{"id":464,"date":"2010-01-30T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-01-29T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/01\/30\/kaos-teorisi-alan-woods-ted-grant\/"},"modified":"2010-01-30T01:00:00","modified_gmt":"2010-01-29T22:00:00","slug":"kaos-teorisi-alan-woods-ted-grant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/30\/kaos-teorisi-alan-woods-ted-grant\/","title":{"rendered":"Kaos Teorisi | Alan Woods – Ted Grant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde geli\u015ftirilen diyalektik materyalizm, politik ekonomiden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyordu: o bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyd\u00fc. Do\u011fa, \u00f6zellikle Engels\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, hem materyalizmin hem de diyalekti\u011fin do\u011frulu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cMatemati\u011fin ve do\u011fal bilimlerin bu \u00f6zetini \u00e7\u0131karmamda\u201d diye yaz\u0131yordu, \u201ctarihteki olaylar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki tesad\u00fcfili\u011fine egemen olan diyalektik hareket yasalar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 diyalektik hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fada, say\u0131s\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fimin karma\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7inde kendilerini kabul ettirdiklerinden ayr\u0131nt\u0131da emin olmak s\u00f6z konusuydu.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

Bilimciler Marksizmi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran politik anlam\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 diyalektik materyalizmden nadiren haberdar olsalar da, onlar\u0131n zaman\u0131ndan bu yana bilimsel ke\u015fifler alan\u0131nda ya\u015fanan her \u00f6nemli yeni geli\u015fme Marksist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn kaos teorisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, bilimsel sosyalizmin kurucular\u0131n\u0131n temel fikirleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan taze dayanaklar sunmaktad\u0131r. Bir su damlas\u0131 bazen d\u00fczenli olarak damlar, bazen d\u00fczensiz; bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n hareketi hem t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131d\u0131r hem de\u011fil; kalbimiz d\u00fczenli olarak atar ama bazen \u00e7arp\u0131nt\u0131 yapar; hava s\u0131cak ya da so\u011fuk eser. Nerede kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za kaotik g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir hareket \u00e7\u0131ksa \u2013ve asl\u0131nda her taraf\u0131m\u0131z onunla doludur\u2013 bu harekete s\u0131k\u0131 bir bilimsel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yakla\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131 genellikle \u00e7ok nadir olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O halde kaotik sistemlerin genel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir? Bu sistemleri matematiksel terimlerle tan\u0131mlamakla matematik ne gibi uygulamalara sahip oluyor? Gleick ve di\u011ferlerinin \u00f6nem verdikleri \u00f6zelliklerden biri \u201ckelebek etkisi\u201ddir. Lorenz, bilgisayar sim\u00fclasyonlu hava tahminlerinde dikkate de\u011fer bir geli\u015fme ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti. Sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131ndan biri, nonlineer ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7eren on iki de\u011fi\u015fkene ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. E\u011fer sim\u00fclasyon bir \u00f6ncekinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 de\u011ferlerinden yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u2013bir de\u011fer setinde alt\u0131 ondal\u0131k basama\u011fa kadar de\u011ferler varken di\u011ferinde \u00fc\u00e7 ondal\u0131k basama\u011fa kadar de\u011ferlerin olmas\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u2013 ta\u015f\u0131yan yeni de\u011ferlerle yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131rsa, bilgisayar\u0131n ilk durumdakinden \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca sapan farkl\u0131 \u201chava durumlar\u0131\u201d \u00fcretti\u011fini bulmu\u015ftu. \u00c7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir pert\u00fcrbasyonun beklenebilir oldu\u011fu bir noktada, k\u0131sa bir fark edilebilir benzerlik d\u00f6neminden hemen sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 bir desen olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

