{"id":4502,"date":"2010-04-20T11:52:44","date_gmt":"2010-04-20T08:52:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/"},"modified":"2010-04-20T11:52:44","modified_gmt":"2010-04-20T08:52:44","slug":"savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/","title":{"rendered":"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sava\u015fa, insandaki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek moda haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcc\u00fcler ve ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeciler sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim, \u00f6rne\u011fin kat\u0131 ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemecili\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir temsilcisi olan E. Glover, \u00absava\u015f bilmecesi, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerinde yatar\u00bb diyerek M. Ginsberg’e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve sava\u015f\u0131 bir \u00abuygunsuz i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc uyarlanmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imi\u00bbyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (E. Glover ve M. Ginsberg, 1934).22 *Q.E.D. (Latince: quod erat demonstrandum): \u00d6klit teoremlerinin sonuna eklenen bu k\u0131saltma \u015fu anlama gelmektedir:<\/p>\n

Kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gereken de buydu. (\u00c7ev.) Bkz. A. Strachey (1957); kar\u015f\u0131t bir tutumla, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l i\u015fbirli\u011finin insan ili\u015fkilerinde kavga kadar do\u011fal ve temel bir e\u011filim oldu\u011funu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir beceriyle savunan, ama yine de sava\u015f\u0131 temelde ruhsal bir sorun olarak g\u00f6ren E. F. M. Durbin ve J. Bowlby’a di bak\u0131n\u0131z (1939). Elyazmas\u0131n\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1971’de Viyana’da Freud’un kendisi, izleyicilerinden \u00e7ok daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f savunmu\u015ftur. Einstein’a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u00fcnl\u00fc mektubu Ni\u00e7in Sava\u015f’ta (S. Freud, 1933), sava\u015fa insan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu’nu savunmam\u0131\u015f; sava\u015f\u0131n nedenini, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u00a0 yurtta\u015flar hukukunda oldu\u011fu gibi\u00a0 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilmesine temel olacak hi\u00e7bir yapt\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in her zaman \u015fiddetle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmi\u015f plan, gruplar aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130nsan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkenine, h\u00fck\u00fcmet bir kez sava\u015fa giri\u015fmeye karar verince insanlar\u0131n sava\u015fa girmeye haz\u0131r olmalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir \u015fey olarak, yaln\u0131zca yard\u0131mc\u0131 bir rol atfetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015fa do\u011fu\u015ftan insan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu tezi, tarih hakk\u0131nda en az bilgili olan birisine bile d\u00fcped\u00fcz sa\u00e7ma gelecektir. Babilliler’den, Yunanl\u0131lar’dan tutun da zaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n devlet adamlar\u0131na kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn yetkililer, sava\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i gerek\u00e7eler sayd\u0131klar\u0131 nedenlerden dolay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015flar ve her ne kadar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hesaplamalar, do\u011fal olarak \u00e7o\u011fu kez hatal\u0131 olsa da, olumlu ve olumsuz y\u00f6nleri eksiksiz bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131p d\u00f6km\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bunlar\u0131n g\u00fcd\u00fcleri katmerliydi: ekilecek toprak, zenginlik, k\u00f6leler, hammaddeler, pazarlar, geni\u015fleme\u00a0 ve savunma. \u00d6zel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, \u00f6\u00e7 alma iste\u011fi ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir boy i\u00e7indeki y\u0131k\u0131m tutkusu, sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fcleyen etkenler aras\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur, ama b\u00f6ylesi durumlar tipik de\u011fildir. Sava\u015fa insan sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu yolundaki bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, yaln\u0131zca ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilikten uzak de\u011fil, zararl\u0131d\u0131r da. ilgiyi ger\u00e7ek nedenlerden sapt\u0131r\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece de bu nedenler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki muhalefeti zay\u0131flat\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan Uluslararas\u0131 Ruh \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme Derne\u011fi 27. Kuraltay\u0131’ndan gelen raporlar, sava\u015f konusunda bir tutum de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini ortaya koyar g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Dr. A. Mitscherlich. ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme toplumsal soranlara uygulanmad\u0131k\u00e7a \u00abtarih b\u00fct\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 silip s\u00fcp\u00fcrecektir\u00bb demi\u015ftir ve dahas\u0131, \u015funlar\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir: \u00abSava\u015f\u0131n, babalar o\u011fullar\u0131ndan nefret ettikleri ve onlan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istedikleri i\u00e7in meydana geldi\u011fini, sava\u015f\u0131n evlat k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmeye devam edersek, korkar\u0131m, hi\u00e7 kimse bizi pek ciddiye almayacakt\u0131r. Bunun yerine, k\u00fcme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir kuram, bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 bireysel d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri eyleme ge\u00e7iren toplum-i\u00e7i \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara kadar izleyen bir kuram bulma amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelmeliyiz.\u00bb Otuzlu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan beri ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeciler ger\u00e7ekten b\u00f6yle giri\u015fimlerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r, ama bu giri\u015fimler, onlar\u0131n, \u015fu ya da bu gerek\u00e7eyle Uluslararas\u0131 Ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme Derne\u011fi’nden kovulmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Anna Freud, Kuraltay’m sonunda, bu yeni \u00ab\u00e7aba\u00bbya resmi izin vermi\u015ftir, ama \u015funu da ihtiyatla eklemi\u015ftir: \u00abSald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten olu\u015fturan \u00f6\u011feler hakk\u0131ndaki klinik incelemelerimizden ^ok daha a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bilgiler elde edinceye kadar, sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin bir kuram belirleme i\u015fini ertelememiz gerekir.\u00bb (Her iki al\u0131nt\u0131 da Herald Tribune’na 29 ve 31 Temmuz 1971 tarihli Paris bas\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) Do\u011fu\u015ftan sava\u015f e\u011filimi hakk\u0131ndaki tezi, yaln\u0131zca tarihsel kay\u0131tlar de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ve \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olarak, ilkel sava\u015f tarihi de \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Daha \u00f6nce, ilkel halklar aras\u0131ndaki sald\u0131rganl\u0131k ba\u011flam\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fumuz gibi, bu halklar\u00a0 zellikle de avc\u0131lar ve yiyecek toplay\u0131c\u0131lar en az sava\u015fsever insanlard\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan ve kana susam\u0131\u015fl\u0131ktan g\u00f6receli olarak yoksun olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bundan da \u00f6teye, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte, sava\u015flar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve kan d\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Sava\u015fa do\u011fu\u015ftan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k tepileri neden olsayd\u0131, bunun tersinin do\u011fru olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. On sekizinci, on dokuzuncu ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen insanc\u0131l e\u011filimler, sava\u015ftaki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve zalimlikte baz\u0131 azalmalar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu e\u011filimler, \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalarla yasala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0 ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na kadar olan s\u00fcreyle bu sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu antla\u015fmalara uyulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131l\u0131nca, uygar insan ilkel insandan daha az sald\u0131rgan g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren sava\u015f olgusu, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yararl\u0131 etkisine boyun e\u011fmeyi reddeden sald\u0131rganl\u0131k i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin inat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ileri gelen bir olgu olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa ger\u00e7ekte, uygar insan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131na yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece de tarih biyolojiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131n nedenlerinin k\u0131sa bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesini olsun sunmaya kal-k\u0131\u015fsayd\u0131m, bu k\u0131sa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme bile bu kitab\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesini kat kat a\u015fard\u0131; bu y\u00fczden kendimi, yaln\u0131z bir \u00f6rnek, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fini vermekle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak zorunday\u0131m. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli ilgili uluslar\u0131n engellenerek birikmi\u015f sald\u0131rganl\u0131klar\u0131na bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu sa\u011flama gereksinmeleri de\u011fil, her iki yandaki siyasal, askeri ve s\u0131nai \u00f6nderlerin ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve h\u0131rslar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi. Bu g\u00fcd\u00fcler \u00e7ok iyi bilinmektedir ve burada ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131lmalar\u0131 gereksizdir. Genelde, 1914-1918 sava\u015f\u0131nda Almanlar’\u0131n g\u00fctt\u00fckleri ama\u00e7lar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda ana g\u00fcd\u00fcleri oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu ama\u00e7lar, Bat\u0131 ile Orta Avrupa’da ekonomik egemenlik ve Do\u011fu’da toprakt\u0131. (Ger\u00e7ekte bunlar, temelde imparatorluk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde bir d\u0131\u015f politika izleyen Hitler’in de ama\u00e7lar\u0131yd\u0131.) Bat\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u011fla\u015f\u0131klar’\u0131n ama\u00e7lan ve g\u00fcd\u00fcleri de benzer nitelikteydi.
