{"id":4611,"date":"2010-06-07T10:04:32","date_gmt":"2010-06-07T07:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/06\/07\/burjuva-iktisadinin-iflasini-ustaca-ortaya-koyan-buyuk-rus-arastirmacisi-ve-elestirmeni-n-cernisevski\/"},"modified":"2010-06-07T10:04:32","modified_gmt":"2010-06-07T07:04:32","slug":"burjuva-iktisadinin-iflasini-ustaca-ortaya-koyan-buyuk-rus-arastirmacisi-ve-elestirmeni-n-cernisevski","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/06\/07\/burjuva-iktisadinin-iflasini-ustaca-ortaya-koyan-buyuk-rus-arastirmacisi-ve-elestirmeni-n-cernisevski\/","title":{"rendered":"Burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni | N. \u00c7erni\u015fevski"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karl Marx, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi, “burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni”<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlar. Ancak \u00c7erni\u015fevski bir marksist de\u011fildi, daha do\u011frusu marksist yaz\u0131ndan habersizdi.<\/p>\n

1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda Saratov’da do\u011fdu. Bir rahip ailesinden olan \u00c7erni\u015fevski, ilk e\u011fitimini Saratov papaz okulunda g\u00f6rd\u00fc. 1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda St. Petersburg \u00dcniversitesi’ne girdi. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Avrupa’daki 1848 devrimlerinden sonra g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Rus muhalif hareketi \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi kendisine \u00e7ekti. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131 (1846-1850) \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin ki\u015fisel geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemi olu\u015fturdu. \u00d6zellikle devrimci-materyalist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde kazanm\u0131\u015f, toplumsal politik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini bu y\u0131llarda \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. \u00dcniversiteyi bitirdikten sonra k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre, do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kentte, bir okulda, \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131. 1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda “\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f” dergisiyle ili\u015fkiye girdi. Bu dergide \u00f6nce yazarl\u0131k, sonra da y\u00f6netmenlik yapt\u0131. \u00c7erni\u015fevski ve Nekrasev’in y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f dergisi yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla devrimci-demokrat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin etkin oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemin toplumsal-politik m\u00fccadelesinin merkezinde yerini ald\u0131. Dergi devrimci g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7evresinde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erni\u015fevski 1855 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Sanat ve Ger\u00e7eklik Aras\u0131ndaki Estetik Ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131” adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, idealist estetik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 derin bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirdi ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i sanat\u0131n temel ilkelerini ortaya koydu. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f dergisi s\u00fcreciyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini geli\u015ftiren ve sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131ran \u00c7erni\u015fevski, art\u0131k di\u011fer devrimci pratiklere daha \u00e7ok e\u011filmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1861 ‘de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin Efendili\u011fi” adl\u0131 bir bildiriyle k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri \u00c7arl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Bu y\u0131llarda bir\u00e7ok makalesi \u00c7arl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yasakland\u0131. 1859’da Herzen ile birlikte Rusya’daki devrimci g\u00fc\u00e7lere bir eylem plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla Londra’ya gitti. Toprak sahiplerinin ve liberallerin, kendilerine uzla\u015fmaz ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6nelten \u00c7erni\u015fevski’ye kar\u015f\u0131 nefretleri g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu. \u00c7arl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in kesin karar vermesi \u00fczerine, 1862’de yakalanarak Petropavlovsk Kalesi’ne kapat\u0131ld\u0131. “Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?” roman\u0131n\u0131 da bu zindanda d\u00f6rt ay gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede yazd\u0131. 1864’te, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde pi\u015fmanl\u0131k belirtmesi i\u00e7in, Mitninskiy Alan\u0131’nda \u00c7ar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlendi. \u00c7erni\u015fevski, otokrasinin bekledi\u011finin aksine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini savundu, pi\u015fmanl\u0131k belirtmeyi reddetti. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00c7arl\u0131k onu vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p, Sibirya’da 20 y\u0131l k\u00fcrek cezas\u0131na mahkum etti. Burada zorlu ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tutsakken, devrimci m\u00fccadeleyi yeniden canland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla “Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7” (Prolog) adl\u0131 roman\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Bu romandan sonra ‘yazmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131’. Bu yasa\u011fa ra\u011fmen takma adlarla yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131p bunlar\u0131 devrimci \u00e7evrelere ula\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zindandan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra 1889’da do\u011fdu\u011fu kent Saratov’a yerle\u015fti. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden orada beyin kanamas\u0131ndan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri<\/p>\n