Bunun anlam\u0131 \u015fudur, karma\u015f\u0131k, nonlineer bir sistemde, girdilerdeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131larda devasa de\u011fi\u015fiklikler \u00fcretebilir. Lorenz\u2019in bilgisayar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, bu durum, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir taraf\u0131nda kanatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131rpan bir kelebe\u011fin, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka bir taraf\u0131nda bir kas\u0131rgaya yol a\u00e7mas\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Buradan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecek sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur: hava durumunu belirleyecek kuvvetler ve s\u00fcre\u00e7ler bu kadar karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki k\u0131sa zaman diliminin \u00f6tesinde bir hava tahmini asla yap\u0131lamaz. Ger\u00e7ekte, d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck hava tahmin bilgisayar\u0131 olan Avrupa Orta-vadeli Hava Tahmini Merkezindeki bilgisayar saniyede 400 milyon hesaplama yapabilir. Bu bilgisayar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131ndan her g\u00fcn 100 milyon farkl\u0131 hava \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc almakta ve on g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir tahmin yapabilmek i\u00e7in kesintisiz \u00fc\u00e7 saat boyunca bu verileri i\u015flemektedir. Yine de iki ya da \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesinde yap\u0131lan tahminler spek\u00fclatiftir, alt\u0131 ya da yedi g\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fan tahminler ise hi\u00e7bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maz. O halde kaos teorisi, karma\u015f\u0131k nonlineer sistemlerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fine belli s\u0131n\u0131rlar koyar.<\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen Gleick ve di\u011ferlerinin, kelebek etkisine, sanki bu, kaos teorisine tuhaf bir mistik esrar \u015f\u0131r\u0131nga ediyormu\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na bu denli dikkat sarf etmesi tuhaft\u0131r. Matematiksel olarak kesin bir bi\u00e7imde modellenmemi\u015f bile olsa, \u015furas\u0131 yeterince ortaya konulmu\u015ftur ki, benzer di\u011fer karma\u015f\u0131k sistemlerde de girdilerdeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131larda b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fcretebilir, bir \u201cnicelik\u201d birikimi \u201cniteli\u011fe\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin insan ile \u015fempanzelerin temel genetik yap\u0131lar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde ikiden daha az bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k vard\u0131r; molek\u00fcler kimyan\u0131n kavramlar\u0131yla miktar\u0131 belirlenebilecek olan bir farkl\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r bu. Yine de genetik \u201ckodu\u201d canl\u0131 bir hayvana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekteki karma\u015f\u0131k, nonlineer s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131k bir varl\u0131k ile bir ba\u015fka varl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

Marksizm kendisini t\u00fcm nonlineer sistemlerin belki de en karma\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan, insan toplumuna uygular. Say\u0131s\u0131z bireyin muazzam etkile\u015fimiyle, politika ve ekonomi \u00f6ylesine karma\u015f\u0131k bir sistem olu\u015fturur ki, onun yan\u0131nda gezegenlerin hava sistemleri kurulu bir saat gibidir. Bununla birlikte, di\u011fer \u201ckaotik\u201d sistemlerde oldu\u011fu gibi, toplum da bilimsel olarak ele al\u0131nabilir; t\u0131pk\u0131 hava durumunda oldu\u011fu gibi, s\u0131n\u0131rlar anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, Gleick\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131 kaos teorisinin politika ve ekonomiye uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131 konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. Gleick, Mandelbrot taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir deneyi aktar\u0131r. Mandelbrot, New York borsas\u0131ndaki pamuk fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz y\u0131l boyunca ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimleri IBM\u2019deki bilgisayar\u0131na girmi\u015fti. \u201cTek tek ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her fiyat de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi geli\u015fig\u00fczel ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yordu\u201d diye yazar. \u201cBununla birlikte de\u011fi\u015fiklik dizileri \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe t\u00e2bi de\u011fildi: g\u00fcnl\u00fck fiyat de\u011fi\u015fimlerini ve ayl\u0131k fiyat de\u011fi\u015fimlerini g\u00f6steren e\u011friler birbiriyle tamamen \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu … de\u011fi\u015fim derecesi, iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 ve bir ekonomik depresyon g\u00f6r\u00fcp ge\u00e7irmi\u015f f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 bir altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem boyunca sabit kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d[2]<\/p>\n

