{"id":4435,"date":"2010-04-05T15:58:35","date_gmt":"2010-04-05T12:58:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/04\/05\/toplumlarin-acmazlari-1-afsar-timucin\/"},"modified":"2010-04-05T15:58:35","modified_gmt":"2010-04-05T12:58:35","slug":"toplumlarin-acmazlari-1-afsar-timucin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/05\/toplumlarin-acmazlari-1-afsar-timucin\/","title":{"rendered":"Toplumlar\u0131n A\u00e7mazlar\u0131-1 | Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in"},"content":{"rendered":"

Toplumlar\u0131n a\u00e7mazlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131z o toplumlar\u0131 y\u00f6netenler sorumludur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc pek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte olanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00e7arklar\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcp duran ve kendilerini y\u00f6netilmeye b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f kimselerdir. Bu anlamda kuramlar bile geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi olur, tarihten \u00f6rnekler verilir: falanca kral \u015f\u00f6yle yapmasayd\u0131 her \u015fey \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik olacakt\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kral\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak var sayarken uyruklar\u0131 yani koca toplumu yok sayarlar. Bu y\u00f6nde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00fcretene nereden biliyorsun dedi\u011finizde y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcze bir garip bakacakt\u0131r: bunu bilmeyecek ne var? Oysa toplumlar\u0131n a\u00e7mazlar\u0131ndan y\u00f6netenlerden \u00f6nce yapt\u0131klar\u0131yla ve yapmad\u0131klar\u0131yla y\u00f6netilenler sorumludur: her toplum kendinin su\u00e7lusudur. Burada falancan\u0131n filancadan, kral\u0131n ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131dan ya da b\u0131\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131dan daha az ya da daha \u00e7ok sorumlu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyiz. Bir toplumun bireyleri, tek tek bilin\u00e7 d\u00fczeyleri ne olursa olsun, birlikte ortak bir bilin\u00e7 olu\u015ftururlar. Toplumun her kesimimde etkin olan ortak bilin\u00e7 daha \u00e7ok ortalama bilin\u00e7lerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ortak bilin\u00e7 ya da toplumsal bilin\u00e7 tek tek bilin\u00e7lerin toplam\u0131 de\u011fildir, bu bilin\u00e7lerin \u00f6nde gelenlerinin toplam\u0131 hi\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Ortak bilin\u00e7 bir toplumun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fczeyini ortaya koyar, \u00f6zellikle onun bug\u00fcnle ilgili alg\u0131s\u0131yla, d\u00fcnle ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle ve yar\u0131nla ilgili \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleriyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

“Ortak bilin\u00e7” yerine “toplumsal bilin\u00e7” deyimini kullanmak daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r: ortak bilin\u00e7 evrensel bilinci an\u0131msatan bir geni\u015flikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc. “Evrensel bilin\u00e7” anlam\u0131nda ortak bilin\u00e7ten s\u00f6zetmek olas\u0131d\u0131r. Ortak bilin\u00e7 de toplumsal bilin\u00e7 de evrensel bilin\u00e7 de ger\u00e7ekte bir tasar\u0131md\u0131r. Somut olarak varolan, elle tutulur g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr olan yaln\u0131zca bireysel bilin\u00e7tir. Bunu tekil ve \u00e7o\u011ful ili\u015fkisine benzetebiliriz ya da hatta onunla a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz. Antisthenes gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek: “Pamuk” vard\u0131r ama “Kedi” yoktur, “Kedi” bir fikirdir. Bununla birlikte “Kedi” vard\u0131r, hatta “Pamuk”dan daha zengin i\u00e7erikli olarak, daha kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak vard\u0131r, bilincin bir \u00fcretimi olarak vard\u0131r. “Pamuk” bir g\u00fcn \u00f6lecek, “Kedi” varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecektir. Toplumsal bilin\u00e7 bizim g\u00f6zlerimizle g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir \u015fey de\u011fildir ama vard\u0131r. Nesnelerin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi oldu\u011fu gibi kavramlar\u0131n da ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bu ger\u00e7eklik verilmi\u015f bir ger\u00e7eklik de\u011fil etkin anl\u0131k \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde edinilmi\u015f bir ger\u00e7ekliktir.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal bilin\u00e7 toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi bireylerin \u00e7e\u015fitli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fla\u015f\u0131r. Bireysel bilincin toplumsal bilin\u00e7 \u00fczerindeki etkisi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yken toplumsal bilincin bireylerin bilinci \u00fczerindeki etkisi geni\u015f ve derindir. Toplumsal bilin\u00e7 bireylerin bilincini \u00f6ncelikle g\u00f6renekler ve al\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde etkiler. Bir toplumda insanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 benze\u015firler: onda birbirine d\u00fc\u015fman ya da uzak insanlar\u0131n bile davran\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benze\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliriz. Bu elbette \u00f6ncelikle bilin\u00e7lerin