{"id":4427,"date":"2010-04-03T01:11:58","date_gmt":"2010-04-02T22:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/"},"modified":"2010-04-03T01:11:58","modified_gmt":"2010-04-02T22:11:58","slug":"meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/","title":{"rendered":"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bir ma\u011fazan\u0131n vitrininde duran bir ayakkab\u0131y\u0131 meta yapan nedir? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 sermayenin ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretmeye duydu\u011fu ihtiya\u00e7ta gizlidir. Sermaye bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131 de\u011fer yaratmak i\u00e7in \u00fcretir. \u00dcr\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki donmu\u015f art\u0131 emek zaman\u0131n art\u0131 de\u011fer bi\u00e7iminde m\u00fclkle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn meta bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda paraya \u00e7evrilmesini gerektirir. \u00d6yleyse ayakkab\u0131 vitrinde durdu\u011fu haliyle art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretemez. Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n fabrikada m\u0131, at\u00f6lyede mi yoksa zanaat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n elinde mi \u00fcretildi\u011fi de meta olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmemiz i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Meta \u00fcreten toplumsal ili\u015fki, yani kapitalizm var olmadan \u00f6nce de al\u0131m sat\u0131m ili\u015fkisinin var oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131m sat\u0131m ili\u015fkisine girmesi de yeterli olmaz. Meta bu iki s\u00fcrecin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde konulmak zorundad\u0131r. Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n meta olabilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131m de\u011ferine sahip oldu\u011fu bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na donmu\u015f emek zaman birimlerince belirlenen de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011feri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devredilmesi gereklidir.i Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci, art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretme ili\u015fkisinin devindirici g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr ve sermaye ayakkab\u0131y\u0131 bu ili\u015fkinin \u00fcretimi ve yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00fcretir. Bir \u00fcr\u00fcn ancak bu ili\u015fkinin i\u00e7erisinde meta olabilir. Metan\u0131n ili\u015fkisel karakteri onun toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131lar. Meta salt bir \u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011fil toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir. Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n hammaddesinin tedarik edilmesinden, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na, \u00fcretimin mekan\u0131na ve dola\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kadar herhangi bir evrede dondurulmu\u015f hali meta de\u011fildir. Meta ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ili\u015fkiselli\u011finin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir ve do\u011fru anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi ancak bu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Metay\u0131 \u00fcreten sermaye t\u00fcm bu evreleri devindiren \u00f6zne, dola\u015f\u0131m ve \u00fcretimin s\u00fcre\u00e7 halindeki birli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Bu genel \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda sermayenin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini daha iyi kavrayabilmemizi sa\u011flayacak sonu\u00e7, meta \u00fcretiminin oldu\u011fu her toplumsal ili\u015fkinin art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretiminin kendisi oldu\u011fudur. Fabrika d\u00f6nemsel olarak art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretiminde belirleyici rol oynam\u0131\u015f olsa da art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretimi fabrika mekan\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz ve \u00fcretim ve dola\u015f\u0131m ili\u015fkilerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde kavranabilir. Dola\u015f\u0131m ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir toplumsal yap\u0131da meta \u00fcretiminin mekan\u0131 toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc haline gelir.