Bu pasaj g\u00f6z\u00fc kapal\u0131 kabul edilemez. Belli s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde, di\u011fer modellerde ya da kaotik sistemlerde de te\u015fhis edilen ayn\u0131 matematiksel desenleri g\u00f6rmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belki do\u011frudur. Ancak insan toplumunun ve ekonominin neredeyse s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sava\u015flar gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck olaylar\u0131n bu desenleri bozmayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Marksistler toplumun bilimsel incelemeye uygun oldu\u011funu savunurlar. Ortada yaln\u0131zca \u015fekilsizlik g\u00f6renlerin aksine Marksistler insan\u0131n geli\u015fimine, maddi g\u00fc\u00e7lerden ve s\u0131n\u0131flar vs. gibi toplumsal kategorilerin bilimsel bir tan\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan hareketle yakla\u015f\u0131rlar. E\u011fer kaos biliminin geli\u015fimi bilimsel y\u00f6ntemin politikada ve ekonomide de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde bir kabule yol a\u00e7\u0131yorsa, bu ger\u00e7ekten de onun \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ne var ki Marx ve Engels\u2019in her zaman fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 konu kesin olmayan bir bilimdir, yani ancak genel e\u011filimlerin ve geli\u015fmelerin izi s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, t\u00fcm etkilerin ve t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve derin bir bilgisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Pamuk fiyatlar\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fine ra\u011fmen, Gleick\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131 bu Marksist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa dair herhangi bir kan\u0131t sunmuyor. \u0130nceleyebilece\u011fi 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k veri birikimi mevcutken Mandelbrot\u2019un neden yaln\u0131zca 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k fiyatlarda g\u00fcya bir desen g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekte yap\u0131lm\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131 kitab\u0131n ba\u015fka bir yerinde Gleick \u015funu ekliyor: \u201c\u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar piyasada garip \u00e7ekiciler aray\u0131p durdular ama bug\u00fcne kadar bulamad\u0131lar.\u201d Ekonomi ve politika alanlar\u0131ndaki bariz s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara ra\u011fmen yine de \u015furas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, rastlant\u0131sal ya da kaotik sistemler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan \u015feylerin matematiksel olarak \u201cevcille\u015ftirilmesi\u201d bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak bilim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan derin anlamlara sahiptir. Bu, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin incelenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pek \u00e7ok yeni ufuk a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimcilerinin temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, b\u00fct\u00fcnsel insanlar olmalar\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir geli\u015fime sahiplerdi ve bu y\u00f6nleri mesel\u00e2 Leonardo da Vinci\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fchendis, matematik\u00e7i ve mekanisyen olmas\u0131 kadar bir sanat dehas\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey D\u00fcrer, Machiavelli, Luther ve \u00e7ok say\u0131daki di\u011ferleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erliydi. Engels\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n

O zaman\u0131n kahramanlar\u0131 hen\u00fcz i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6lesi durumunda de\u011fillerdi, onlar\u0131n haleflerinde \u00e7ok s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fey, tek boyutlulu\u011fu \u00fcretmesiyle bu i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 etkileridir.[3]<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ku\u015fkusuz \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fiminde zorunlu bir rol oynar. Ne var ki kapitalizmde bu durum kendi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir u\u00e7 noktaya kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kafa ve kol eme\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnme, bir yanda milyonlarca insan\u0131n ak\u0131l almaz derecede a\u011f\u0131r ve bunalt\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131na mahk\u00fbm edilmesi ve her insanda sakl\u0131 olan yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve icat yetene\u011fini sergileme olana\u011f\u0131ndan mahrum edilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. \u00d6teki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7ta ise, \u201cbilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bek\u00e7ileri\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 kendi ki\u015fisel hakk\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren bir t\u00fcr entelekt\u00fcel papazl\u0131k kast\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Bu insanlar\u0131n toplumun ger\u00e7ek ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131ndan uzak kalmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde, bu durum onlar\u0131n bilincinde olumsuz bir etki yaratmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar t\u00fcm\u00fcyle dar ve tek yanl\u0131 bir yolda geli\u015fmektedirler. Yaln\u0131zca \u201csanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131\u201d bilimcilerden ay\u0131ran bir u\u00e7urum de\u011fildir s\u00f6z konusu olan, bilim camias\u0131n\u0131n kendisi de, daralan uzmanla\u015fma alanlar\u0131nda gitgide artan b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerle par\u00e7alanmaktad\u0131r. Tam da fizik, kimya ve biyoloji aras\u0131ndaki \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgilerinin\u201d silinmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anda, \u00f6rne\u011fin fizi\u011fin farkl\u0131 dallar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran u\u00e7urumun \u00fczerine bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn bile neredeyse yap\u0131lamaz hale geli\u015fi ironiktir.<\/p>\n