benze\u015fmesidir. Ayr\u0131ks\u0131 durumlar her zaman vard\u0131r: h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa yatk\u0131n bir toplumda d\u00fcr\u00fcst insanlar hi\u00e7 yoktur diyemeyiz. \u0130spanya i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda fa\u015fist generallerden biri, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n yani cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin de ayn\u0131 soylu ulusun insanlar\u0131 olmakla kendilerine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 garip bir \u00f6v\u00fcnme havas\u0131nda s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Gene de toplumsal bilin\u00e7ten \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir anlam \u00e7\u0131karmamaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermeliyiz: toplumsal bilincin olu\u015fum ko\u015fullar\u0131 kanla de\u011fil somut ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ilgilidir, yerin ve zaman\u0131n iktisadi, toplumsal, iklimsel ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ilgilidir. Toplum ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimlerine g\u00f6re toplumsal bilin\u00e7te d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler olur, ini\u015fler \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar olur. Toplum her zaman ak\u0131\u015fkan bir yap\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden toplumsal bilinci de\u011fi\u015fmez bir de\u011fer, bir kere olu\u015ftu mu hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek ve hep ayn\u0131 kalacak bir kazan\u0131m olarak g\u00f6rmemek do\u011fru olur. Tarihe bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda toplumsal bilin\u00e7lerin \u00f6zellikle iktisadi nedenlerle, daha \u00e7ok da n\u00fcfus artmas\u0131 ya da eksilmesi gibi, sava\u015flar ve k\u0131tl\u0131klar gibi nedenlerle k\u00f6kl\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bir toplumun bilin\u00e7 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerini en a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde geleneklerde yani k\u00f6k\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015f zamanlarda olan k\u00fclt\u00fcr ya\u015fam\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlemek olas\u0131d\u0131r: \u00f6rne\u011fin bir toplum belli bir d\u00f6nemde hatta \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle belirgin uzunca bir d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck dehalar yeti\u015ftirirken yava\u015f yava\u015f k\u0131s\u0131rla\u015fma belirtileri g\u00f6sterebilir, bunun tersi de olabilir. Hatta bir toplumun uzun y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler g\u00f6stermeden ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de olur: bu durum \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m toplumlar\u0131yla ilgili bir durumdur. Bireyler nas\u0131l ki\u015filiklerini birdenbire de\u011fi\u015ftiremezlerse, ki\u015filik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri yani bireysel bilin\u00e7 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri nas\u0131l \u00e7ok yava\u015f hatta g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar yava\u015f olursa, toplumlar\u0131n ki\u015filik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri de yani toplumsal bilin\u00e7 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri de o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yava\u015f olur, \u00e7ok uzun zaman dilimlerine yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bireylerin ki\u015fili\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclen h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k belirtisidir. Toplumlarda bu t\u00fcr h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimleri her zaman g\u00f6remeyiz. (Benden ayr\u0131lmay\u0131n. K\u0131sa bir aradan sonra\u2026)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toplumlar\u0131n a\u00e7mazlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131z o toplumlar\u0131 y\u00f6netenler sorumludur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc pek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte olanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00e7arklar\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcp duran ve kendilerini y\u00f6netilmeye b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f kimselerdir. Bu anlamda kuramlar bile geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi olur, tarihten \u00f6rnekler verilir: falanca kral \u015f\u00f6yle yapmasayd\u0131 her \u015fey \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik olacakt\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kral\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak var sayarken uyruklar\u0131 yani koca toplumu yok […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-afsar-timucin"],"yoast_head":"\nToplumlar\u0131n A\u00e7mazlar\u0131-1 | Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/05\/toplumlarin-acmazlari-1-afsar-timucin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Toplumlar\u0131n A\u00e7mazlar\u0131-1 | Af\u015far Timu\u00e7in\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Toplumlar\u0131n a\u00e7mazlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131z o toplumlar\u0131 y\u00f6netenler sorumludur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc pek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. 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