{"id":4718,"date":"2010-10-16T09:36:00","date_gmt":"2010-10-16T06:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/10\/16\/lenin-emma-goldman-gibi-onemli-isimleri-etkileyen-bir-filozof-nikolay-gavrilovic-cernisevski\/"},"modified":"2010-10-16T09:36:00","modified_gmt":"2010-10-16T06:36:00","slug":"lenin-emma-goldman-gibi-onemli-isimleri-etkileyen-bir-filozof-nikolay-gavrilovic-cernisevski","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/10\/16\/lenin-emma-goldman-gibi-onemli-isimleri-etkileyen-bir-filozof-nikolay-gavrilovic-cernisevski\/","title":{"rendered":"Lenin, Emma Goldman gibi \u00f6nemli isimleri etkileyen bir filozof ; Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 121. y\u0131l\u0131. Marks’\u0131n dikkatlice takip etti\u011fi, Lenin’in \u201cmilitan bir demokrat\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan ve Narodniklerin \u00f6nderlerinden Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski 17 Ekim 1889’da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.
\u00c7erni\u015fevki’nin \u00f6zellikle Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131? isimli iki ciltlik eseri, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 ile Sosyalist Sovyetler aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemini ve insan tipini ortaya koymas\u0131 ve bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7mas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00f6nemin politik dehalar\u0131n\u0131n bile ele\u015ftirisini ve dikkatini \u00e7ekti. \u201cNas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?\u201d, sadece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, bug\u00fcn bile okuyan\u0131 etkileyecek kadar geni\u015f zaman dilini yakalamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir edebiyat eseridir ve hala o canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyor. \u00d6zellikle Rahmetov karakterinde simgesini bulan yeni tipteki insan, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen t\u00fcm yanlar\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fir, ele\u015ftirir ve mahkum eder, fakat bununla da yetinmeyen \u00f6zg\u00fcr insan\u0131n temellerinin at\u0131lmas\u0131na h\u00fccum eden insan tipini \u015fekillendirir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ar\u0131n az\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 \u00c7erni\u015fevski<\/strong>
\u00c7erni\u015fevski, 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda Saratov’da do\u011fdu. Bir rahip ailesinden olan \u00c7erni\u015fevski, ilk e\u011fitimini Saratov papaz okulunda g\u00f6rd\u00fc. 1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda St. Petersburg \u00dcniversitesi’ne girdi. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Avrupa’daki 1848 devrimlerinden sonra g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Rus muhalif hareketi \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi kendisine \u00e7ekti.
\u00dcniversite \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin ki\u015fisel geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemi olu\u015fturdu. \u00d6zellikle devrimci-materyalist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde kazanm\u0131\u015f, toplumsal politik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini bu y\u0131llarda \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. 1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda ili\u015fki kurdu\u011fu \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f dergisi, yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla devrimci-demokrat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ve m\u00fccadelesinin merkezinde yerini ald\u0131. Dergi, devrimci g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7evresinde toplad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ara kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

1861’de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin Efendili\u011fi” adl\u0131 bir bildiriyle k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri \u00c7arl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Bu y\u0131llarda bir\u00e7ok makalesi \u00c7arl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yasakland\u0131. 1859’da Herzen ile birlikte Rusya’daki devrimci g\u00fc\u00e7lere bir eylem plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla Londra’ya gitti. Toprak sahiplerinin ve liberallerin, kendilerine uzla\u015fmaz ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6nelten \u00c7erni\u015fevski’ye kar\u015f\u0131 nefretleri g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu. \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin kalemi bizzat \u00e7ar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 1862’de yakalanarak Petropavlovsk Kalesi’ne kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcnl\u00fck eseri<\/strong>
1864’te, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde pi\u015fmanl\u0131k belirtmesi i\u00e7in, Mitninskiy Alan\u0131’nda \u00c7ar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlendi. \u00c7erni\u015fevski, otokrasinin bekledi\u011finin aksine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini savundu, pi\u015fmanl\u0131k belirtmeyi reddetti. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00c7arl\u0131k onu vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p, Sibirya’da 20 y\u0131l k\u00fcrek cezas\u0131na mahkum etti. Belki de \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcn\u00fcne kavu\u015fturan \u201cNas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131\u201d eserinin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Eser s\u00fcrg\u00fcn y\u0131llar\u0131nda d\u00f6rt ay gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede ve son derece zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, \u00fcstelik a\u011f\u0131r sans\u00fcr nedeniyle \u015fifreli olarak yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Roman, bas\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Rus toplum hayat\u0131 ve devrimci hareket \u00fczerinde derin bir etki yaratt\u0131. Zindandan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra 1889’da do\u011fdu\u011fu kent Saratov’a yerle\u015fti. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden orada beyin kanamas\u0131ndan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.<\/p>\n