James Gleick durumu \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fe d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bakan baz\u0131 kimseler, bilim camias\u0131n\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde ne kadar dar kapsaml\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini fark etmi\u015f, bilim disiplinlerini sanki z\u0131rhl\u0131 bir sava\u015f gemisinde birinden di\u011ferine su ge\u00e7memesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel kap\u0131larla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lmelere benzetmi\u015flerdir. Biyologlara matematik literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yak\u0131ndan takip etmeksizin okumak yetmektedir; bununla bitse iyi, molek\u00fcler biyologlara da pop\u00fclasyon biyolojisini yak\u0131ndan takip etmeksizin okumak yetmektedir, fizik\u00e7ilerin ise zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in meteoroloji b\u00fcltenlerini incelemekten daha \u00f6nemli i\u015fleri var.<\/p>\n

Kaos teorisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, bilim camias\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde son y\u0131llarda bir \u015feylerin de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir. Farkl\u0131 alanlardan bilimciler, her nas\u0131lsa bir k\u00f6r noktaya gelip dayand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 giderek artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hissediyorlar. Yeni bir y\u00f6n bulmak gerekiyor. Bu nedenle kaos matemati\u011finin do\u011fu\u015fu, Engels\u2019in s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, do\u011fan\u0131n diyalektik karakterinin bir kan\u0131t\u0131, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle dinamik sistemlerden hatta tek bir b\u00fct\u00fcn sistemden olu\u015ftu\u011funun ve (ne kadar yararl\u0131 olursa olsun) bu sistemlerden soyutlanm\u0131\u015f modellerden olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Kaos teorisinin temel \u00f6zellikleri nelerdir? Gleick bu \u00f6zellikleri \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131ml\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cBaz\u0131 fizik\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re, kaos bir durumdan \u00e7ok bir s\u00fcrecin, varl\u0131ktan \u00e7ok olu\u015fumun bilimidir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBunlar, bilimde indirgemecili\u011fe \u2013sistemlerin bu sistemi olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar (kuarklar, kromozomlar, ya da n\u00f6tronlar) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla analizi\u2013 d\u00f6n\u00fck e\u011filime s\u0131rt \u00e7evirdiklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. B\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc arad\u0131klar\u0131na inan\u0131yorlar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Diyalektik materyalizm y\u00f6ntemi, tam da \u201cdurumdan \u00e7ok s\u00fcrece, varl\u0131ktan \u00e7ok olu\u015fuma\u201d bakmakt\u0131r. \u201cGe\u00e7en on y\u0131lda, eski indirgemeci yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n bir k\u00f6r noktaya gelip dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygusu gittik\u00e7e artan say\u0131da insan taraf\u0131ndan hissedilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve en boyun e\u011fmez fizik bilimcilerinin baz\u0131lar\u0131 bile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ihm\u00e2l eden matematiksel soyutlamalardan illallah demi\u015flerdi. Yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in yar\u0131 bilin\u00e7li bir bi\u00e7imde el yordam\u0131yla ilerler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131 \u2013ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde, geleneksel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r yapmad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fekilde kald\u0131r\u0131p atmakta olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler. Belki de y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r.\u201d[4]<\/p>\n

Kaos, dinamik sistemlerin ayr\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan ziyade b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn bilimi oldu\u011fundan, asl\u0131nda diyalektik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bilin\u00e7sizce hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir. \u015eimdiye dek, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma, kendisini olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alara \u00e7ok fazla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cPar\u00e7alar\u0131n\u201d pe\u015finden ko\u015fan bilim uzmanlar\u0131 hi\u00e7 de nadir olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d hepten unutacak kadar uzmanla\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle deney ve teorik ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme ger\u00e7eklikten gittik\u00e7e uzakla\u015ft\u0131. Y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Engels, \u015feyleri yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halleriyle, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc unutarak ele alan metafizik y\u00f6ntemin darl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Kaos teorisi savunucular\u0131n\u0131n kalk\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131, \u201cindirgemecilik\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bu metafizik y\u00f6nteme duyulan tepkiydi tam da. Engels, do\u011fan\u0131n inceleni\u015finin ayr\u0131 disiplinlere \u201cindirgenmesinin\u201d belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde zorunlu ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fay\u0131 veya insanl\u0131k tarihini veyahut bizzat kendi entelekt\u00fcel faaliyetimizi iyice ele al\u0131p incelersek, ilk g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz \u015fey, hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin oldu\u011fu gibi, oldu\u011fu yerde ve oldu\u011fu \u015fekliyle kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, her \u015feyin hareket etti\u011fi, de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, oldu\u011fu ve yok oldu\u011fu, sonu olmayan bir ba\u011flant\u0131lar yuma\u011f\u0131 tablosudur…<\/p>\n

