucu oldu\u011funu ilk g\u00f6sterenlerdir. Onlar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, onu halen ezmekte olan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerden kurtaracak olan\u0131n, y\u00fcce duygulu bireylerin iyi niyetli giri\u015fimleri de\u011fil de, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdiler. Marx ve Engels, bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla, sosyalizmin, hayalcilerin bir bulu\u015fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ama modern toplumdaki \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesinin nihai amac\u0131 ve zorunlu bir sonucu oldu\u011funun ilk a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapanlard\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarih, s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n belirli toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00f6tekiler \u00fczerindeki birbirini izleyen egemenlik ve zaferlerinin tarihi olmu\u015ftur. Ve, s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011finin temelleri \u2014\u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve anar\u015fik toplumsal \u00fcretim\u2014 kayboluncaya dek bu s\u00fcrecektir. Proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131, bu temellerin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir ve bu nedenle, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bilin\u00e7li s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltilmelidir. Ve her s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131, politik bir sava\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels\u2019in bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, \u015fimdi kurtulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in kavga veren b\u00fct\u00fcn proleterler taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmi\u015ftir. Ama k\u0131rklarda, iki arkada\u015f zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n sosyalist yaz\u0131n\u0131na ve toplumsal hareketlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda, tamamen yeniydiler. Siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131na krallar\u0131n, polis ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n despotizmine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131ma kat\u0131lan, yetenekli ve yeteneksiz, d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst olmayan bir\u00e7ok kimse vard\u0131, bunlar, burjuvazinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ile proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6remiyorlard\u0131. Bu kimseler, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak hareket etmeleri gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini kabul edemiyorlard\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6neticileri ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f toplumsal d\u00fczenin adaletsizliklerine ikna etmenin yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131na ve o zaman yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve evrensel refah\u0131n kolayca kurulaca\u011f\u0131na inanan, kimi de deha sahibi, bir\u00e7ok hayalci vard\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sosyalizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ensonu, o zaman\u0131n sosyalistlerinin hemen hepsi ve genel olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n dostlar\u0131, ancak, sanayinin geli\u015fmesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korkuyla izledikleri proletaryay\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131ban olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden de, t\u00fcm\u00fc, sanayinin ve proletaryan\u0131n geli\u015fmesini durduracak, \u201ctarih tekerle\u011fini\u201d durduracak ara\u00e7lar ar\u0131yorlard\u0131. Marx ve Engels, proletaryan\u0131n geli\u015fmesi konusundaki genel korkuyu payla\u015fm\u0131yorlard\u0131; tam tersine, b\u00fct\u00fcn umutlar\u0131n\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ba\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Proleterler ne denli \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rsa, devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f olarak g\u00fc\u00e7leri o denli b\u00fcy\u00fck, sosyalizm o kadar yak\u0131n ve o kadar olanakl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Marx ve Engels\u2019in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 hizmetler, birka\u00e7 s\u00f6zc\u00fck i\u00e7inde \u015f\u00f6yle ifade edilebilir: onlar, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kendini bilmeyi, kendi bilincine ula\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frettiler, ve bo\u015f hayallerin yerine bilimi koydular.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki, Engels\u2019in ad\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131 her i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan bilinmelidir. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn yay\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131zda oldu\u011fu gibi, Rus i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bilincini uyand\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bu makaleler derlemesinde de, modern proletaryan\u0131n iki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6\u011fretmeninden biri olan Friedrich Engels\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetlemek zorunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Engels, 1820 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Prusya krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Ren eyaletindeki Barmen\u2019de do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 bir imal\u00e2t\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131. 