Lenin: Militan demokratt\u0131<\/strong>
Karl Marx, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi, “burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni” olarak tan\u0131mlar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nderi Lenin, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’ye hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gizlemez: “Herzen’den sonra Narodnik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri geli\u015ftiren \u00c7erni\u015fevski, Herzen’le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131\u00e7rama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7erni\u015fevski \u00e7ok daha tutarl\u0131 ve militan bir demokratt\u0131, onun yaz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ruhunu esinlendirir. O, liberalizmin ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fhir etme yolunu kararl\u0131l\u0131kla izlemi\u015ftir. \u00dctopik sosyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ra\u011fmen, O, kapitalizmin dikkat \u00e7ekici bi\u00e7imde derin bir ele\u015ftirmeniydi.”<\/p>\n

\u201cNas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?\u201d, ne yapmal\u0131?<\/strong>
A\u00e7\u0131k bir propaganda dili ile yaz\u0131lan Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131, bir\u00e7ok edebiyat\u00e7\u0131, ele\u015ftirmen ve devrimci taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6v\u00fclerek ya da rezil edilerek tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dostoyevski, kitaba yan\u0131t olarak “Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar” adl\u0131 roman\u0131; Tolstoy da “A\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f Aile” adl\u0131 komedisini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kropotkin’e g\u00f6re, bu kitap d\u00f6nemin Rus gen\u00e7li\u011fi i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr siyasal program niteli\u011fine b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Lenin ise kendine rehber edindi\u011fi bu kitab\u0131, Men\u015feviklerin alayc\u0131 ele\u015ftirilerine kar\u015f\u0131 hep savunmu\u015f ve eser i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir: “\u00d6yle bir-iki at\u0131ml\u0131k de\u011fil, insana yasam boyu yetecek bir baruttur bu kitap.”<\/p>\n

Buzk\u0131ran: Yeni insan Rahmetov<\/strong>
Roman\u0131n konusu, yeni insanlard\u0131r. Yeni insanlar romanda d\u00f6rt karakterde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar Vera, Lopuhov, Kirsanov ve en \u00f6nemlisi Rahmetov’dur. Rahmetov’un \u00f6nemli olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, yazar\u0131n konunun gidi\u015fat\u0131na g\u00f6re hi\u00e7 gerekli olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu karakteri romana sokmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. As\u0131l ama\u00e7 bu yeni insanlar dedi\u011fimiz toplulu\u011fun en sivrilenini, en kesin ilkelisini yani \u00f6nderini, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin bize tan\u0131tmak istemesidir. Bu yeni insanlar\u0131n karakterleri birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zde hepsi ayn\u0131 insanlard\u0131r. Bu insanlar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri al\u00e7ak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmalar\u0131, bilin\u00e7lerinin berrak olmas\u0131, sa\u011flam iradeli-\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmalar\u0131 ve kendilerini kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndakinin yerine koyabilme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Romanda yeni insanlar anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi eski d\u00fczenin insanlar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n yeni insanlarla ili\u015fkileri de anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