Ama bu kavray\u0131\u015f, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak olgular tablosunun genel karakterini ne kadar do\u011fru ifade ederse etsin, bu tabloyu olu\u015fturan ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yetmez ve bunu yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcrece, t\u00fcm tablo hakk\u0131nda net bir fikrimiz olamaz. Bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131 kendi do\u011fal ya da tarihsel ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndan ay\u0131rmak ve her birini kendi do\u011falar\u0131na, \u00f6zel neden ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 incelemek zorunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Ama Engels\u2019in yeterince uyar\u0131da bulundu\u011fu gibi, \u201cindirgemecili\u011fe\u201d geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f diyalektik olmayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe ya da metafizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere de yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fan\u0131n tekil par\u00e7alar\u0131na ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, farkl\u0131 do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ve nesnelerin belirli s\u0131n\u0131flar halinde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlenmesi, organik varl\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7 anatomisinin kendi \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi i\u00e7inde incelenmesi: do\u011fa hakk\u0131nda edindi\u011fimiz bilgilerimizde son d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz y\u0131l boyunca kaydedilmi\u015f bulunan muazzam ad\u0131mlar\u0131n temel ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u015fte bunlard\u0131r. Ama bu bize, do\u011fal nesneleri ve s\u00fcre\u00e7leri yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak, genel ba\u011flamlar\u0131ndan kopart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak g\u00f6zleme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; yani onlar\u0131 hareketleri i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fil de durgun hallerinde; \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle de\u011fi\u015fken unsurlar olarak de\u011fil de de\u011fi\u015fmez unsurlar olarak; ya\u015famlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011fil de \u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zlemleme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 miras b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[5]<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi bunu Gleick\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131ndaki \u015fu pasajla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n

Bilimciler nesneleri par\u00e7alara ay\u0131r\u0131rlar ve her birine tek tek bakarlar. E\u011fer atomalt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n etkile\u015fimini incelemek isterlerse, ikisini ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc bir araya getirirler. Burada epey kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k vard\u0131r. Halbuki kendi kendine benzeme g\u00fcc\u00fc, karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok daha \u00fcst d\u00fczeylerinde ba\u015flar. Bu, b\u00fct\u00fcne bakabilme sorunudur.[6]<\/p>\n

E\u011fer \u201cindirgemecilik\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine \u201cmetafizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme tarz\u0131\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7irirsek, temel fikrin ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u015eimdi Engels\u2019in indirgemecilik (\u201cmetafizik y\u00f6ntem\u201d) ele\u015ftirisinden hangi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\u015eeyleri ve onlar\u0131n yans\u0131mas\u0131 olan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, esas olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, birbirini takip edi\u015fleri, hareketleri, do\u011fumlar\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7inde kavrayan diyalektik i\u00e7in, yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz t\u00fcrde s\u00fcre\u00e7ler, bizzat onun ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nteminin birer do\u011frulan\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131rlar. Do\u011fa, diyalekti\u011fin deneme tahtas\u0131d\u0131r ve modern do\u011fa bilimi i\u00e7in \u015fu s\u00f6ylenmelidir ki, do\u011fa, bu deneme tahtas\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece zengin ve g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn artan materyaller sa\u011flamakta ve b\u00f6ylelikle son tahlilde do\u011fal s\u00fcrecin metafizik de\u011fil diyalektik oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r…<\/p>\n

Fakat diyalektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olan bilimciler h\u00e2l\u00e2 parmakla say\u0131labilecek kadar azd\u0131r ve bu nedenle yap\u0131lan ke\u015fiflerle eski geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme tarz\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ihtil\u00e2f, teorik do\u011fa bilimlerine bug\u00fcnlerde egemen olan ve hem \u00f6\u011fretmenleri hem \u00f6\u011frencileri, hem yazarlar\u0131 hem okurlar\u0131 umutsuzlu\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar.[7]<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce ya\u015fl\u0131 Engels fiziksel bilimlerin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumunu tam bir kesinlikle betimlemektedir. Bu husus, Ilya Prigogine (1977 Nobel kimya \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn sahibi) ve Isabelle Stengers taraf\u0131ndan, Kaostan D\u00fczene, \u0130nsan\u0131n Tabiatla Yeni Diyalo\u011fu adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda takdir edilmi\u015ftir, \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yorlar:<\/p>\n