1838\u2019de Engels, aile ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n zorlamas\u0131yla, lise \u00f6\u011frenimini yar\u0131da b\u0131rakarak, Bremen\u2019deki bir ticarethaneye k\u00e2tip olarak girmek zorunda kald\u0131. Ticari i\u015fler, Engels\u2019in, siyasal ve bilimsel e\u011fitimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini engellemedi. Daha lisedeyken otokrasi ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kin beslemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Felsefe \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 onu daha da ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu s\u0131rada Hegel\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretisi, Alman felsefesine egemendi. Engels, onun izleyicisi oldu. Her ne kadar Hegel\u2019in kendisi Berlin \u00dcniversitesinde bir profes\u00f6r olarak hizmetinde bulundu\u011fu mutlak\u0131yet\u00e7i Prusya devletinin bir hayran\u0131 idiyse de, Hegel\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretisi devrimciydi. Hegel\u2019in insan akl\u0131na ve onun do\u011frulu\u011funa olan inanc\u0131, ve Hegel felsefesinin evrenin s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen ve geli\u015fen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu yolundaki felsefesinin temel tezi, Berlinli filozofun baz\u0131 izleyicilerini \u2014mevcut durumu kabul etmeyi reddedenleri\u2014 bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n da, mevcut yanl\u0131\u015fa ve h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n da evrensel \u00f6ncesiz ve sonras\u0131z geli\u015fmenin yasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde k\u00f6k sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. E\u011fer her \u015fey geli\u015fiyor, e\u011fer kimi kurumlar\u0131n yerini ba\u015fkalar\u0131 al\u0131yorsa, neden Prusya kral\u0131n\u0131n mutlak\u0131yeti ya da Rus \u00e7ar\u0131n\u0131n mutlak\u0131yeti, geni\u015f bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun zarar\u0131na k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zenginle\u015fmesi, ya da burjuvazinin halk \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fi sonsuzlu\u011fa dek devam etsindi? Hegel\u2019in felsefesi akl\u0131n ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin geli\u015fmesinden s\u00f6z ediyordu; idealistti. Do\u011fan\u0131n, insan\u0131n, ve insan ili\u015fkilerinin, toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015fmesi Akl\u0131n geli\u015fmesinden t\u00fcretiliyordu. Marx ve Engels, Hegel\u2019in \u00f6ncesiz ve sonras\u0131z geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini savunup sahiplenirken, \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 idealist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini reddettiler; ya\u015fama bakarken g\u00f6rd\u00fcler ki do\u011fan\u0131n geli\u015fmesini a\u00e7\u0131klayan \u015fey zihnin geli\u015fmesi de\u011fildir, tersine, zihnin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131, do\u011fadan, maddeden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r… Hegel ve \u00f6teki hegelcilerden farkl\u0131 olarak Marx ve Engels, materyalisttiler. D\u00fcnyaya ve insanl\u0131\u011fa materyalist a\u00e7\u0131dan bakarak, t\u0131pk\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fal olaylar\u0131n temelinde maddi nedenlerin yatmas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, insan toplumunun geli\u015fmesinin de maddi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesiyle ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Gereksinimlerinin giderilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u015feylerin \u00fcretiminde insanlar\u0131n birbiriyle olan ili\u015fkileri, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclerini, insan\u0131n \u00f6zlemlerini, fikirlerini ve yasalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan da bu ili\u015fkilerdir. \u00dcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesi, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet temeline dayanan toplumsal ili\u015fkileri yaratmaktad\u0131r, ama \u015fimdi g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz ki, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bu ayn\u0131 geli\u015fmesi, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu m\u00fclkiyetten yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131yor ve onu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n elinde biriktiriyor. Modern toplumsal d\u00fczenin temeli olan m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor, bizzat o, sosyalistlerin \u00f6nlerine koyduklar\u0131 hedefin ta kendisine do\u011fru \u00e7abal\u0131yor. Sosyalistlerin yapmas\u0131 gereken tek \u015fey, modern toplumdaki durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, hangi toplumsal g\u00fcc\u00fcn sosyalizmin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 oldu\u011funu kavramak ve bu g\u00fcce \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n ve tarihsel g\u00f6revinin bilincini vermektir. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7, proletaryad\u0131r. Engels, proletaryay\u0131, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, babas\u0131n\u0131n orta\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011fu ticarethanede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in 1842 y\u0131l\u0131nda geldi\u011fi, \u0130ngiliz sanayinin merkezi olan Manchester\u2019de tan\u0131d\u0131. Engels, burada, fabrikan\u0131n b\u00fcrosunda oturmakla yetinmedi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 soktuklar\u0131 sefil mahalleleri gezdi, onlar\u0131n yoksulluk ve sefaletini kendi g\u00f6zleriyle g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ama kendini ki\u015fisel g\u00f6zlemleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rlamakla da kalmad\u0131. \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n durumu hakk\u0131nda kendinden \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc okudu, ele ge\u00e7irebildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn resmi belgeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkatle inceledi. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve g\u00f6zlemlerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, 1845\u2019te yay\u0131nlanan bir kitap oldu: \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu. Engels\u2019in \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu\u2019nu yazmakla, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yukarda belirtmi\u015ftik. Engels\u2019ten \u00f6nce de, bir\u00e7ok kimse, proletaryan\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f ve ona yard\u0131m\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Proletaryan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ac\u0131 \u00e7eken bir s\u0131n\u0131f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; asl\u0131nda proletaryay\u0131 dayan\u0131lmaz bir bi\u00e7imde ileri iten ve nihai kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in sava\u015fmaya zorlayan \u015feyin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu utan\u00e7 verici ekonomik durum oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen ilk ki\u015fi Engels\u2019tir. Ve sava\u015fan proletarya kendine yard\u0131m edecektir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n politik hareketi, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak, i\u015f\u00e7ileri tek kurtulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sosyalizmde oldu\u011funu kavramaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir. \u00d6te yandan sosyalizm, ancak, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n siyasal sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 oldu\u011fu zaman, bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r. Engels\u2019in, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n durumu \u00fczerine yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kitab\u0131n\u0131n temel fikirleri, \u015fimdi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ve sava\u015f\u0131m veren proletaryan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen, ama o zaman, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yeni olan fikirlerdir. Bu fikirler, \u0130ngiliz proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n sefaletinin ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n ve en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleriyle dolu ve \u00e7ekici bir \u00fcslupla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kitaba yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdi. Kitap, kapitalizmin ve burjuvazinin m\u00fcthi\u015f bir su\u00e7lamas\u0131yd\u0131 ve derin bir etki yaratt\u0131. Engels\u2019in kitab\u0131, modern proletaryan\u0131n durumunu en iyi bi\u00e7imde sergileyen bir belge olarak, her yerde an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Ve, ger\u00e7ekten de, ne 1845\u2019ten \u00f6nce, ne de daha sonra, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sefaletinin \u00f6ylesine \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6ylesine ger\u00e7ek bir betimlemesi \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Engels\u2019in sosyalist olu\u015fu, \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye gelmesinden sonrad\u0131r. Manchester\u2019de o zaman\u0131n \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinde etkin olan ki\u015fileriyle ili\u015fki kurdu ve \u0130ngiliz sosyalist yay\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1844\u2019te Almanya\u2019ya d\u00f6nerken, Paris\u2019te, daha \u00f6nceden mektupla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marx ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Paris\u2019te, Frans\u0131z sosyalistleri ve Frans\u0131z ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle Marx da sosyalist olmu\u015ftu. Burada, iki dost, Kutsal Aile ya da Ele\u015ftirel Ele\u015ftirinin Ele\u015ftirisi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ortakla\u015fa bir kitap yazd\u0131lar. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu\u2019ndan bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Marx taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan bu kitap, temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yukar\u0131da anlatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fumuz, devrimci materyalist sosyalizmin temellerini i\u00e7ermektedir. \u201cKutsal Aile\u201d, filozof olan Bauer karde\u015fler ve onlar\u0131n izleyicilerine verilen mizahi add\u0131r. Bu beyler, b\u00fct\u00fcn ger\u00e7eklerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde, partiler ve siyasetin \u00fcst\u00fcnde duran, b\u00fct\u00fcn pratik eylemleri reddeden ve yaln\u0131zca \u00e7evredeki d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ve orada meydana gelen olaylar\u0131 \u201cele\u015ftirel\u201d bir bi\u00e7imde seyreden bir ele\u015ftiri \u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu beyler, Bauer\u2019ler, proletaryay\u0131 ele\u015ftirel olmayan bir kitle olarak hor g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Marx ve Engels, bu sa\u00e7ma ve zararl\u0131 e\u011filime \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Hayali de\u011fil ger\u00e7ek, insan olan bir ki\u015fi \u2014egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar ve devlet taraf\u0131ndan horlanan i\u015f\u00e7i\u2014 ad\u0131na, kenardan seyreden bir tutum de\u011fil de, daha iyi bir toplum d\u00fczeni u\u011fruna sava\u015f\u0131m istiyorlard\u0131. Onlar, ku\u015fku