********<\/p>\n

Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski Biyografisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski (Rus\u00e7a: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; soyad\u0131 zaman zaman \u00c7erni\u00e7evski olarak da ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir) (12 Temmuz 1828 – 17 Ekim 1889) Rus devrimci demokrat, materyalist filozof, ele\u015ftirmen ve sosyalist. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir \u00fctopyac\u0131 (\u00fctopist) sosyalist olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. 1860’larda devrimci demokratik hareketin \u00f6nderi konumundayd\u0131. Lenin, Emma Goldman gibi \u00f6nemli isimleri etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yoksul bir papaz\u0131n o\u011flu olarak Saratov’da 1828’de do\u011fdu. 1846’ya kadar burada kald\u0131. 1850’de St. Petersburg \u00dcniversitesi’nden mezun olduktan sonra, Saratov’da bir lisede (jimnazyum) \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1853’ten 1862’ye kadar St. Petersburg’da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, Sovremennik`te (\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f) ba\u015f edit\u00f6r olmu\u015ftur. 1862’de tutuklanm\u0131\u015f ve hapsedilmi\u015ftir. Hapiste oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131? isimli \u00fcnl\u00fc roman\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra bir\u00e7ok Rus devrimcisine ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olacak roman, bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Owen, Fourier ve Godwin gibi isimlerin etkilerini ta\u015f\u0131r denilebilir.<\/p>\n

1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda ‘sivil idam’ (alay(c\u0131) idam) h\u00fckm\u00fc verilmi\u015ftir, ard\u0131ndan cezai k\u00f6lelik ve daha sonra Sibirya’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn. 17 Ekim 1889’da, 61 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erni\u00e7evski Rus pop\u00fclizmi, Narodizm`in kurucusudur. Kamuoyunu otokrasinin bir devrim ile devrilmesi ve sosyalist bir toplumun yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya davet etmi\u015ftir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi eski k\u00f6yl\u00fc kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc temel alan bir sosyalizm yaratmakt\u0131. Herzen, Belinsky ve Feuerbach fikirlerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. Felsefi anlamda bir maddeci (materyalist) idi.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi, “burjuva iktisad\u0131n\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131 ustaca ortaya koyan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirmeni” olarak tan\u0131mlar. Ancak \u00c7erni\u015fevski bir marksist de\u011fildi, daha do\u011frusu marksist yaz\u0131ndan habersizdi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erni\u015fevski’ye b\u00fcy\u00fck hayranl\u0131k duyan Lenin ise onun Rusya’daki devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve haraketin geli\u015fimindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar; “… Herzen’den sonra Narodnik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri geli\u015ftiren \u00c7erni\u015fevski, Herzen’le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131\u00e7rama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7erni\u015fevski \u00e7ok daha tutarl\u0131 ve militan bir demokratt\u0131, onun yaz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ruhunu esinlendirir. O, liberalizmin ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fhir etme yolunu kararl\u0131l\u0131kla izlemi\u015ftir… \u00dctopik sosyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ra\u011fmen, O, kapitalizmin dikkat \u00e7ekici bi\u00e7imde derin bir ele\u015ftirmeniydi.” (Rusya’da \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Tarihinden)<\/p>\n

Eserleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131? (Rus\u00e7a: \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c?)
* Prolog (Rus\u00e7a: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 121. y\u0131l\u0131. Marks’\u0131n dikkatlice takip etti\u011fi, Lenin’in \u201cmilitan bir demokrat\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan ve Narodniklerin \u00f6nderlerinden Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski 17 Ekim 1889’da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.\u00c7erni\u015fevki’nin \u00f6zellikle Nas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131? isimli iki ciltlik eseri, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 ile Sosyalist Sovyetler aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemini ve insan tipini ortaya koymas\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4718","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-edebiyat-dunya"},"yoast_head":"\nLenin, Emma Goldman gibi \u00f6nemli isimleri etkileyen bir filozof ; Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/10\/16\/lenin-emma-goldman-gibi-onemli-isimleri-etkileyen-bir-filozof-nikolay-gavrilovic-cernisevski\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lenin, Emma Goldman gibi \u00f6nemli isimleri etkileyen bir filozof ; Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nikolay Gavrilovi\u00e7 \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 121. y\u0131l\u0131. 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