Fransa Alsas Loren’i, Rusya \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131’n\u0131, \u0130ngiltere baz\u0131 Alman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini, italya da hi\u00e7 de\u011filse ganimetten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir pay istiyordu. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 gizli antla\u015fmalarda ko\u015fula ba\u011flanan bu ama\u00e7lar olmasayd\u0131, y\u0131llarca \u00f6nce bar\u0131\u015fa var\u0131l\u0131r ve her iki yandan milyonlarca insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 esirgenmi\u015f olurdu.
1914-1918 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n askeri, siyasal ve ekonomik y\u00f6nleriyle ilgili yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar \u00f6ylesine geni\u015ftir ki, k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kaynak\u00e7a bile sayfalar doldurur. Bence, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n nedenlerine ili\u015fkin en derinlemesine ve en ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131tlar iki se\u00e7kin tarih\u00e7inin yap\u0131ttand\u0131r: G. W. F. Hallgarten (1963) ve F. Fischer (1967). Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda her iki yan da \u00f6zsavunma ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck duygusuna seslenmek zorundayd\u0131. Almanlar, ku\u015fatma ve tehdit alt\u0131nda olduklar\u0131n\u0131; dahas\u0131, \u00c7ar’la m\u00fccadele etmekle \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmekte olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Almanlar’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 ise Alman Junkerleri’nin sald\u0131rgan militarizmince tehdit edildiklerini ve Kayzer’le m\u00fccadele etmekle \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmekte olduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n, Frans\u0131z, Alman, ingiliz ve Rus halklar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131rganl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015faltma isteklerinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yaln\u0131zca bir tek i\u015flevi vard\u0131r: tarihteki b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131mlardan birisinin sorumlusu olan ki\u015filerden ve toplumsal ko\u015fullardan dikkatleri sapt\u0131rmak. Bu sava\u015fa duyulan co\u015fku s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki co\u015fku ile ilgili halklar\u0131n kavgay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme g\u00fcd\u00fclerini birbirinden ay\u0131rmak gerekir. Alman taraf\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olunca, halk i\u00e7indeki iki grubu birbirinden ay\u0131rmak zorunludur. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ulus\u00e7ular grubu\u00a0 \u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1914’ten \u00f6nce de y\u0131llardan beri bir fetih sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rtkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n

Bu grup, en ba\u015fta, Alman Deniz Kuvvetleri’nin baz\u0131 \u00f6nderlerince ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayinin baz\u0131 kesimlerince desteklenen y\u00fcksekokul \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinden, birka\u00e7 \u00fcniversite profes\u00f6r\u00fcnden, gazetecilerden ve politikac\u0131lardan olu\u015fuyordu. Bunlar\u0131n g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc, k\u00fcme \u00f6zseverli\u011finin, ara\u00e7sal sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve bu ulus\u00e7u hareket i\u00e7inde ve bu yolla kendine bir yer edinme ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanma iste\u011finin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Halk\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, ancak sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesinden k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce ve sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fku g\u00f6sterdi. Burada da \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131l\u0131klar ve farkl\u0131 tepkiler g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir; \u00f6rne\u011fin ayd\u0131nlar ve \u00f6\u011frenciler, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fkuyla davrand\u0131lar. <\/p>\n

(Bu soruna bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan ilgin\u00e7 bir veri, sava\u015ftan sonra yay\u0131mlanan Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgelerinin ortaya koydu\u011funa g\u00f6re, Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ba\u015fkan\u0131 Reichschancellor von Bethman-Hollweg’in, \u00f6nce Rusya’ya sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131p b\u00f6ylece de i\u015f\u00e7ilerde otokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ediyormu\u015f duygusu vermedik\u00e7e Reichstag’daki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc parti olan Sosyal Demokrat Parti’nin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 alman\u0131n olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok iyi bilmesidir.) <\/p>\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ve sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn halk h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ve bas\u0131n\u0131n sistemli a\u015f\u0131lama etkisinin alt\u0131ndayd\u0131; bu a\u015f\u0131lama \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, halk\u0131 Almanya’n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131rmak, bu yolla da savunucu sald\u0131rganl\u0131k tepilerini harekete ge\u00e7irmekti. Ne var ki, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u00e7sal sald\u0131rganl\u0131k tepileri, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle yabanc\u0131 toprak fethetme iste\u011fi, halk\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak harekete