Bi\u00e7imsel tahakk\u00fcmden ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcme<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin tarihsel geli\u015fimini, sermayenin emek \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kuran \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc olarak zaman ili\u015fkisinin niteli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, Marx \u00fc\u00e7 evreye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci evre \u00fcretim zaman\u0131n\u0131n niceliksel art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yani i\u015f saatlerinin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla art\u0131 emek zaman\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel motoru oldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imsel tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6nemidir. Bi\u00e7imsel tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6nemi, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin tam anlam\u0131yla toplumsal yap\u0131ya hen\u00fcz yerle\u015fmedi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde sermaye kendisinden \u00f6nceki \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerini (feodal d\u00f6nem) devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi, bilim, teknoloji, mekanik ve makinelerin geli\u015fimi niteliksel bir s\u0131\u00e7ramaya yol a\u00e7arak sermayenin eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini artt\u0131rmak yoluyla art\u0131 de\u011feri \u00e7o\u011faltma yoluna gitmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mutlak art\u0131 de\u011ferden nispi art\u0131 de\u011fere ge\u00e7i\u015fle karakterize olan bu d\u00f6nem ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6nemidir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc ve zaman\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmadan art\u0131 emek zaman\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, gerekli emek zaman\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve bu, eme\u011fin birim zamandaki \u00fcretiminin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla olanakl\u0131 hale gelir. Bu \u00fcretim zemininin vazge\u00e7ilmez altyap\u0131s\u0131 makinelerdir. Makineler i\u00e7erdikleri donmu\u015f emek zaman \u00fczerinden canl\u0131 eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6nemi ile birlikte makinelerin, eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini belirleyen bir konuma ge\u00e7mesi (genel zekan\u0131n temel unsuru haline gelmesi) onlar\u0131, eme\u011fin toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz unsuru haline getirmi\u015ftir. \u00dcretim s\u00fcrecinin makinele\u015fmesinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda eme\u011fin toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n da s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Sermaye, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini elinde bulundurarak, eme\u011fin toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendi tekelinde \u00f6rg\u00fctler. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde, emek s\u00fcresi de\u011fer \u00fcretiminde do\u011frudan belirleyici fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Sermaye eme\u011fi zaman \u00fczerinden \u00f6l\u00e7erek \u00fccretli emek alt\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015ft\u0131rma ili\u015fkisini kurar. Ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6neminde gerek sermayeler aras\u0131 rekabetin gerekse sermayenin eme\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015ft\u0131rma ili\u015fkilerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin ve d\u00fczenlenmesinin temeli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir emek zamand\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir emek zaman temelinde fabrikadaki gerekli emek zaman art\u0131 emek zaman diyalekti\u011finin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, makinele\u015fmenin g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu temel nedeniyle, art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretiminin toplumsal d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde fabrika ili\u015fkisi, soyut emekle somut eme\u011fin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi\u011fi mekan\u0131n ili\u015fkiselli\u011fi toplumsal ili\u015fkilerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyici hale gelir. \u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011fayla ve insanla ili\u015fkisi fabrika yasalar\u0131 ekseninde belirlenir. Bu, di\u011fer emek bi\u00e7imlerinin veya fabrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumsal alanlar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, bu alanlar\u0131n veya fabrikan\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n onun verimlili\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde ve ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fini ifade eder. Fabrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir alan olarak dola\u015f\u0131m alan\u0131, \u00fcretim alan\u0131n\u0131n belirlenimi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Dola\u015f\u0131m alan\u0131 \u00fcretim alan\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fil ona tabidir. Bu nedenle, en basit ifadesiyle art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcreten emek olan \u00fcretken emek bu d\u00f6nemde maddi \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini ifade eden fabrikada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve merkezile\u015fir. Bu \u00fcretim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine dolay\u0131mlar yoluyla dahil olan di\u011fer emek bi\u00e7imleri \u00fcretken olmayan emek kategorisine girerler.