![](\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/Hypatia.jpg\")
Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan R\u00f6nesans\u2019a kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn tasvirlerde felsefeyi bir kad\u0131n simgeler \u201cSOPHIA\u201d — bilgelik Tanri\u00e7asi.<\/p>\nAntik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan R\u00f6nesans\u2019a kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn tasvirlerde felsefeyi bir kad\u0131n simgeler \u201cSOPHIA\u201d — bilgelik Tanri\u00e7asi.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk kez tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinler ortaya koydugu simgelerle kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bilgeli\u011fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve \u201csadece erkeklerle tanr\u0131 anla\u015fma yapar, sadece erkekler, tanr\u0131 ile insanlar aras\u0131nda arac\u0131 olabilir\u201d denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 \u015fey Bat\u0131 Felsefesinde de ge\u00e7erliydi. Neredeyse kad\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc bile edilmezdi. Metzler 1989\u2019da haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 300 biografik yap\u0131t i\u00e7inde sadece 6 kad\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcre yer vermi\u015ftir. Bunlar : Hannah Arendt, Simone de Beauvoir, Hildegard von Bingen, Agnes, Heller, Rosa Luxemburg ve Margaret Mead\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131n ve kad\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Antik \u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze geldik\u00e7e daha az de\u011ferli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcp kimse kad\u0131n filozoflardan al\u0131nt\u0131lam\u0131yor, hi\u00e7 bir felsefe ya da bilim tarihi bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden ve yazarlar\u0131ndan art\u0131k s\u00f6z etmiyordu (Tielsh, 1984)<\/p>\n
Felsefe tarihinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilen \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131na, yap\u0131tlar\u0131na bir g\u00f6z atarsak, Karl Marx, Hegel, Kant gibi felsefe sistemleri kurmu\u015f ki\u015filerden hi\u00e7 de geri kalmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n
Mesela, Sosyalis Program\u0131 (Arbeiterunium, 1843) ilk olarak ortaya Flora Triston taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun bildirisi Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019sundan 5 sene \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve Marx\u2019tan 10 kez daha fazla bask\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Almanya\u2019da felsefe tarihinin mistik kad\u0131n Hildegard von Singen ile ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 bir ans\u0131klopedi yazmaz. Felsefe tarihinde \u201cunutulmu\u015f\u201d ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n ve yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00fckselmelerin listesi olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mesela, Sokratik diyaloglar\u0131n asl\u0131nda Aspasia taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu, Anne Conway\u2019\u0131n Leibniz\u2019i etkileyen Monadlar \u00f6\u011fretisinin mimar\u0131 oldugu, Montaigne\u2019den \u00e7ok \u00f6nce Teresa von Avila\u2019n\u0131n ilk felsefi-yaz\u0131nsal denemeleri yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hep \u201cunutulur\u201d.<\/p>\n
Felsefe tarihi boyunca \u00e7o\u011fu erkek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler kad\u0131nlar\u0131 hep s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131, hatta – a\u015falay\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle alan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Aristotales\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201ckad\u0131nlarda ruh bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201ckad\u0131nlarda ak\u0131l yetene\u011finin eks\u0131kli\u011fi\u201d, hatta Fichte\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201ckad\u0131nlar\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak\u201d gibi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 hep g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n
Socrates, Leibniz, Erasmus von Roterdan, John Stuart Mill d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlarda \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce g\u00f6rebilmek di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlere g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. Erkek filozoflara g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce erkeklerle, duygu ise kad\u0131nlarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Filozof kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131 ve yap\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki tart\u0131\u015fmalar, onlar\u0131n \u00e7ok kez cinsellikle ilgili dedikodulara kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131z olmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden daha \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fmi\u015ftir.Aspasia\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Antik yazarlar\u0131n iftiralar\u0131 ile (tanr\u0131tan\u0131maz, arac\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7ok e\u015flilik gibi) ba\u015flayarak Isolta Nogarola\u2019ya yap\u0131lan ensest karalamas\u0131ndan, \u201cbilimsel leydiler\u201d, \u201cmavi \u00e7orapl\u0131lar\u201d, \u201cerkek kad\u0131nlar\u201d olarak adland\u0131rmalar hep filozof kad\u0131nlara, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belli eden kad\u0131nlara gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u201cAcayip\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, \u201czeki fakat k\u0131s\u0131r\u201d, \u201cso\u011fuk\u201d, \u201chetare (fahi\u015fe)\u201d, \u201cfemmes fatale (felaket kad\u0131nlar\u0131)\u201d yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na maruz kalan filozof kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu tam aksine \u00e7ok kez bilin\u00e7li bir namus d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u201cerkeksiz\u201d hayat\u0131 se\u00e7ip yaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Bunda bir ba\u015fka etken de, \u201c kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmesine ancak evlenmeden \u00f6nce izin veren toplum g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne\u201d uydular.<\/p>\n