ge\u00e7irmedi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet propagandas\u0131n\u0131n daha sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bile herhangi bir fetih amac\u0131n\u0131 ya yads\u0131mas\u0131 ya da daha sonra, d\u0131\u015f politikay\u0131 generaller dayat\u0131yorken, fetih ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, Alman tmparatorlu\u011fu’nun gelecekteki g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131n1 dan zorunlu ama\u00e7lar olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi, bunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Ama ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki co\u015fku, birka\u00e7 ay sonra, bir daha geri d\u00f6nmemek \u00fczere ortadan kalkt\u0131. Hitler Polonya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6ylece de, bir sonu\u00e7 olarak ikinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n teti\u011fini \u00e7ekti\u011fi zaman, halk\u0131n sava\u015fa duydu\u011fu co\u015fkunun hemen hemen s\u0131f\u0131r olmas\u0131 son derecede dikkate de\u011fer bir olgudur.
Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren yo\u011fun militarist a\u015f\u0131lamaya kar\u015f\u0131n halk, bu sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7ok istekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koydu. (Hitler, sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 savunma duygusunu uyand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, Silez-ya’daki bir radyo istasyonuna s\u00f6zde Polonyal\u0131 askerlerce\u00a0 er\u00e7ekte, k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f Naziler’ce uydurma bir sald\u0131r\u0131 sahnelemek zorunda bile kald\u0131.) Ama her ne kadar Alman halk\u0131 bu sava\u015f\u0131 kesinlikle istemiyorsa da (generaller de isteksizdiler), hi\u00e7 direnmeksizin sava\u015fa girdi ve sonuna kadar kahramanca sava\u015ft\u0131. Ruhbilimsel sorun burada yatar; sava\u015f\u0131n nedenselli\u011fi’nfe de\u011fil, \u015fu soruda yatar: Hangi kutsal etkenler, sava\u015fa neden olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde sava\u015f\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lar? Bu soruya yan\u0131t verilirken g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nacak bir\u00e7ok ilgili etken vard\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sav\u00e2\u015f\u0131’nda (baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle ikinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda da), sava\u015f bir kez ba\u015flay\u0131nca Alman (ya da Frans\u0131z, Rus, ingiliz) askerleri d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fmeye devam ettiler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131 kaybetmenin b\u00fct\u00fcn ulus i\u00e7in felaket anlam\u0131na gelece\u011fini hissediyorlard\u0131. Tek tek askerleri, ya\u015fan\u0131lan i\u00e7in d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri ve bunun bir \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ya da \u00f6lme sorunu oldu\u011fu duygusu g\u00fcd\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ama bu duygular bile, devam etme iste\u011finin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in yeterli olmazd\u0131. Ka\u00e7acak olsalar vurulacaklar\u0131n\u0131 da biliyorlard\u0131; yine de bu g\u00fcd\u00fcler bile b\u00fct\u00fcn ordularda geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ayaklanmalar\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyemedi. Rusya’da ve Almanya’da bu ayaklanmalar, en sonunda 1917 ve 1918’deki devrimlere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1917’de Fransa’da, askerlerin ayaklanma yapmad\u0131klar\u0131 hemen hi\u00e7bir ordu birli\u011fi yoktu ve ancak Frans\u0131z generallerinin, bir ordu biriminin \u00f6teki ordu birimlerinde olan bitenleri bilmesine engel olmada g\u00f6sterdikleri beceri sayesinde, bu ayaklanmalar, gerek toplu idamlar, gerekse askerlerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmelerle bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131n olanakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli etken, yetkeye duyulan \u00e7ok derine yerle\u015fmi\u015f sayg\u0131 ve hu\u015fu duygusudur. <\/p>\n

Askerler, geleneksel olarak, \u00f6yle e\u011fitilmi\u015flerdi ki, \u00f6nderlerinin s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc dinlemeyi, yerine getirmek i\u00e7in ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 vermeleri gereken ahlaksal ve dinsel bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck olarak hissediyorlard\u0131. Bu s\u00f6z dinleme tutumunun, en az\u0131ndan ordunun \u00f6nemlice bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ve \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki halk aras\u0131nda ortadan kakmas\u0131, ancak siperlerde ge\u00e7en yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 ile d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k bir deh\u015fet ya\u015fam\u0131ndan ve askerlerle halk, savunmayla hi\u00e7bir ilgisi olmayan sava\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131 u\u011fruna \u00f6nderlerinin kendilerini kullan, makta olduklar\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini iyice kavrad\u0131ktan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sava\u015f\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lan ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131kla hi\u00e7bir ilgisi bulunmayan ba\u015fka, daha karma\u015f\u0131k duygusal g\u00fcd\u00fcler de vard\u0131r. Sava\u015f, beraberinde ki\u015finin ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili tehlikeler ve pek \u00e7ok ac\u0131 getirse bile, heyecan vericidir. S\u0131radan ki\u015finin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131, tekd\u00fcze ve ser\u00fcvenden yoksun oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, sava\u015fa