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcmden toplumsal fabrikaya ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bi\u00e7imsel tahakk\u00fcmden ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcme ge\u00e7i\u015fte sermaye birikiminin geli\u015fimi sanayi devrimi ile e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak makinelerin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine dahil edilmesini ve fabrikalar\u0131n \u00fcretimin merkezi haline gelmesini do\u011furmu\u015ftu. Makineler ve fabrikalar\u0131n geli\u015fimi b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi \u00fcretimini geli\u015ftirerek art\u0131k \u00fcretimin fabrikalar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7i\u015finin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken ileti\u015fim devrimi de bu s\u00fcrece e\u015flik etmi\u015ftir. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda sermayenin eme\u011fi verimle\u015ftirerek tahakk\u00fcm alt\u0131na almas\u0131nda yeni bir a\u015famaya ge\u00e7i\u015ftir. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin analizi, bizzat Marx\u2019ta mevcuttur. Marx, Grundrisse\u2019deii i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nem itibariyle kesin olarak tan\u0131mlanamayacak olsa da, sermayenin de\u011fer \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminde, \u00f6zel sermayenin ve onun \u00f6zel \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ili\u015fkisinden farkl\u0131 olarak, sermayenin toplumsal \u00fcretimin kolektif, genel ko\u015fullar\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcl ili\u015fkisine do\u011fru bir ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu, de\u011fer \u00fcretiminin toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00fcretimi ve yeniden \u00fcretimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ifadesidir. Toplumsal fabrikadan anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, Marx taraf\u0131ndan da konmu\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, de\u011fer \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imindeki bu yap\u0131sal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6tesi bug\u00fcn bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Marx\u2019\u0131, bi\u00e7imsel ve ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na hapseden modernist sol de\u011fer teorisindeki bu ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kavramakta yetersiz kalmaktad\u0131r. De\u011fer teorisindeki ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m kavranamadan sermayenin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve s\u0131n\u0131flar m\u00fccadelesinin dinamikleri yakalanamamakta ve bug\u00fcn\u00fcn politik ve devrimci ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap \u00fcretilememektedir. Nas\u0131l ki emperyalizm ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6neminin de\u011fer \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine i\u00e7kin egemenlik bi\u00e7iminin teorisiyse, imparatorluk da toplumsal fabrikan\u0131n de\u011fer \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine i\u00e7kin egemenlik bi\u00e7imi teorisidir. Bug\u00fcn eme\u011fin politikli\u011finin kurulu\u015fu, \u00f6n\u00fcne toplumsal fabrikada de\u011fer \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesini almal\u0131d\u0131r. De\u011fer \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imindeki bu farkl\u0131la\u015fma Marx\u2019ta ifadesini \u015f\u00f6yle bulur:<\/p>\n

\u2018\u2018\u2026B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, ger\u00e7ek zenginlik \u00fcretimi, giderek emek s\u00fcresinden ve harcanan emek miktar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok emek zaman\u0131 boyunca harekete ge\u00e7irilen fakt\u00f6rlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmaya ba\u015flar. Bu arac\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u2013onlar\u0131n etkili g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn- onlar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in harcanan do\u011frudan emek zaman\u0131 ile hi\u00e7bir ili\u015fkisi yoktur; daha \u00e7ok bilimin genel d\u00fczeyine ve teknolojinin geli\u015fmesine, ya da bilimin \u00fcretime uygulanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u2026 Ger\u00e7ek zenginlik, daha \u00e7ok, harcanan emek s\u00fcresi ile bunun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcthi\u015f orans\u0131zl\u0131kta ve saf bir soyutlamaya indirgenmi\u015f olan emek ile bunun denetledi\u011fi \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin g\u00fcc\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki niteliksel dengesizlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr\u2026 Emek \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7sel bir \u00f6\u011fesinden \u00e7ok, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin denet\u00e7isi ve d\u00fczenleyicisi konumunu almaya ba\u015flar\u2026\u2019\u2019iii<\/p>\n

\u2018\u2018Eme\u011fin sermaye alt\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek boyunduru\u011funun ya da \u00f6zg\u00fcl kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimiyle birlikte, bireysel i\u015f\u00e7i gittik\u00e7e b\u00fct\u00fcn bir emek s\u00fcrecinin ger\u00e7ek kald\u0131rac\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u2026 Say\u0131s\u0131 giderek artan farkl\u0131 emek t\u00fcrleri \u00fcretken emek kavram\u0131na dahil edilir ve bu eme\u011fi ifa edenler, do\u011frudan sermaye taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve sermayenin \u00fcretim ve geni\u015fleme s\u00fcrecine tabi k\u0131l\u0131nan \u00fcretken i\u015f\u00e7iler olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u2019\u2019iv<\/p>\n