Belli bir dereceye kadar, bu ihtil\u00e2fla (Newton fizi\u011fi ile yeni bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler aras\u0131ndaki) diyalektik materyalizmi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartan ihtil\u00e2f aras\u0131nda bir benzerlik vard\u0131r. … Materyalizmin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak do\u011fan\u0131n bir tarihi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, Marx taraf\u0131ndan ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla da Engels taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fizikteki \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f geli\u015fmeler, tersinmezlik taraf\u0131ndan oynanan yap\u0131c\u0131 rol\u00fcn ke\u015ffi, b\u00f6ylece, uzun zaman \u00f6nce materyalistler taraf\u0131ndan sorulan bir soruyu do\u011fa bilimleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde de ortaya koydu. Onlara g\u00f6re, do\u011fay\u0131 kavramak, onu, insan\u0131 ve insan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretme yetene\u011finde olan bir \u015fey olarak kavramak anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

\u00dcstelik Engels Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi\u2019ni yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda, fiziksel bilimler, mekanik d\u00fcnya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 reddetmi\u015f ve do\u011fan\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Engels \u00fc\u00e7 temel ke\u015fiften bahseder: Enerji ve onun nitel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerine h\u00fckmeden yasalar, ya\u015fam\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131 olarak h\u00fccre ve Darwin\u2019in t\u00fcrlerin evrimini ke\u015ffi. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fiflerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Engels, mekanik d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucuna \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[8]<\/p>\n

Bilim ve teknolojideki t\u00fcm harika geli\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir keyifsizlik duygusu s\u00f6z konusudur. Artan say\u0131da bilimci yayg\u0131n geleneklere kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmeye ve kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndaki sorunlara yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aramaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun bilimde er ya da ge\u00e7, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce Einstein ve Planck taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilene benzer bir yeni devrimle sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131 kesindir. Bizzat Einstein\u2019\u0131n bilim kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyesi olmaktan uzak duru\u015fu anlaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eunlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor Gleick:<\/p>\n

Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ana e\u011filimi, gittik\u00e7e artan enerji d\u00fczeylerinde, gittik\u00e7e k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde ve gittik\u00e7e k\u0131salan zaman dilimlerinde maddenin yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olan bloklar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi olmu\u015ftur. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011finden, do\u011fan\u0131n temel kuvvetleri ve evrenin k\u00f6kenine dair teoriler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Oysa baz\u0131 gen\u00e7 fizik\u00e7iler, bu en prestijli bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6neliminden gittik\u00e7e artan bir memnuniyetsizlik duydular. \u0130lerleme a\u011f\u0131r aksak bir hal almaya, yeni par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u00e7ma sapan olmaya, teorinin yap\u0131s\u0131 da arapsa\u00e7\u0131na d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kaosun ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, gen\u00e7 bilimciler fizi\u011fin t\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir rota de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerine inand\u0131lar. Onlara g\u00f6re meydan uzun zamand\u0131r y\u00fcksek enerjili par\u00e7ac\u0131klar ve kuantum mekani\u011finin par\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 soyutlamalar\u0131yla doluydu.<\/p>\n

Kaos ve Diyalektik<\/p>\n

Kesin bir kaos teorisi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendirmek i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok erken. Ne var ki, bu bilimcilerin diyalektik do\u011fa g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc do\u011frultusunda el yordam\u0131yla ilerlemekte olduklar\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2 niceli\u011fin niteli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc (ve tersi) diyalektik yasas\u0131 kaos teorisinde belirgin bir rol oynar:<\/p>\n

Von Neumann, karma\u015f\u0131k bir dinamik sistemin karars\u0131zl\u0131k noktalar\u0131 \u2013yani k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir dokunu\u015fun b\u00fcy\u00fck sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n olabilece\u011fi kritik noktalar, bir tepenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde dengede duran bir topun durumunda oldu\u011fu gibi\u2013 olabilece\u011fini kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ve yine:<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek hayatta oldu\u011fu gibi bilimde de, birtak\u0131m zincirleme olaylarda, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri b\u00fcy\u00fctebilecek kriz noktalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu gayet iyi bilinir. Kaos ise bu noktalar\u0131n her yerde oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Noktalar her tarafa yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.[9]<\/p>\n

