![](\"http:\/\/www.zibaldoni.it\/wsc\/SiteImage\/image\/kafka.jpg\")
Franz Kafka’n\u0131n kendi kendisini yarg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum etti\u011fi otobiyografik analiz niteli\u011findeki ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine…<\/p>\nFranz Kafka’n\u0131n kendi kendisini yarg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum etti\u011fi otobiyografik analiz niteli\u011findeki ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine…<\/p>\n
Kafka, 1912 sonbahar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde ‘baba – o\u011ful’ ili\u015fkisini kendi biyografisi \u00fczerinde i\u015flemi\u015f ve yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Burada, okurun sabr\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak, ‘baba – o\u011ful’ ili\u015fkisini bizzat kendisinin de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi -tabii ki Freud’un etkisiyle
de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131- dokuz sayfal\u0131k ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde an\u0131tsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak sergileyen Kafka’n\u0131n bu yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan kimi yorumlar\u0131 ve analitik irdeleni\u015fleri \u00e7ok k\u0131sac\u0131k an\u0131msatmak istiyorum. Ku\u015fkusuz bu \u00f6yk\u00fc 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan ve postaya at\u0131l\u0131p g\u00f6nderilmeyen<\/p>\n
‘Babama Mektup’ ile birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde tam bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015fabilir. Ama burada sadece ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerinde durmak, olduk\u00e7a uzunca olan ‘Babama Mektup’u ve hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak da (e\u011fer \u015fimdiye kadar bula\u015fmam\u0131\u015flarsa) ‘Dava’y\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131p tart\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131 okurun karar\u0131na b\u0131rakmak istiyorum.Kafka’n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flayan hemen hemen t\u00fcm gen\u00e7 ku\u015fak insanlar\u0131 gibi babas\u0131yla hep sorunlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bunu otobiyografik bir d\u0131\u015favurumla en a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde ‘Yarg\u0131’da anlatm\u0131\u015f, kendisini yeniden yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yk\u00fc \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir \u00f6zetlemeyle belki \u015f\u00f6yle toparlanabilir:<\/p>\n
Gen\u00e7 i\u015f adam\u0131 Georg Bendemann, g\u00fczel bir ilkbahar mevsiminin bir pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rece ayd\u0131nl\u0131k ve insana umut veren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131na oturmu\u015f Petersburg’da ya\u015fayan sanal bir eski \u00e7ocukluk arkada\u015f\u0131na mektup yazar, ve ‘oyunsu bir yava\u015fl\u0131kla’ mektup ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131 zarfa koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r… Arkada\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar \u00f6nce evinden ka\u00e7\u0131p Rusya’ya gitmi\u015f, bir ma\u011fazada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, ama i\u015fleri ve di\u011fer arkada\u015fl\u0131k ili\u015fkileri pek de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 gitmemekte, olduk\u00e7a yaln\u0131z bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir… K\u0131saca (ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ama) ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z (da) bir ya\u015fam\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kendisinin i\u015fleri ise olduk\u00e7a iyi gitmektedir. \u0130ki y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce annesini kaybetmelerinden sonra (e\u015finin deste\u011fini de yitiren) babas\u0131 iyice \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, \u015fimdi ma\u011fazan\u0131n oldukca karanl\u0131k ve geri plandaki bir odas\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc eski gazeteleri okumakla ge\u00e7irmektedir.. Zaman zaman ma\u011fazan\u0131n i\u015flerine kat\u0131lsa da, y\u00f6netimin \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7oktan Georg’a devretmesi gerekimi\u015ftir. Georg da bu arada ni\u015fanlanm\u0131\u015f, zaten mektubu da bu eski arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcne davet etmek i\u00e7in yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Ancak bu uzaktaki arkada\u015f\u0131ndan ni\u015fanl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bile pek haberi yoktur.<\/p>\n
Georg, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubu cebine sokarken, uzun koridorun sonundaki babas\u0131n\u0131n karanl\u0131k odas\u0131na girmek ve bu mektuptan onu haberdar etmek gereksinmesi duyar. Babas\u0131na Petersburg’da ya\u015fayan arkada\u015f\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubu g\u00f6sterir. Babas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131r. Ve hatta “senin Petersburg’da arkada\u015f\u0131n var m\u0131yd\u0131?” diye sorar. Georg, “evet” diye yan\u0131tlar ve bu konuda bilgiler vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r… Sonra da babas\u0131n\u0131n yorgun g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, dinlenmeye gereksinimi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler… Soyunmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmek ister… Babas\u0131n\u0131 kollar\u0131na al\u0131p yata\u011f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131r. Kendi elleriyle babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerini \u00f6rter… Yorgan\u0131 omuzlar\u0131n\u0131n hayli \u00fczerine de\u011fin \u00e7eker. Ayr\u0131ca, ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n bile yorganla gere\u011fi gibi \u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00fcp \u00f6rt\u00fcnmedi\u011fini kontrol eder.<\/p>\n