*Ekonomi-politik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temelinde; Rusya’da bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc devrimiyle (temel ve \u00f6nc\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu) ve eski k\u00f6yl\u00fc ortakl\u0131klar\u0131na (mir) dayanarak sosyalizme ge\u00e7ilmesi vard\u0131. Fakat “Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?” roman\u0131nda fabrika sahibiyle i\u015f\u00e7iyi ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131sta birle\u015ftirmesi ve art\u0131-de\u011fer kuram\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmesi de onun ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

* D\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Herzen ve Belinski’nin fikirleri ve Alman felsefesinin, \u00f6zellikle de Feuerbach’\u0131n, etkisi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Fakat Hegel’in diyalekti\u011fini kavray\u0131\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Feuerbach’tan ilerdeydi.<\/p>\n

*Baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ger\u00e7eklikle ba\u011fda\u015fmay\u0131p fazlas\u0131yla \u00fctopik olsa da \u00c7erni\u015fevski 1860’larda, Rusya’daki devrimci-demokratik hareketin \u00f6nderiydi. Lenin’in deyimiyle, “K\u00f6yl\u00fc devrimi fikrini, eski otoritenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctme fikrini” \u0131srarla izleyen Rus sosyal demokratlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biriydi. Yine Lenin’in belirtti\u011fi gibi Rusya’daki b\u00fct\u00fcn bir devrimci ku\u015fak, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin s\u0131n\u0131f ruhunu uyand\u0131ran ve uyan\u0131k tutan yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erni\u015fevski’den se\u00e7me s\u00f6zler:<\/p>\n

*E\u011fer devrim sanata ruh verebilirse, sanat da devrimin dili olabilir. *Y\u00fcce, soylu ve ahlakl\u0131 olan\u0131n de\u011ferini ve t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlayanlar, ona ate\u015fli bir tutkuyla ba\u011flananlar, g\u00fclmeceye yatk\u0131n yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n

*Tarih yolu, Nevskiy Caddesi’nin (Moskova’daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck cadde) yaya kald\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fildir. Tarihin yolu durmaks\u0131z\u0131n kimi tozlu kimi \u00e7amurlu alanlardan a\u015far, batakl\u0131klardan, yarlardan ve u\u00e7urumlardan ge\u00e7er. Toza bo\u011fulmaktan ve ayakkab\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kirletmekten korkan ki\u015fi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sosyal faaliyetten sak\u0131ns\u0131n.<\/p>\n

*G\u00fczel bir y\u00fcz \u00e7izmekle, g\u00fczel bir y\u00fcz yaratmak aras\u0131nda fark vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

*Teorik a\u00e7\u0131dan liberalizm, mutlu bir rastlant\u0131 sonucu maddesel ihtiya\u00e7lardan s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kimse i\u00e7in \u00e7ekici g\u00f6z\u00fckebilir: Son derece tatl\u0131 \u015feydir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck. Ama liberalizm, alabildi\u011fine dar ve salt \u015fekilsel bir tarzda tasarlamakta \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, soyut bir hakka ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalan bir yetkiye, hukuksal yasaklama yoklu\u011funa indirgenmi\u015f oluyor. Anlamak istemiyor ki, hukuksal yasaks\u0131zl\u0131k ve izin, bir insan i\u00e7in ancak bu insan bu izni kullanabilmek i\u00e7in gerekli maddesel ara\u00e7lara sahipse bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131 ? Roman\u0131 \u00dczerine<\/p>\n