Yeni \u00e7a\u011f\u2019in baslangicina kadar evli ve \u00e7ocuklu, yani anne olan bir kad\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmas\u0131 hemen hemen d\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fclemez bir seydi.<\/p>\n
HYPAT\u0130A (370 – 415)<\/strong><\/p>\n filozof, g\u00f6kbilimci, matamatik\u00e7i<\/strong><\/p>\n Matematik\u00e7i Theon’un k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131 ve babas\u0131yla birlikte matematik \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. daha sonra gen\u00e7 Plutarch ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etti. \u0130skenderiyede, Neoplatonist felsefe Okulunun ba\u015f\u0131 oldu ve matematik, g\u00f6kbilimi konular\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131. g\u00fcne\u015fi, ay ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyen, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yapan “astrolob’un” mucidi olarak da bilinir.<\/p>\n Tarihte kad\u0131n olarak sayg\u0131 duyulacak, izler birakm\u0131\u015f biridir.<\/p>\n Hiristiyanlar tarafindan kad\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve dine olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131 hiristiyan ba\u015fpiskoposunun inan\u00e7lar\u0131na benzer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in (pagan) ders verilmesine de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. 415 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u0131ristiyanlar tarafindan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Hypatia, \u0130sa’dan sonra 400’l\u00fc y\u0131llarda \u0130skenderiye’de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, geometri ve ps\u0131koloji e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f, ileri matematik dersleri vermi\u015f bir pagandi. 415’te H\u0131ristiyan ke\u015fi\u015fler tarafindan lin\u00e7 edilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu olay \u00f6zellikle Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminde pop\u00fclerle\u015ftirilerek bir Hypatia efsanesi haline geldi. ‘Sanatla s\u00fcslenmi\u015f, duygusall\u0131k ve ideolojik \u00f6nyarg\u0131larla \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f’ bu efsane g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminde Hypatia efsanesi bir sembol olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Hypatia, “H\u0131ristiyan ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n masum bir kurban\u0131; \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ise, Yunan tanr\u0131lar\u0131yla beraber, sorgulama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de ortadan kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir simgesi olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.” Kiliseye muhalefetiyle tan\u0131nan Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Voltaire, Hypatia’yi ‘kilise ve vahiyle gelen dine olan ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131’ dile getirmek i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hypatia fig\u00fcr\u00fc kilise yanda\u015flar\u0131 tarafindan da s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabi\u00ee ki bu eserlerde Hypatia “H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bir kin besleyen”, ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden uzak, kocas\u0131n\u0131 gen\u00e7 erkeklerle aldatan, ahl\u00e2ks\u0131z kad\u0131n imgesiyle sunulur. Her iki imgelemede de ger\u00e7ekle kurgu birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonraki eserlerde bu iki imge sentezlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1827’de \u0130talyan bir \u015fair Hypatia efsanesini kurgusal bir ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Burada Hypatia’nin ya\u015fam\u0131na ait \u00f6geler \u0130skenderiyeli Azize Catherine efsanesiyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok ironik g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de Hypatia \u0130sa ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fiyor, her ikisi de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015fleriyle sehitlik mertebesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar. Ne de olsa Hypatia “yiten bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n; sanatla do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc, tanr\u0131sall\u0131kla maddecilik, ruhla beden aras\u0131nda kusursuz bir uyum kuran Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n son kurban\u0131d\u0131r.”<\/p>\n Hypatia fig\u00fcr\u00fc edebiyatta yeni bir boyutla da sunulacakt\u0131r, Hypatia’nin katledili\u015fi anti-feminist bir harekettir: “A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki Hypatia’nin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eziyet b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu k\u00fcstah\u00e7a ve b\u00e2t\u0131l kad\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 e\u011filimden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r (…) \u00f6nceleri \u00f6zg\u00fcr, d\u00fcs\u00fcnsel olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00fcretken olan kad\u0131nlar bask\u0131yla susturulmuslard\u0131r.”