‘Ben \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f de\u011filim’<\/strong><\/p>\n Ama tam da bu an’da babas\u0131 birden yorgan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7le \u00fczerinden atar; “\u00dcst\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6rtmek istiyorsun hay\u0131rs\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fum, ama hen\u00fcz \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f (ve de \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f) de\u011filim” diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131r… Ve dev gibi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmle yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden aya\u011fa kalkar. “Sen baban\u0131 altetti\u011fini san\u0131yorsun ama …. baksana sen bana … sak\u0131n yan\u0131lmayas\u0131n ben h\u00e2l\u00e2 senden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcy\u00fcm…” der… \u00d6fkesini ve ba\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcren baba, o\u011fluna “Seni \u015fimdi suda bo\u011fularak \u00f6lmeye mahkum ediyorum”… diye kesin ‘Yarg\u0131’s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Otobiyografik bir hesapla\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6yk\u00fcde babas\u0131n\u0131n birden aya\u011fa kalkmas\u0131 Kafka’da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir su\u00e7luluk duygusu uyand\u0131r\u0131r… Nereden gelir bu su\u00e7luluk duygusu? Bilemeyiz. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bunun otobiyografik bir hesapla\u015fma oldu\u011funu yazar… Kafka burada (belki de) kendi durumundan, babas\u0131 ile olan ili\u015fkilerinden (s\u00fcper – ego kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duyulan varolu\u015fsal bir su\u00e7\/ac\u0131 \u00e7ekme ve de ayn\u0131 zamanda haz duygusundan) kalkarak ‘insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumunu’ (Conditio humana’) anlat\u0131r. Freud da ileriki y\u0131llarda s\u0131kl\u0131k, ama \u00f6zellikle de 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazaca\u011f\u0131 ‘K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u0130\u00e7inde Huzursuzluk’ yap\u0131t\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesi ‘yazg\u0131s\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan su\u00e7luluk duygusunun’ alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer. Bu belki de Goethe’nin de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Prometheus’lara \u00f6zg\u00fc\/benzer bir su\u00e7luluk duygusudur. Ama belki de Kafka’n\u0131n ink\u00e2r\u0131 \u00e7ok daha ileri d\u00fczeylerdedir… Yap\u0131tlarda kimi zaman a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131z kapal\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6zlenmez. \u0130nsanlar, insan olman\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor hatta \u00e7ok kez olanaks\u0131z yasall\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, t\u0131kanan kanallar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar, i\u00e7lerinde hep bir umut vard\u0131r ama s\u00fcrekli olarak kapal\u0131 kap\u0131lara \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131r. Sonunda su\u00e7 ve g\u00fcnah\u0131n (dahi) s\u00f6z konusu edilemedi\u011fi, sadece ‘yoksama ve tahribin’ bulundu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnya ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r… Franz Kafka’n\u0131n kendi kendisini yarg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum etti\u011fi otobiyografik analiz niteli\u011findeki ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine… Kafka, 1912 sonbahar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde ‘baba – o\u011ful’ ili\u015fkisini kendi biyografisi \u00fczerinde i\u015flemi\u015f ve yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Burada, okurun sabr\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak, ‘baba – o\u011ful’ ili\u015fkisini bizzat kendisinin de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi -tabii ki Freud’un etkisiylede yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131- dokuz sayfal\u0131k ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde an\u0131tsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak sergileyen Kafka’n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4633","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuram"},"yoast_head":"\n
Georg, kendisini babas\u0131n\u0131n odas\u0131ndan kovulmu\u015f hissedip d\u0131\u015far \u00e7\u0131kar, ko\u015farak ilerideki k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn korkuluklar\u0131na var\u0131r, s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131p arkas\u0131na ge\u00e7er… Ve son s\u00f6zleri olarak “sevgili anneci\u011fim, sevgili babac\u0131\u011f\u0131m! Do\u011frusu ben her zaman sizleri \u00e7ok sevdim!” diyerek kendisini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya suya b\u0131rak\u0131r. “O s\u0131ra k\u00f6pr\u00fc \u00fczerinde yo\u011fun bir trafik vard\u0131r…” Dostu Kurt Wolff’un s\u00f6yledi\u011fine g\u00f6re, “en sevdi\u011fim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam” dedi\u011fi bu \u00f6yk\u00fcde Kafka tam da Freud’un ‘Totem ve Tabu’sunun ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130mago dergisinde yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde kendi kendisinin bir t\u00fcr otopsisini (otobiyografik analizini) yapmaya, bedensel ruhsal konumunu sorgulamaya, tan\u0131maya tan\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f.. Daha somut s\u00f6ylersek ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc Kafka’n\u0131n Kafka olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f. Sonra da 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ‘Babama Mektup’da bu durum daha da peki\u015fmi\u015ftir.