Bu ve bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka pasaj, diyalektik ile kaos teorisinin belli y\u00f6nleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir benzerli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Oysa en inan\u0131lmaz \u015fey \u015fudur ki, \u201ckaosun\u201d \u00f6nc\u00fclerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun yaln\u0131zca Marx ve Engels\u2019in yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan de\u011fil Hegel\u2019inkilerden de en ufak haberleri yokmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr! Bir anlamda bu durum, diyalektik materyalizmin do\u011frulu\u011funun \u00e7ok daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eder. Ama di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131dan, yeterli bir felsefi \u00e7er\u00e7eve ve metodolojinin bunca zamand\u0131r ve gereksiz yere bilimden esirgendi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi de d\u00fc\u015f k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

300 y\u0131ld\u0131r fizik lineer sistemlere dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lineer kavram\u0131, e\u011fer b\u00f6yle bir denklemi bir grafik \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterirseniz d\u00fcz bir do\u011frunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Ger\u00e7ekte, do\u011fan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tam da bu \u015fekilde i\u015fliyormu\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Klasik mekani\u011fin do\u011fay\u0131 yeterince tarif edebilmesinin nedeni budur. Ne var ki, do\u011fan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc lineer de\u011fildir ve lineer sistemler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131lamaz. Beyin \u015f\u00fcphesiz lineer bir tarzda i\u015flemez, kaotik y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6ng\u00fcleriyle ekonomi de \u00f6yle. Nonlineer bir denklem d\u00fcz bir do\u011fruyla ifade edilmez, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin d\u00fczensiz, \u00e7eli\u015fkili ve \u00e7o\u011fu durumda kaotik do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 dikkate al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar kozmologlar hakk\u0131nda kendimi \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc hissetmeme yol a\u00e7\u0131yor, bu adamlar bizlere, evrenin k\u00f6kenlerini bulduklar\u0131n\u0131, bu i\u015fi olduk\u00e7a iyi becerdiklerini, tek istisnan\u0131n ilk milisaniye ya da B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlama an\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131p duruyorlar. Zaten kat\u0131 bir monetarizm dozunun hepimize iyi gelece\u011fine yemin bill\u00e2h eden politikac\u0131lar da, birka\u00e7 milyon i\u015fsizin yaln\u0131zca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir h\u0131\u00e7k\u0131r\u0131k olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011finden emin de\u011filler mi? Matematiksel ekolojist Robert May de 1976\u2019da benzer hisleri seslendirmi\u015fti. \u201cE\u011fer daha fazla insan, yaln\u0131zca ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131nda de\u011fil, politika ve ekonominin g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da basit sistemlerin mutlaka basit dinamik \u00f6zelliklere sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kavram\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, hepimiz daha iyi bir durumda olurduk.\u201d[10]<\/p>\n