Roman \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Rusya’da b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Gerek edebi niteli\u011fi, gerekse i\u00e7eri\u011fi bir\u00e7ok \u00e7evrede tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Roman\u0131n\u0131n ana temas\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n sorunu oldu\u011fu a\u015fk-evlilik ili\u015fkilerinin roman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca konular\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Yazar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131ktan sonra, art\u0131k roman\u0131n anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyi \u00e7ok iyi anlayabiliriz. Roman\u0131n konusu, yeni insanlard\u0131r. “Onlar da kim?” diyeceksiniz? Eski insanlar\u0131 anlat\u0131rsak yenilerini daha iyi anlar\u0131z. Bu ‘eskiler’ \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netmekte olan egemenler, beyler, pa\u015falar, toprak sahipleri k\u0131saca soylular ve yeni yeni geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flayan burjuvazidir. Yeni insanlar ise romanda d\u00f6rt karakterde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar Vera, Lopuhov, Kirsanov ve en \u00f6nemlisi Rahmetov’dur. Rahmetov’un \u00f6nemli olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, yazar\u0131n konunun gidi\u015fat\u0131na g\u00f6re. hi\u00e7 gerekli olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu karakteri romana sokmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. As\u0131l ama\u00e7 bu yeni insanlar dedi\u011fimiz toplulu\u011fun en sivrilenini, en kesin ilkelisini (Rahmetov \u0130lkeleri:
1-A\u011fz\u0131ma i\u00e7ki koymuyorum.
2-Kad\u0131nlara el s\u00fcrm\u00fcyorum.
3-Giyimime \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermiyorum
4-Yatarken alt\u0131mda kesinlikle \u015filte olmaz, yere bir ke\u00e7e serer \u00fczerine yatar\u0131m) yani \u00f6nderini, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin bize tan\u0131tmak istemesidir. Bu yeni insanlar\u0131n karakterleri birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zde hepsi ayn\u0131 insanlard\u0131r. Bu insanlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri al\u00e7ak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmalar\u0131, bilin\u00e7lerinin berrak olmas\u0131, sa\u011flam iradeli-\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmalar\u0131 ve kendilerini kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndakinin yerine koyabilme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Romanda yeni insanlar anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi eski d\u00fczenin insanlar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n yeni insanlarla ili\u015fkileri de anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Romanda ge\u00e7en bu tip ili\u015fkilerin en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri Lopuhov’la Vera’n\u0131n annesi Mariya Alekseyevna’n\u0131n ili\u015fkisidir. Lopuhov, burada, \u00e7ok do\u011fru bir taktikle, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri kronikle\u015fmi\u015f Mariya Alekseyevna’y\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131yor; m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar onunla ortakla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 usta manevrayla Vera’y\u0131 kazan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Romanda oda sistemiyle, kad\u0131n-erkek ili\u015fkilerine yeni bir boyut getiren \u00c7erni\u015fevski; “mant\u0131kl\u0131 egoizm” g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle (insano\u011flu, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi iyi bir yarat\u0131kt\u0131r, bilimin ve mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla ayd\u0131nlat\u0131l\u0131rsa kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131kl\u0131 davranmakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6recek; b\u00f6ylece kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finden ko\u015farken bile mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir m\u00fckemmel \u00fctopik toplum kuracakt\u0131) mekanik maddecilik ve sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi birle\u015ftirmeye u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda diki\u015f at\u00f6lyesindeki sistem ve zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e insanlar\u0131n daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin modernist ve ilerlemeci bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

Roman\u0131n dili ve edebi niteli\u011fi konusunda hi\u00e7bir iddia ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen \u00c7erni\u015fevski bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle roman\u0131n bir propaganda roman\u0131 oldu\u011funu bize g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erni\u015fevski anlat\u0131c\u0131 olarak romanda olaylara, ki\u015filere mesafeli ve tarafs\u0131z yakla\u015fm\u0131yor. Yazar\u0131n yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, kitap boyunca yan\u0131m\u0131zda hissediyoruz. Sanki bizimle beraber okuyor ve bizimle beraber m\u0131r\u0131ldan\u0131yor. Y\u00f6ntemin iki amac\u0131 var: 1-Didaktik unsurlara g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131rmak 2-Metnin sat\u0131r aralar\u0131na gizlenmek-tense a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, okuyucuyla olan mesafeyi azalt\u0131p, samimiyet kurmak.<\/p>\n

Romanda ge\u00e7en r\u00fcyalarda tarihsel s\u0131raya g\u00f6re gidersek; \u00f6nce karanl\u0131ktan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yan! \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, sonra ayd\u0131nlanma ve daha sonra da yeni insanlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplumun eski k\u00f6y ortakl\u0131klar\u0131na benzer bir yerde nas\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu ediliyor.<\/p>\n

“Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?” roman\u0131 \u00f6nce Rusya’da, daha sonra di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde bir\u00e7ok devrimci ve demokrat ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n yeti\u015fmesinde yetkinle\u015fmesinde ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00fcretime katk\u0131 sunmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcketim toplumunun en a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 noktalara vard\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, iradesizli\u011fin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck olarak anlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde “Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?”, yeni insanlar\u0131n ve yeni insan olmay\u0131 hedefleyenlerin oksijen \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Karl Marx, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi, “burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni” olarak tan\u0131mlar. Ancak \u00c7erni\u015fevski bir marksist de\u011fildi, daha do\u011frusu marksist yaz\u0131ndan habersizdi. 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda Saratov’da do\u011fdu. Bir rahip ailesinden olan \u00c7erni\u015fevski, ilk e\u011fitimini Saratov papaz okulunda g\u00f6rd\u00fc. 1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda St. Petersburg \u00dcniversitesi’ne girdi. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Avrupa’daki 1848 devrimlerinden sonra g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Rus […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4611","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuram"},"yoast_head":"\nBurjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni | N. \u00c7erni\u015fevski - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/06\/07\/burjuva-iktisadinin-iflasini-ustaca-ortaya-koyan-buyuk-rus-arastirmacisi-ve-elestirmeni-n-cernisevski\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni | N. \u00c7erni\u015fevski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Karl Marx, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi, “burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni” olarak tan\u0131mlar. 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