Bu noktadan itibaren sermayenin \u00fcretiminin ve yeniden \u00fcretiminin temeli, harcanan emek zaman s\u00fcresiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir hale getirilen emek olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; bilimin genel d\u00fczeyi, teknolojinin geli\u015fimi ve ileti\u015fimin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde artan rol\u00fcnde cisimle\u015fen maddi olmayan eme\u011fin etkinli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelmi\u015ftir. Bu, canl\u0131 eme\u011fin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinden tasfiye edilmesi de\u011fil tersine eme\u011fin zihinsel, duygusal, fiziksel ve toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetiyle sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine i\u00e7erilmesidir. Sermayenin k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fulu, emek zaman niceli\u011finin \u00f6tesinde \u201cemek zaman\u0131 boyunca harekete ge\u00e7irilen fakt\u00f6rlerin g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d, maddi olmayan eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011fidir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir emek zaman temelinde canl\u0131 eme\u011fin cans\u0131z emek yoluyla \u00fcretken k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6neminden farkl\u0131 olarak, art\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu olan canl\u0131 eme\u011fin canl\u0131 emek yoluyla \u00fcretken k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderek bili\u015fsel, ileti\u015fimsel ve duygulan\u0131msal yap\u0131lar olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ancak bu temelde anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Canl\u0131 emekle cans\u0131z emek aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f, maddi olmayan emek bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda emek sabit sermayele\u015fmi\u015ftir. Marx\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle:<\/p>\n

\u2018\u2018Emek s\u00fcresinden yap\u0131lan tasarruf serbest s\u00fcrenin, yani bireyin her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle geli\u015fmesine ayr\u0131lacak s\u00fcrenin artmas\u0131 demektir; bu \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc geli\u015fme de, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak, yine eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyecektir. Dolays\u0131z \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bu bir sabit sermaye \u00fcretimi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir \u2013 insan burada bu sabit sermayenin ta kendisidir\u2019\u2019v<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn de\u011fer \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde maddi olmayan eme\u011fin hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131, sermayenin eme\u011fi tahakk\u00fcm alt\u0131na alma bi\u00e7imindeki bu niteliksel farkl\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131r. Maddi \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve fabrika ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maddi \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri yeniden tan\u0131mlanarak g\u00f6rsel, i\u015fitsel, bili\u015fsel, duygulan\u0131msal maddi olmayan emek bi\u00e7imleriyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Nas\u0131l ki ger\u00e7ek tahakk\u00fcm d\u00f6neminde fabrikadaki maddi emek s\u00fcreci di\u011fer toplumsal emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini etkisi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015fsa, bug\u00fcn de b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri maddi olmayan eme\u011fin belirlenimi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sermayenin emek \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kuran \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, emek zaman niceli\u011finden \u00e7\u0131karak eme\u011fin niteliksel g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir. Maddi olmayan eme\u011fin hegemonyas\u0131yla birlikte sermayenin de\u011fer \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin merkezi fabrika bir mekandan uzama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcretim band\u0131 ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yoluyla toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011fi fabrika zaman\u0131n\u0131n ve mekan\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00dcretim ve dola\u015f\u0131m alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m silikle\u015fmi\u015f, dola\u015f\u0131m alan\u0131 do\u011frudan \u00fcretimin bir \u00f6\u011fesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu noktadan itibaren, sermayenin \u00fcretimi ve yeniden \u00fcretiminin ve sermayeler aras\u0131 rekabetin temeli, b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal ili\u015fkileri ve de\u011ferleri metala\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Art\u0131k \u00fcretilen bir cep telefonunun art\u0131 de\u011fer yaratabilmesi salt birim maliyeti ucuzlam\u0131\u015f bir telefon olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile kurulamaz. Bir cep telefonu, t\u00fcketicisine bir marka, imaj, duygulan\u0131m olarak ula\u015fmak durumundad\u0131r ki bu \u2018kullan\u0131m de\u011ferleri\u2019 ancak maddi olmayan emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile yarat\u0131labilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplumsal fabrika i\u015fleyi\u015finde maddi olmayan emek s\u00fcrekli yeni de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011ferlerinin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na imkan sa\u011flayarak sermayenin \u00fcretim ve yeniden \u00fcretim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7irerek yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Sermayele\u015fmi\u015f maddi olmayan emek, eme\u011fin toplumsal ve politik ortam\u0131na s\u00fcrekli m\u00fcdahalede bulunarak toplumsal fabrikan\u0131n biyonik bedenini s\u00fcrekli kurar ve yeniden kurar. Toplumsal fabrika i\u015fleyi\u015finde, sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcreci do\u011frudan toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00fcretim ve yeniden \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.