Bu \u00f6yk\u00fcde o\u011ful\/Georg, olas\u0131l\u0131kla Kafka’n\u0131n kendi \u00e7ocukluk \u00f6zlemlerini dile getiren uzaklara giden kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir ya\u015fam kuran, sanal arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 (hi\u00e7 olmazsa mektup yazarak) an\u0131msay\u0131p i\u00e7 d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6zbenli\u011fidir. Ger\u00e7ek (reel) o\u011ful, ma\u011fazan\u0131n y\u00f6netimini eline almak \u00fczereyken gene de i\u00e7inden bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc atamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini babas\u0131na anlatmak gereksinimi duyar, d\u00fc\u015flerinde olsun duyumsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ‘su\u00e7unu’ itiraf etmek, mektubu g\u00f6stermek bahanesiyle odas\u0131na girer… Yorgun, halsiz ve neredeyse \u00f6lmek \u00fczere babas\u0131 onun bu t\u00fcr ‘ba\u015fkald\u0131ran nitelikteki’ d\u00fc\u015flerine bile \u00f6fkelenir… Birden aya\u011fa kalkar, ve o\u011fulu \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum eder…
O\u011ful bir an biraz itiraz edecek bir \u015feyler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr; kendisine bildirilen ‘Yarg\u0131’dan ve onun buna uygun hareket etme karar\u0131 al\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, k\u0131sas\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015ften orgazm olacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde haz duyarak, kendisine s\u00f6ylenenleri yapar. Ko\u015farak gidip kendisini k\u00f6pr\u00fcden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya atar… Burada babaya kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan g\u00fc\u00e7\/sevgi ambivalanz duygular\u0131 \u00f6fke\/homoseks\u00fcel ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 alacakaranl\u0131k bir ortamda \u00e7ok \u00f6rt\u00fck(m\u00fc\u015f gibi) olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n olabildi\u011fince a\u00e7\u0131k sergilenir.
\u00d6yk\u00fcn\u00fcn son c\u00fcmlesi \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131d\u0131r, Georg kendisini suya atarken k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinde yo\u011fun bir trafi\u011fin oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131r. (Almancas\u0131 : “…ging \u00fcber die Br\u00fccke ein geradezu unendlicher Verkehr” \u015feklindedir. ‘Verkehr’, Almancada hem ileti\u015fim, trafik hem de cinsel ili\u015fki, haz, doyum i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fcr. Kafka bunu (babaya kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu homoseks\u00fcel duyguyu vurgulamak i\u00e7in) \u00f6zellikle kullanm\u0131\u015f… Ayr\u0131ca Max Brod’a \u00f6yk\u00fc tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131, son c\u00fcmlesi yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 an’da yo\u011fun bir cinsel bo\u015falma duygusu (ejak\u00fclasyon) i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir…
O\u011ful babas\u0131n\u0131 yata\u011fa yat\u0131r\u0131p \u00fczerini yorganla iyice \u00f6rtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kapad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an’da (bile) baba, insan\u00fcst\u00fc tanr\u0131sal bir g\u00fc\u00e7le aya\u011fa kalkabilmi\u015f… O\u011ful da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7aresizlik i\u00e7inde kendileri hakk\u0131nda verilmi\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcm ‘Yarg\u0131’s\u0131n\u0131 (ilktoplumlara \u00f6zg\u00fc bir t\u00fcr ‘Voodoo ayinlerine’ benzer davran\u0131\u015flarla) uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… ‘Yarg\u0131’ \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n arifesinde, 1914 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda (en ge\u00e7) A\u011fustos ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafka art\u0131k insan\u0131n ‘meta su\u00e7unu’, insan\u0131n ‘d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011fi an’da zaten varolu\u015fsal su\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu konusunu tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 ‘Dava’y\u0131 yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Bu durum yeni y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n insan\u0131n\u0131n otorite kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir itiraz etme g\u00fcc\u00fcnde olamay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir t\u00fcr kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 (da) dile getirir.<\/p>\n
Freud’un ‘inkarlar\u0131 kendi ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u015fan’ ve bir anlamda yurtta\u015f\u0131 say\u0131labilen Bohemyal\u0131, Yahudi yazar Franz Kafka’dan haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek olduk\u00e7a zordur, ama ne yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda ne de mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131nda Kafka’dan s\u00f6z etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bu tav\u0131r da olsa olsa ‘insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumu’ ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"