yok ki, proletaryay\u0131, bu sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctebilecek olan ve bundan yararlanacak olan g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Daha Kutsal Aile\u2019den \u00f6nce, Engels, Marx ve Ruge\u2019un Deutshe-Franz\u00f6sische Jahrb\u00fccher\u2019inde, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet kural\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f iktisadi d\u00fczenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclerini, sosyalist bir a\u00e7\u0131dan inceledi\u011fi \u201cBir Ekonomi Politik Ele\u015ftirisi Denemesi\u201dni yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Marx\u2019\u0131n, ekonomi politik bilimini, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bir devrim yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu bilimi, incelemeye karar vermesinde, Engels\u2019le temas\u0131n\u0131n bir etken oldu\u011funda ku\u015fku yoktur.<\/p>\n

1845\u2019ten 1847\u2019ye kadar Engels, Br\u00fcksel ve Paris\u2019te bilimsel incelemeler ile Br\u00fcksel ve Paris\u2019teki Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndaki pratik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek ya\u015fad\u0131. Burada, Marx ve Engels, gizli Alman Kom\u00fcnist Birli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkiler kurdular, birlik, onlar\u0131, kurmu\u015f bulunduklar\u0131 sosyalizmin temel ilkelerinin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 ile g\u00f6revlendirdi. Marx ve Engels\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Manifestosu b\u00f6yle do\u011fdu, 1848\u2019de yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kitap\u00e7\u0131k ciltler de\u011ferindedir: bug\u00fcne kadar onun ruhu uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f ve m\u00fccadele vermekte olan t\u00fcm proletaryas\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7 vermi\u015ftir ve ona yol g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nce Fransa\u2019da patlayan ve sonra da \u00f6teki Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerine yay\u0131lan 1848 Devrimi, Marx ve Engels\u2019i gerisingeri, do\u011fduklar\u0131 \u00fclkeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Burada, Ren Prusyas\u0131\u2019nda, K\u00f6ln\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan demokratik Neue Rheinische Zeitung\u2019un y\u00f6netimini ald\u0131lar. \u0130ki arkada\u015f Ren Prusyas\u0131\u2019ndaki t\u00fcm devrimci-demokratik hareketin kalbi ve ruhu oldular. Gerici g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131, halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmada sonuna kadar m\u00fccadele ettiler. Bildi\u011fimiz gibi, gericiler \u00fcst\u00fcn geldiler. Neue Rheinische Zeitung yasakland\u0131. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada Prusya yurtta\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olan Marx, s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi; Engels silahl\u0131 halk ayaklanmas\u0131nda yerini ald\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 muharebede, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n yenilgisinden sonra, \u0130svi\u00e7re yoluyla Londra\u2019ya ka\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Marx da Londra\u2019ya yerle\u015fti. Engels, k\u0131rklarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Manchester ticari firmas\u0131nda, k\u0131sa zaman sonra yeniden k\u00e2tip oldu, daha sonra da, oraya ortak oldu. 1870\u2019e kadar, Marx Londra\u2019da, o da Manchester\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131, ama bu, onlar\u0131n en canl\u0131 bir fikir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini engellemedi: hemen her g\u00fcn mektupla\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu mektupla\u015fmalarda, iki arkada\u015f, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ve bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerine ilettiler ve bilimsel sosyalizmin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 1870\u2019te Engels, Londra\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti ve en etkin nitelikteki ortak entelekt\u00fcel ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131, 1883\u2019te Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n meyvesi, Marx y\u00f6n\u00fcnden, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ekonomi politi\u011finin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131 olan Kapital, Engels y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de irili ufakl\u0131 bir dizi yap\u0131t oldu. Marx, kapitalist iktisad\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k olgular\u0131n\u0131n tahlili \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Engels, yal\u0131n bir dille yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7o\u011fu polemik niteli\u011finde, tarihin materyalist anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Marx\u2019\u0131n iktisadi teorisinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, daha genel bilimsel sorunlar\u0131 ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fin ve bug\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fik olgular\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan yap\u0131tlar yazd\u0131. Engels\u2019in yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 sayabiliriz: D\u00fchring\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 (felsefe, do\u011fa bilimleri ve toplumsal bilimlerin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 tahlil etti\u011fi) polemik yap\u0131t. Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni (Rus\u00e7aya \u00e7evrilmi\u015f ve 3. bas\u0131m St. Petersburg\u2019da 1895\u2019te yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), Ludwig Feuerbach (Rus\u00e7a \u00e7evirisi ve notlar\u0131 G. Plehanov taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Cenevre 1892), Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 \u00fczerine bir makale (Rus\u00e7aya \u00e7evrilmi\u015f ve Cenevre\u2019de Sotsial Demokrat, n\u00b0 1 ve 2\u2019de yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), konut sorunu \u00fczerine parlak makaleler, ve ensonu, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik geli\u015fimi konusunda, iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama \u00e7ok de\u011ferli makale (Rusya Konusunda Friedrich Engels, Zasuli\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan 1894\u2019te Cenevre\u2019de Rus\u00e7aya \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir). Marx, sermaye \u00fczerine yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu engin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00fczeltmelerini yapamadan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Ne var ki, m\u00fcsveddeler tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Engels, Kapital\u2019in ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ciltlerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 gibi a\u011f\u0131r bir g\u00f6revi y\u00fcklendi. \u0130kinci Cildi 1885\u2019te, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cildi de 1894\u2019te yay\u0131nlad\u0131 (\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc cildin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nledi). Bu iki cilt son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir emek gerektirmi\u015fti. Avusturyal\u0131 sosyal-demokrat Adler, hakl\u0131 olarak, Kapital\u2019in ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cildini yay\u0131nlamakla Engels\u2019in, dostu olan bir dehaya y\u00fcce bir an\u0131t, fark\u0131nda olmadan, \u00fczerine silinmez bir bi\u00e7imde kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 kaz\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir an\u0131t dikti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekten de Kapital\u2019in bu iki cildi, iki insan\u0131n yap\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r: Marx ve Engels\u2019in. Eski hikayeler, dostlu\u011fun \u00e7e\u015fitli dokunakl\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur. Avrupa proletaryas\u0131 diyebilir ki, onun bilimi, aralar\u0131nda, insan dostlu\u011fu konusunda en dokunakl\u0131 eski hikayelerin de \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en bir ili\u015fki bulunan iki bilim adam\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Engels, her zaman \u2014ve, genel olarak, \u00e7ok hakl\u0131 olarak\u2014 kendisini Marx\u2019tan sonraya koymu\u015ftur. Eski bir arkada\u015f\u0131na \u201cMarx hayattayken, ben ikinci keman oldum\u201d diye yazmaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015fayan Marx\u2019a olan sevgisi ve \u00f6len Marx\u2019\u0131n an\u0131s\u0131na sayg\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131. Bu boyun e\u011fmez sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve bu sert d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, derin bir sevgiyle dolu bir ruh ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1848-49 hareketinden sonra, Marx ve Engels s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde kendilerini yaln\u0131zca bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla s\u0131n\u0131rlamad\u0131lar. 1864\u2019te Marx, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011fini kurdu ve bu kurulu\u015fa bir on y\u0131l boyunca \u00f6nderlik etti. Engels de bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda aktif bir g\u00f6rev ald\u0131. Marx\u2019\u0131n fikirlerine uygun olarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin proletaryas\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketinin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7inde son derece \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Ama, Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fin yetmi\u015flerde kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 bile, Marx ve Engels\u2019in birle\u015ftirici rollerini aksatmad\u0131. Tersine, denilebilir ki, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n manevi \u00f6nderleri olarak, \u00f6nemleri, hareketin kendisinin de kesintisiz b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi nedeniyle, s\u00fcrekli olarak artt\u0131. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Engels, Avrupa sosyalistlerinin dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 ve \u00f6nderi olmay\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Onun \u00f6\u011f\u00fct ve direktifleri, ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin zulm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131n, hem g\u00fc\u00e7leri h\u0131zla ve durmadan b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Alman sosyalistleri taraf\u0131ndan, hem de ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 iyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ve tartmak zorunda olan \u0130spanyol, Romen ve Ruslar gibi geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin temsilcileri taraf\u0131ndan tutuluyordu. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi, ya\u015fl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, Engels\u2019in zengin bilgi ve deneyim hazinesinden yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Rus\u00e7a bilen ve Rus\u00e7a kitaplar okuyan Marx ve Engels, bu \u00fclkeye canl\u0131 bir ilgi duymu\u015flard\u0131, Rus devrimci hareketini sempatiyle izlemi\u015fler ve Rus devrimcileri ile ili\u015fkiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Her ikisi de demokrat olduktan sonra sosyalist olmu\u015flard\u0131 ve demokrat olarak siyasal despotlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 duyduklar\u0131 kin son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. Siyasal despotlukla ekonomik bask\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131n derin bir teorik kavran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile bu dolays\u0131z siyasal duygunun birle\u015fmesi ve ayr\u0131ca da zengin ya\u015fam deneyimleri, Marx ve Engels\u2019e, m\u00fcstesna bir siyasal duyarl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7indir ki, bir avu\u00e7 Rus devrimcisinin zorlu \u00e7ar y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 kahramanca sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bu iki g\u00fcng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f devrimcinin kalbinde en sempatik yank\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. \u00d6te yandan, aldatmaca ekonomik yararlar u\u011fruna, Rus sosyalistlerinin en acil ve en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revinden, yani siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6revinden y\u00fcz \u00e7evirme e\u011filimi, do\u011fal olarak onlarca ku\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131, hatta bu, toplumsal devrimin b\u00fcy\u00fck davas\u0131na do\u011frudan bir ihanet olarak de\u011ferlendirildi. \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin kurtulu\u015fu, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kendi eseri olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d\u2014 Marx ve Engels durup dinlenmeden bunu \u00f6\u011frettiler. Ama iktisadi kurtulu\u015f u\u011fruna d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in proletarya, belli siyasal haklar kazanmak zorundad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Marx ve Engels, Rusya\u2019daki bir siyasal devrimin, ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131 Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Mutlak\u0131yet\u00e7i Rusya, her zaman, genel olarak Avrupa gericili\u011finin bir kalesi olmu\u015ftur. Almanya ve Fransa aras\u0131nda uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in anla\u015fmazl\u0131k tohumlar\u0131 eken 1870 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc elveri\u015flilikteki uluslararas\u0131 durum, ku\u015fku yok ki, yaln\u0131zca gerici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak mutlak\u0131yet\u00e7i Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu. Ancak \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir Rusya, ne Polonyal\u0131lar\u0131, Finlileri, Almanlar\u0131, Ermenileri ya da \u00f6teki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck uluslardan birini ezme, ne de durmadan Fransa ve Almanya\u2019y\u0131 birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme gere\u011fini duymayan bir Rusya, modern Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcnden kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrce nefes almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak, Avrupa\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn gerici unsurlar\u0131 zay\u0131flatacak ve Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecektir. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden Engels, Rusya\u2019da siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin yerle\u015fmesini, Bat\u0131da da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketlerinin ilerlemesi i\u00e7in, g\u00f6n\u00fclden istemi\u015fti. Onun ki\u015fili\u011finde Rus devrimcileri en iyi dostlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Her zaman, Friedrich Engels\u2019in, proletaryan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6\u011fretmeninin an\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anal\u0131m!<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

5 A\u011fustos 1895\u2019te Friedrich Engels Londra\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc. Dostu (1883\u2019te \u00f6len) Karl Marx\u2019tan sonra, Engels, b\u00fct\u00fcn uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n modern proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n en yetkin bilim adam\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmeniydi. Kaderin Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels\u2019i bir araya getirdi\u011fi andan bu yana, iki arkada\u015f ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortak bir davaya adad\u0131lar. Ve bu y\u00fczden Friedrich Engels\u2019in proletarya u\u011fruna neler yapm\u0131\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-vladimir-ilyic-lenin"],"yoast_head":"\nNas\u0131l bir zek\u00e2 me\u015falesi s\u00f6nd\u00fc.Nas\u0131l bir y\u00fcrek durdu! | V.\u0130.Lenin - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/03\/22\/nasil-bir-zeka-mesalesi-sondunasil-bir-yurek-durdu-vilenin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nas\u0131l bir zek\u00e2 me\u015falesi s\u00f6nd\u00fc.Nas\u0131l bir y\u00fcrek durdu! | V.\u0130.Lenin\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"5 A\u011fustos 1895\u2019te Friedrich Engels Londra\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc. Dostu (1883\u2019te \u00f6len) Karl Marx\u2019tan sonra, Engels, b\u00fct\u00fcn uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n modern proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n en yetkin bilim adam\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmeniydi. Kaderin Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels\u2019i bir araya getirdi\u011fi andan bu yana, iki arkada\u015f ya\u015famlar\u0131 boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortak bir davaya adad\u0131lar. 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