Google<\/strong>
Harekete ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi maddi olmayan emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin etkinli\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Google, sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz niteliksel farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rne\u011fini olu\u015fturur. Google krize ra\u011fmen karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ciddi oranda art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam eden bir \u015firkettir. 20000 dolay\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 olan ve kapitalist dergilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda uzun s\u00fcredir en \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmak istenen \u015firket olarak Google son y\u0131llar\u0131n y\u00fckselen markas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u2018ba\u015far\u0131lar\u2019 kapitalist \u00fcretimin geldi\u011fi a\u015famada Google\u2019\u0131n maddi olmayan eme\u011fin verimli k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin g\u00fcncel do\u011fas\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen konumundan ileri gelmektedir. Google bir ili\u015fki \u00fcretim fabrikas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Google bir arama motoru olmakla birlikte do\u011fru t\u00fcketiciyi do\u011fru \u00fcretici ile bulu\u015fturma motoru olarak sermayenin hizmetindedir. Bunu yapabilmesi, toplumsal fabrikada ya\u015fam\u0131n damarlar\u0131na s\u0131zabildi\u011fi oranda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Google internette insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli izleyen ve kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla her yerde olan \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck birader\u2019dir. \u0130nternet ba\u015f\u0131nda zaman ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren birey, Google taraf\u0131ndan izlenmeye, bir yandan da y\u00f6nlendirilerek d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Belli bir s\u00fcre sonunda Google bireyin ilgi alanlar\u0131ndan cinsiyetine, t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131na, mesle\u011fine kadar pek \u00e7ok konuda bilgi sahibi olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilgi sahibi olman\u0131n da \u00f6tesinde kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7enekler ile onu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve daha da \u00f6tesi toplumsal fabrikan\u0131n bir bireyi olarak internet kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da Google\u2019a s\u00fcrekli m\u00fcdahale eder. E\u011filimler ve tercihler dinamik ve de\u011fi\u015fkendir, Google\u2019\u0131n robotlar\u0131vi da esnektir ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irirler. Bu esneklik ve etkile\u015fim sebebiyle bu yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar toplumsal fabrikan\u0131n biyonik bedeninin biyonik robotlar\u0131d\u0131r. Google\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6revi toplumsal hayata n\u00fcfuz etmektir. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f internet a\u011flar\u0131 ve bu a\u011flar \u00fczerinden harekete ge\u00e7en arac\u0131lar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Google ve benzerleri internet \u00fczerinden n\u00fcfuz etti\u011fi toplumsal hayat\u0131n sermayele\u015fmesinde merkezi bir konuma oturmu\u015ftur.
Nitekim ileti\u015fimde ya\u015fanan bu muazzam geli\u015fmeye paralel olarak \u00fcretim ve dola\u015f\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mlar silikle\u015ferek art zamanl\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisi yerini giderek e\u015f zamanl\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131r sanayilerde bile \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretilmeden sat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki bu ancak do\u011fru veriler, bu verilerin do\u011fru analizi ve piyasa e\u011filimlerinin do\u011fru tespitine dayan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla maddi olmayan emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bilgi, \u00fcretim ve dola\u015f\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7iren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc harc\u0131 olu\u015fturur. B\u00fcy\u00fck birader Google bug\u00fcn, hangi co\u011frafyada, kimin Ford alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Ford\u2019un hangi \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir otomobili, ka\u00e7 adet ve ne zaman \u00fcretece\u011fini belirlemek ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011fer \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 belirleyen bir konuma yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Google Ford\u2019a daha \u00f6nceden a\u011fda etkile\u015fimler sonucu elde etti\u011fi bilgileri ve bu bilgiler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00fcretilen otomobili metaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek ili\u015fkiyi satarak k\u00e2r elde eder.<\/p>\n

Peki k\u00fcresel Google fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretkenli\u011finin temeli olan sabit sermayesi nedir? Google\u2019\u0131n sabit sermayesi maddi olmayan canl\u0131 eme\u011fin i\u00e7erisinde gizlidir. Maddi olmayan eme\u011fin bilgi birikimi ve yetene\u011fi Google\u2019\u0131n sabit sermayesini olu\u015fturur. Fordist \u00fcretim band\u0131n\u0131n makine parkuru farkl\u0131 i\u015flevlere sahip makinelerin yan yana gelmesiyle olu\u015furken maddi olmayan emek s\u00fcrecinde farkl\u0131 yetenek ve birikimlere sahip \u015firketle\u015fmi\u015f bireylerin elbirli\u011fi \u00fcretim band\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sabit sermayeyi de olu\u015fturan yine maddi olmayan eme\u011fin kendisidir.