girmeye haz\u0131r olu\u015f, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 tekd\u00fczeli\u011fine bir son verme\u00a0 e kendini bir ser\u00fcvene, ger\u00e7ekte s\u0131radan ki\u015finin ya\u015fam\u0131nda ge\u00e7irmeyi umabilece\u011fi tek ser\u00fcvene\u00a0 atma arzusu olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.25 Sava\u015f, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye kadar, b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferleri tersine \u00e7evirir. Sava\u015f, a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurulmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6zgecilik ve dayan\u0131\u015fma gibi derine yerle\u015fmi\u015f ama bu etkenin abart\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekir, isvi\u00e7re, \u0130skandinavya \u00fclkeleri, Bel\u00e7ika ve Hollanda gibi \u00fclkelerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00f6rnek, ser\u00fcvencilik etkeninin, \u00fclke sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framad\u0131k\u00e7a ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir gerek\u00e7eleri olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, bir halk\u0131n sava\u015f istemesine neden olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130nsan tepilerini\u00a0 ar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam\u0131n modern insanda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bencillik ve yar\u0131\u015fma ilkelerinin dumura u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepileri \u00f6zendirir. S\u0131n\u0131fsal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, e\u011fer varsa, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kalkar. Sava\u015f i\u00e7inde, insan yeniden insand\u0131r ve sahip oldu\u011fu toplumsal konumun bir yurtta\u015f olarak ona verdi\u011fi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n kendini se\u00e7kinle\u015ftirme \u015fans\u0131 elindedir. <\/p>\n

\u00c7ok belirgin bir bi\u00e7imde dile getirirsek: sava\u015f, bans zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131 y\u00f6neten adaletsizlik, e\u015fitsizlik ve can s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dolayl\u0131 bir ba\u015fkaldmd\u0131r ve bir askerin ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015fmanla d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrken, yiyecek, sa\u011fl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131, bar\u0131nak, giyecek i\u00e7in kendi k\u00fcmesinin \u00fcyeleriyle d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fmek zorunda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finin g\u00f6zden \u0131rak tutulmamas\u0131 gerekir; b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, bir t\u00fcr kar\u015f\u0131t bi\u00e7imde toplumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f sistem i\u00e7inde sa\u011flan\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131n bu olumlu y\u00f6nlere sahip olmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerine \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc bir yorumdur. Sivil ya\u015fam, ser\u00fcvencilik, dayan\u0131\u015fma, e\u015fitlik ve \u00fclk\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6\u011felerini sa\u011flasayd\u0131, diyebiliriz ki, insanlar\u0131n bir sava\u015fta d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fmelerini sa\u011flamak \u00e7ok zor olabilirdi. Sava\u015fta h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin sorunu, bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 sava\u015f amac\u0131na ko\u015farak, bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131dan yararlanmakt\u0131r; ayn\u0131 zamanda kat\u0131 disiplin uygulanarak ve halklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mdan koruyan \u00e7\u0131kar g\u00f6zetmez, bilge, y\u00fcrekli ki\u015filer bi\u00e7iminde tan\u0131mlanan \u00f6nderlere boyun e\u011fme ruhu geli\u015ftirilerek, bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in bir tehdit haline gelmesine engel olunmas\u0131 gerekir\u00a0 Sonu\u00e7 olarak, modern \u00e7a\u011fdaki b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flara ve eski\u00e7a\u011f devletleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7o\u011fu sava\u015flara engellenerek biriktirilmi\u015f sald\u0131rganl\u0131k de\u011fil, askeri ve siyasal se\u00e7kinlerin ara\u00e7sal sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 neden olmu\u015ftur. En ilkel k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden en geli\u015fmi\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere kadar sava\u015f s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen farkl\u0131l\u0131k hakk\u0131ndaki veriler bunu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bir uygarl\u0131k ne denli ilkelse, o denli de az sava\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz (Q. Wright, 1965) Sava\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 ve yo\u011funlu\u011funun teknik uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finde de ayn\u0131 e\u011filim g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir; sava\u015f, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir y\u00f6netime sahip g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletler aras\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek, s\u00fcrekli \u015fefli\u011fin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkel insanlar aras\u0131nda en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.