Modern bilimin sorunlar\u0131, bilin\u00e7li bir diyalektik y\u00f6ntemi (bilin\u00e7siz, geli\u015fig\u00fczel, ampirik bir y\u00f6ntemin z\u0131tt\u0131 olan) benimsemekle \u00e7ok daha kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilirlerdi. Kaos teorisinin genel felsefi anlam\u0131n\u0131n kaos bilimcileri taraf\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Gleick, kaosun, \u201csahip oldu\u011fu her dinamik olana\u011f\u0131 rastlant\u0131sal olarak ke\u015ffetmek \u00fczere serbest kalm\u0131\u015f sistemler\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011finden Ford\u2019a \u201ckendini il\u00e2n eden bir kaos misyoneri\u201d olarak at\u0131fta bulunur. Di\u011ferleri ise g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte rastlant\u0131sal sistemlere at\u0131fta bulunuyorlar. Belki de en iyi tan\u0131m Yale\u2019deki teorik fizik\u00e7i Jensen\u2019den geliyor. Jensen, \u201ckaosu\u201d, \u201cdeterministik, nonlineer dinamik sistemlerin d\u00fczensiz, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez davran\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yeni bilim, Ford\u2019un yap\u0131yor g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi rastlant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir do\u011fa ilkesi haline getirmektense, tam tersini yaparak, ink\u00e2r edilemez bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6steriyor ki, rastlant\u0131sal oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen s\u00fcre\u00e7ler (g\u00fcnl\u00fck ama\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z bak\u0131m\u0131ndan halen \u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilirler) yine de altta yatan bir determinizm taraf\u0131ndan \u201318. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kaba determinizmi taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, diyalektik determinizm taraf\u0131ndan\u2013 g\u00fcd\u00fclenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yeni bilime ili\u015fkin ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen iddialardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00f6rkemlidir ve belki de y\u00f6ntem ve tekniklerin geli\u015fmesi ve rafine hale getirilmesiyle birlikte bu iddialar\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanabilir. Bu bilimin savunucular\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015fi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 \u015feyle an\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeye kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar: G\u00f6relilik, kuantum mekani\u011fi ve kaos. Albert Einstein, kuantum teorisinin kurucular\u0131ndan biri olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, deterministik olmayan bir evren fikrine asla r\u0131za g\u00f6stermemi\u015fti. Fizik\u00e7i Neils Bohr\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir mektubunda, \u201cTanr\u0131 zar atmaz\u201d diye diretmi\u015fti. Kaos teorisi, yaln\u0131zca Einstein\u2019\u0131n bu noktada hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, daha teori emekleme d\u00f6nemindeyken bile, y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen temel d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn harikulade bir kan\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gittik\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kmaza giren \u201clineer\u201d metodolojiden kopmaya ve s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen tabiat\u0131n t\u00fcrb\u00fclansl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekli\u011fiyle \u00e7ok daha uyumlu yeni bir \u201cnonlineer\u201d matematik geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7aba g\u00f6steren kaos teorisinin bunca taraftar\u0131n\u0131n, mant\u0131k alan\u0131nda iki bin y\u0131l boyunca ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yeg\u00e2ne ger\u00e7ek devrimden b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle habersiz olu\u015fu hakikaten \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: Hegel taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilen ve ard\u0131ndan Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan bilimsel ve materyalist bir temelde kusursuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan diyalektik mant\u0131k. E\u011fer bilimciler, tabiat\u0131n dinamik ger\u00e7ekli\u011fiyle her ad\u0131mda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan de\u011fil de bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi sahiden yans\u0131tan bir metodolojiyle donanm\u0131\u015f olsalard\u0131, kim bilir bilim alan\u0131nda patlak veren ka\u00e7 hatadan, \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokaktan ve bunal\u0131mdan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131labilirdi!<\/p>\n

[1] Engels, Anti-D\u00fchring, s.16. [Anti-D\u00fchring, s.55-56]
[2] J. Gleick, Chaos, s.86. [Kaos, s.97]
[3] Engels, The Dialectics of Nature, s.31. [Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi, s.33]
[4] J. Gleick, Chaos, s.31, 5, 11 ve 61-2. [Kaos, s.28, VI, VII-VIII, bulunamad\u0131]
[5] Engels, Anti-D\u00fchring, s.24-5. [Anti-D\u00fchring, s.71]
[6] J. Gleick, Chaos, s.115. [Kaos, s.136]
[7] Engels, Anti-D\u00fchring, s.29. [Anti-D\u00fchring, s.73-74]
[8] Prigogine ve Stengers, Order Out of Kaos, s.252-3. [Kaostan D\u00fczene, s.300]
[9] J. Gleick, Chaos, s.6, 18-9 ve 23. [Kaos, s.VIII-IX, 12, 18]
[10] I. Stewart, Does God Play Dice?, s.21.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde geli\u015ftirilen diyalektik materyalizm, politik ekonomiden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyordu: o bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyd\u00fc. Do\u011fa, \u00f6zellikle Engels\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, hem materyalizmin hem de diyalekti\u011fin do\u011frulu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cMatemati\u011fin ve do\u011fal bilimlerin bu \u00f6zetini \u00e7\u0131karmamda\u201d diye yaz\u0131yordu, \u201ctarihteki olaylar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki tesad\u00fcfili\u011fine egemen olan diyalektik hareket yasalar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-464","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kaos"},"yoast_head":"\nKaos Teorisi | Alan Woods - Ted Grant - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/01\/30\/kaos-teorisi-alan-woods-ted-grant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kaos Teorisi | Alan Woods - Ted Grant\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde geli\u015ftirilen diyalektik materyalizm, politik ekonomiden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyordu: o bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyd\u00fc. 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