Sanayi \u00fcretimi, \u00fcretim band\u0131 \u00fczerindeki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00fccretli eme\u011fi makinelerin mekanik bir uzant\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00dccretli emek, vida s\u0131kmak gibi, d\u00fc\u011fmeye basmak gibi \u00f6znelli\u011fi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmayan, mekana ve kronometreye endeksli bir \u00fcretim atmosferinde nesnele\u015ferek \u00fcretken k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. Toplumsal fabrikada \u00fcretim giderek biyonik bir makinenin \u00fcretti\u011fi ili\u015fki d\u00fczeyine ge\u00e7erken \u00fcretken emek biyonik makinenin k\u00e2r \u00fcretme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne \u00f6znelli\u011fi ile dahil olan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla biyonik makinenin kendisini yeniden \u00fcreten bir kimli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6znellik \u00fcretimi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00fcretken emek bi\u00e7imlerinin \u015firketle\u015fmi\u015f bireyler olmas\u0131 bir zorunluluktur. Sermayeyle olan ili\u015fkisinde ancak bu g\u00fcvenceyle \u00fcretken emek yarat\u0131c\u0131 faaliyetinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Maddi olmayan emek s\u00fcrecinde s\u0131k\u0131lan her vida, fabrika eme\u011finin aksine, yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yetene\u011fi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7ermek durumundad\u0131r. Bu emek s\u00fcreci zaman \u00fczerinden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez. Temel olan toplumsal art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretiminde harekete ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin niteli\u011fidir. Google gibi, maddi olmayan eme\u011fin do\u011fas\u0131na uygun, onu yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yetene\u011fi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile sermayele\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farabilen, elbirli\u011fini patron elinden daha \u00e7ok \u015firketle\u015fmi\u015f bireylerin g\u00fcvencesi alt\u0131nda do\u011fall\u0131\u011f\u0131yla geli\u015ftirmenin olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u015firket \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri, kapitalizmin yeni de\u011fer \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6nc\u00fcleridir.