<\/p>\n \u0130skenderiye Ba\u015fpapaz\u0131 St. Cyril (MS 315-386), h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken, ve \u00f6rne\u011fin d\u00fcnyanin d\u00f6rt \u00e7evresi itibariyle duvarlarla \u00e7evrili bulundu\u011funu ve d\u00fcz oldu\u011funu, ya da Meryem ana’n\u0131n bakire olarak \u0130sa’ya hamile kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun bir tanr\u0131 mu’cizesi oldu\u011funu, ya da m\u00fcspet ilme ayk\u0131r\u0131 buna benzer \u015feyleri dinsel ger\u00e7ekler diye a\u00e7\u0131klarken, o d\u00f6nemin \u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc bir matematik\u00e7isi olan Hypathia (MS 370-415), eski Yunan\u0131n ak\u0131lc\u0131 bilimlerini \u00f6\u011fretmekle me\u015fguldu.<\/p>\n Ku\u015fkusuz ki ak\u0131lc\u0131 verilerin belletilmesine m\u00fcsamahakar kalmak Kilise bak\u0131m\u0131ndan pek tehlikeli bir \u015feydi. Bilindi\u011fi gibi Kilise o tarihlerde art\u0131k hiristiyanl\u0131k devlet dini haline girdi\u011fi i\u00e7in tam manasiyle g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Tehlikeyi sezdi\u011fi i\u00e7indir ki, Hypathia ‘nin hakk\u0131ndan gelebilmek icin St.Cyril’ e destek oldu. G\u00fcnlerden bir g\u00fcn Hypathia yakalat\u0131ld\u0131, \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l \u00e7\u0131plak soyularak din adamlar\u0131 tarafindan sokaklarda dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, sa\u00e7lar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek bir Klise’ye sokuldu ve orada vucudu param par\u00e7a edilerek etleri kemiklerinden ay\u0131kland\u0131 ve kalan kisimlar ate\u015fte yak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu vah\u015fet olay\u0131 sonucu olarakt\u0131r ki eski Yunan’dan gelme ak\u0131lc\u0131 bilimlerin okutulmas\u0131na paydos dendi, ve Tanr\u0131 s\u00f6zleri diye bilinen \u0130ncil d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek aranamayaca\u011f\u0131 ilan edildi; b\u00f6ylece ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn gelene\u011fine kesin olarak son verildi. B\u00f6ylece Klise, ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 tam bir zaferle s\u00fcslemi\u015f oldu. Bat\u0131 art\u0131k “Karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f” d\u00f6nemine girmi\u015f oluyordu; bundan b\u00f6yle din do\u011fmalar\u0131 ilm’in ve ahlak’\u0131n kendisi say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem bin y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek ve bu s\u00fcre boyunca ak\u0131lc\u0131 usullerle ilim yapmak isteyenler cahil diye damgalanacak, dinsiz diye su\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lacak, zindanlara at\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Eski Yunan’dan kalma ak\u0131lc\u0131 bilim verileri yalan say\u0131lacak, unutturulacakt\u0131r. Ancak ne var ki “imanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n”, “ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa” galebe \u00e7almas\u0131yla olu\u015fan bu Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f, bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir sapmadan sonra, tekrar eski Yunan kaynaklar\u0131na kavu\u015fulmakla, ve daha do\u011frusu “ger\u00e7eklerin” din kitaplar\u0131nda de\u011fil faka ak\u0131l verilerinde yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla son bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bilimsel Ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Babas\u0131 tarafindan \u00e7ok iyi e\u011fitilen Hypatia, hi\u00e7 evlenmemis ve “Antik ideale uygun “salt bilim yapan kad\u0131n” idealine uygun bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. ***<\/p>\n \u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in lin\u00e7 edilen bu kad\u0131n\u0131 en g\u00fczel anlatan Zitelmann (1988,s.277)\u015f\u00f6yle diyor….<\/p>\n “Hypatia, sonradan cad\u0131 kovalamalar\u0131 ile kana susam\u0131\u015fl\u0131k derecesine varan kad\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk kanl\u0131 kurban\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Hypathia, ads\u0131z y\u00fczbinleri temsil ediyor. Bu y\u00fczden onun ad\u0131n\u0131n tarihten silinmemesi gerekir.”<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan R\u00f6nesans\u2019a kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn tasvirlerde felsefeyi bir kad\u0131n simgeler \u201cSOPHIA\u201d — bilgelik Tanri\u00e7asi. \u0130lk kez tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinler ortaya koydugu simgelerle kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bilgeli\u011fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve \u201csadece erkeklerle tanr\u0131 anla\u015fma yapar, sadece erkekler, tanr\u0131 ile insanlar aras\u0131nda arac\u0131 olabilir\u201d denmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey Bat\u0131 Felsefesinde de ge\u00e7erliydi. Neredeyse kad\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc bile edilmezdi. Metzler 1989\u2019da haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4490","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel-tarih"},"yoast_head":"\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn dinlerin temsilcilerine ders vermi\u015f ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hep korumu\u015ftur.
Kilise tarafindan “inan\u00e7s\u0131z kad\u0131n” olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, vah\u015fice \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra onunla ilgili her kay\u0131t ve belge de \u00f6zellikle yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u00d6\u011frencilerinden Kyrene’li Synesios’a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelebilmi\u015ftir.
Cebirin babas\u0131 say\u0131lan Diophant’in Aritmetica’s\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 13 ciltlik yorum en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.
Elips kesitler hakk\u0131nda 8 ciltlik bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r.Buna dayanarak, d\u00fczensiz gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin hesab\u0131 yap\u0131labilmektedir.
Pagan felsefesi Hiristiyanlar i\u00e7in dinsizlik oldu\u011fundan Hypatia’n\u0131n t\u00fcm felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini i\u00e7eren yap\u0131tlar\u0131 yok edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n