\u00a0 Sava\u015f tutuklular\u0131na uygulanacak i\u015flemleri d\u00fczenleyen uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalarda, b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00abkendilerine ait\u00bb sava\u015f tutuklular\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan madde \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine varmalar\u0131 bu a\u00e7maz\u0131n ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, her bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin d\u00fc\u015fman askerlerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu, ama bu askerlerin \u00fclkelerine olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na son vermeye giri\u015fmemesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sava\u015fa, insandaki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek moda haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcc\u00fcler ve ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeciler sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim, \u00f6rne\u011fin kat\u0131 ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemecili\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir temsilcisi olan E. Glover, \u00absava\u015f bilmecesi, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerinde yatar\u00bb diyerek M. Ginsberg’e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve sava\u015f\u0131 bir \u00abuygunsuz i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc uyarlanmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imi\u00bbyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (E. Glover ve M. Ginsberg, 1934).22 *Q.E.D. (Latince: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4502","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\nSava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sava\u015fa, insandaki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek moda haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcc\u00fcler ve ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeciler sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim, \u00f6rne\u011fin kat\u0131 ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemecili\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir temsilcisi olan E. Glover, \u00absava\u015f bilmecesi, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerinde yatar\u00bb diyerek M. Ginsberg’e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve sava\u015f\u0131 bir \u00abuygunsuz i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc uyarlanmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imi\u00bbyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (E. Glover ve M. Ginsberg, 1934).22 *Q.E.D. (Latince: […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-04-20T08:52:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-04-20T08:52:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\"},\"wordCount\":3124,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Psikoloji\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\",\"name\":\"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm - narteks.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-04-20T08:52:44+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"description\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":90,\"caption\":\"narteks.net\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/narteks\",\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\",\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Tar\u0131k\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/narteks.net\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm","og_description":"Sava\u015fa, insandaki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek moda haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcc\u00fcler ve ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeciler sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim, \u00f6rne\u011fin kat\u0131 ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemecili\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir temsilcisi olan E. Glover, \u00absava\u015f bilmecesi, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerinde yatar\u00bb diyerek M. Ginsberg’e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve sava\u015f\u0131 bir \u00abuygunsuz i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc uyarlanmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imi\u00bbyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (E. Glover ve M. Ginsberg, 1934).22 *Q.E.D. (Latince: […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2010-04-20T08:52:44+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"16 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm","datePublished":"2010-04-20T08:52:44+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/"},"wordCount":3124,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg","articleSection":["Psikoloji"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/","name":"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm - narteks.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg","datePublished":"2010-04-20T08:52:44+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/uzerine.com\/domain\/images\/content\/erich-fromm\/ErichFromm8.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/04\/20\/savasin-nedenleri-uzerine-tezler-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri \u00dczerine Tezler | Erich Fromm"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","name":"narteks.net","description":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization","name":"narteks.net","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","width":300,"height":90,"caption":"narteks.net"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/narteks","https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca","name":"Tar\u0131k","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tar\u0131k"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/narteks.net"],"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4502"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4502\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}