Olanaklar<\/strong>
Maddi olmayan eme\u011fin hegemonyas\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki \u00fcretim s\u00fcreci s\u00fcrekli esnek, etkile\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131k ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe do\u011fall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geli\u015fen elbirli\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle toplumsal fabrikada \u00fcretken emek ancak geli\u015fmi\u015f elbirli\u011fi d\u00fczeyi sayesinde \u00fcretken k\u0131l\u0131nabilir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu elbirli\u011finin kendisi de maddi olmayan emek taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilir. Kapitalizmin modern d\u00f6neminde sermaye \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti \u00fczerinden eme\u011fin toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, elbirli\u011fini tekeli alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda bug\u00fcn sermayenin bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir, ancak s\u00f6ylenemeyecek olan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn kom\u00fcnist ili\u015fkileri kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Linux, yaz\u0131l\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerinin sermayeden m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir elbirli\u011fi neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131klar\u0131 bir i\u015fletim sistemidir. Microsoft \u015firketinin, sermaye cephesinden yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 elbirli\u011fi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Windows\u2019un \u015firketsiz, patronsuz, \u00fccretsiz, kendi ifadeleriyle \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcr\u2019 muadilidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda a\u00e7\u0131k kodludur, yani yarat\u0131lan program\u0131n kodunu g\u00f6rebilir ve istedi\u011finiz gibi m\u00fcdahale ederek de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ilk bak\u0131\u015fta Linux\u2019un en az\u0131ndan kendisivii sermayele\u015ftirilemez gibi g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcr. Ancak Linux toplumsal \u00fcretim ve yeniden \u00fcretimde kendisine \u015firketlerin a\u011f sistemlerinde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yer bulmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcn Linux hangi toplumsal ili\u015fkilere hizmet ediyor sorusunu sordu\u011fumuzda bir grup yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n ve Linux merakl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir etkiye (toplumsall\u0131\u011fa) sahip olarak sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine hizmet eden a\u011f sistemlerinde ve web hizmetlerinde k\u00e2r \u00fcretim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir bi\u00e7imde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Linux\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn o \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcr\u2019 y\u00f6nleri onu ili\u015fki \u00fcretimi d\u00fczeyinde kom\u00fcnist k\u0131lmaya yeterli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maddi olmayan eme\u011fin elbirli\u011fi, sermayenin toplumsal ili\u015fkileri metala\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini devindirdi\u011fi oranda sermayenin tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eme\u011fin kendisinin sabit sermayeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtmi\u015ftik. Bu elbette eme\u011fin toplumsal genel zeka ile ili\u015fkisinde de yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fikliklere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilgi her zaman i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir silaht\u0131r ve bu yayg\u0131n ileti\u015fim a\u011flar\u0131 toplumsal eme\u011fin birikimi olarak bilginin sermaye taraf\u0131ndan kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc giderek zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ne var ki sermaye giderek bilginin ve eme\u011fin elbirli\u011finin do\u011frudan kontrol\u00fc yerine oto-kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 devreye sokmaktad\u0131r. Bilginin hangi toplumsal ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7erisinde \u00fcretilip \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel oldu\u011fundan sermaye odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 toplumsal \u00f6znelliklerin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na kayd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha basit bir ifadeyle bilgiyi i\u015fletip \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran \u015firketle\u015fmi\u015f bireylerin \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi temelindeki toplumsall\u0131klar\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece sermaye bilginin kendisinin m\u00fclkiyetinden kolayl\u0131kla vazge\u00e7ebilir. Hatta maddi olmayan emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin verimlili\u011finin art\u0131r\u0131labilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bilginin serbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi dahi g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Bu ba\u011flamda kimi Otonomist Marksistlerin ifade etti\u011fi gibiviii kom\u00fcnizmi, genel zekan\u0131n ve bilginin \u00f6zg\u00fcr dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda tan\u0131mlamak bizi ancak sermayenin kom\u00fcnizmine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sermaye toplumsal fabrikada toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden kendisini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Bireylerin \u015firketle\u015fmesi, sermayenin toplumsal ili\u015fkileri metala\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ifadesidir. Sermayenin kendini olumlamas\u0131, eme\u011fi bireyle\u015ftirmek, toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 metala\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Eme\u011fin kendini olumlamas\u0131 ise kom\u00fcnalli\u011finin kurulu\u015fudur. Sermayenin bireycili\u011fi ile eme\u011fin kom\u00fcnalli\u011fi antagonisttir. Anti-kapitalizm do\u011frudan toplumsal bir antagonizmay\u0131 ifade eder. Sermayele\u015fmi\u015f olan insan\u0131n insanla kurdu\u011fu \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkilerine ve metalar\u0131n metalarla kurdu\u011fu toplumsal ili\u015fkiye kar\u015f\u0131 insan\u0131n insanla kurdu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ve toplumsal de\u011ferler hayata kar\u015f\u0131 hayat\u0131n politik bedenini kurar. Kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 kom\u00fcnalli\u011fin kurulu\u015fu do\u011frudan politiktir.<\/p>\n

i Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Diyalektik, s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r, Otonom say\u0131 17.
ii K. Marx, Grundrisse,Cilt II, Sol Yay., 2003, s.26.
iii K. Marx, Grundrisse,Cilt II, Sol Yay., 2003, s.174
iv K. Marx, Kapital\u2019e ek: Dolays\u0131z \u00dcretim S\u00fcrecinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00e7ev.: Mustafa Topal, Ceylan Yay., 1999, s.107.
v K. Marx, Grundrisse, Birikim Yay. s. 662
vi Buradaki robot kavram\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m robotlar\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yaz\u0131l\u0131m par\u00e7alar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6zleme ve veri aktarma g\u00f6revleri yaparak g\u00f6revlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.
vii Linux\u2019u paketleyip satan \u015firketler vard\u0131r, ancak bunlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok, farkl\u0131 Linux par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirip derli toplu paketleme ve destek hizmetini satt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.
viii Carlo Vercellone, From Formal Subsumption to General Intellect: Elements for a Marxist Reading of the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bir ma\u011fazan\u0131n vitrininde duran bir ayakkab\u0131y\u0131 meta yapan nedir? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 sermayenin ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretmeye duydu\u011fu ihtiya\u00e7ta gizlidir. Sermaye bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131 de\u011fer yaratmak i\u00e7in \u00fcretir. \u00dcr\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki donmu\u015f art\u0131 emek zaman\u0131n art\u0131 de\u011fer bi\u00e7iminde m\u00fclkle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn meta bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda paraya \u00e7evrilmesini gerektirir. \u00d6yleyse ayakkab\u0131 vitrinde durdu\u011fu haliyle art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretemez. Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n fabrikada m\u0131, at\u00f6lyede […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[178],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4427","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-marksizm"},"yoast_head":"\nMeta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bir ma\u011fazan\u0131n vitrininde duran bir ayakkab\u0131y\u0131 meta yapan nedir? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 sermayenin ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretmeye duydu\u011fu ihtiya\u00e7ta gizlidir. Sermaye bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131 de\u011fer yaratmak i\u00e7in \u00fcretir. \u00dcr\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki donmu\u015f art\u0131 emek zaman\u0131n art\u0131 de\u011fer bi\u00e7iminde m\u00fclkle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn meta bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda paraya \u00e7evrilmesini gerektirir. \u00d6yleyse ayakkab\u0131 vitrinde durdu\u011fu haliyle art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretemez. Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n fabrikada m\u0131, at\u00f6lyede […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-04-02T22:11:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"90\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"20 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-04-02T22:11:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\"},\"wordCount\":4075,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Marksizm\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\",\"name\":\"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir - narteks.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2010-04-02T22:11:58+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"description\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":90,\"caption\":\"narteks.net\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/narteks\",\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\",\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Tar\u0131k\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/narteks.net\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir","og_description":"Bir ma\u011fazan\u0131n vitrininde duran bir ayakkab\u0131y\u0131 meta yapan nedir? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 sermayenin ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretmeye duydu\u011fu ihtiya\u00e7ta gizlidir. Sermaye bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131 de\u011fer yaratmak i\u00e7in \u00fcretir. \u00dcr\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki donmu\u015f art\u0131 emek zaman\u0131n art\u0131 de\u011fer bi\u00e7iminde m\u00fclkle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn meta bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda paraya \u00e7evrilmesini gerektirir. \u00d6yleyse ayakkab\u0131 vitrinde durdu\u011fu haliyle art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fcretemez. Ayakkab\u0131n\u0131n fabrikada m\u0131, at\u00f6lyede […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2010-04-02T22:11:58+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":90,"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"20 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir","datePublished":"2010-04-02T22:11:58+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/"},"wordCount":4075,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Marksizm"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/","name":"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir - narteks.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"2010-04-02T22:11:58+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/03\/meta-toplumsal-bir-uretim-iliskisidir\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Meta toplumsal bir \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisidir"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","name":"narteks.net","description":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization","name":"narteks.net","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","width":300,"height":90,"caption":"narteks.net"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/narteks","https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca","name":"Tar\u0131k","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tar\u0131k"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/narteks.net"],"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4427"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}