{"id":4768,"date":"2010-11-03T11:51:28","date_gmt":"2010-11-03T08:51:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/11\/03\/3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu\/"},"modified":"2010-11-03T11:51:28","modified_gmt":"2010-11-03T08:51:28","slug":"3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/11\/03\/3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu\/","title":{"rendered":"3.K\u0131s\u0131m , 5. B\u00f6l\u00fcm | Feodalitenin Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p Par\u00e7alanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ( Kapitalist \u0130li\u015fkilerin Do\u011fu\u015fu )"},"content":{"rendered":"

3.KISIM ,5 B\u00d6L\u00dcM FEODAL\u0130TEN\u0130N DA\u011eILIP PAR\u00c7ALANMA \u00c7A\u011eI (KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ST \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130N DO\u011eU\u015eU)
FEODAL \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n bu karakteristik y\u00f6nleri, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son d\u00f6neminde de \u00f6nemlerini korudular. Ama kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin do\u011fu\u015fu, onlara \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getiriyordu. Her ne kadar kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6\u011feleri, \u0130talyan sitelerinde, daha 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131larsa da, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n son d\u00f6nemi, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1. EKONOM\u0130DE DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130KLER
Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n tam bu d\u00f6neminde \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesi \u00f6yle bir d\u00fczeye vard\u0131 ki, kapitalist ili\u015fkiler, feodal ekonominin ba\u011fr\u0131nda, b\u00fct\u00fcn toplum \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde boyvermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. [sayfa 231] Bu olay, iki yeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, \u00fcretim alet ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip bulunan burjuvazinin ve bu ara\u00e7lardan yoksun ve bu y\u00fczden de kendi emek-g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kapitaliste satmak zorunda olan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, proletaryan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Kapitalist, \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iyi, kendisinin ve ailesinin ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olandan daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorluyordu. Bu fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan, patronun kendisine meletti\u011fi bir art\u0131-de\u011fer ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Patronun bu art\u0131-de\u011fere elkoymas\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda, kapitalizmin temel yasas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu d\u00fczendeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcl bi\u00e7imini meydana getirir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcRET\u0130C\u0130 G\u00dc\u00c7LER\u0130N VE TOPLUMSAL \u0130\u015eB\u00d6L\u00dcM\u00dcN\u00dcN GEL\u0130\u015eMES\u0130
\u00dcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesi, feodal bi\u00e7imlenmenin ba\u011fr\u0131nda kapitalist yap\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funun birinci ko\u015fulu idi.
Sudolab\u0131n\u0131n devindirici g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ta k\u00f6lelik zaman\u0131ndan beri biliniyordu. Ama o zaman, sudolab\u0131n\u0131n kendisi, ak\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftiriliyordu. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak, suyun d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile devindirilen kanatl\u0131 \u00e7arklara ba\u015fvurulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece dolab\u0131n verimi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131yordu. Sudolab\u0131, art\u0131k, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcretim dallar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.
15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n icad\u0131ndan sonra, yetkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir sudolab\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla, mekanik k\u00f6r\u00fckleme \u00fcretime sokuldu. Eskiden el k\u00f6r\u00fckleri, madeni, ancak macun gibi bir k\u0131vama getirebiliyordu. \u015eimdi madenler s\u0131v\u0131 duruma getirilebiliyordu; bu da madenlerin d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcne olanak sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. \u00c7elik imaline ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, aletlerin ve avadanl\u0131klar\u0131n yetkinle\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. \u00c7\u0131kr\u0131klar, tornalar, perdahlama, aletleri, delgi makineleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Basit mekanizmalar, maden sanayiine uyguland\u0131.
Dokuma sanayiinde, d\u00fc\u015fey do\u011frultudaki ilkel dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131, gitgide yerlerini daha yetkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015f yatay tezg\u00e2hlara b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. [sayfa 232]
15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, zemberekli cep saatleri, 12. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri kullan\u0131lmakta olan duvar saatlerinin yerini ald\u0131.
Maden\u00ee par\u00e7alar, gemi yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yetkinle\u015fmesini ve uzun yolculuklara elveri\u015fli b\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 gemilerin denize indirilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Pusula son derece yetkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Matbaa icat edilmi\u015fti.
Tar\u0131mda da, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler, i\u015f aletlerinin iyile\u015fmesi sayesinde geli\u015fiyordu. Ama burada ilerleme, sanayide oldu\u011fundan daha yava\u015ft\u0131. Gene de tarlalar\u0131n verimi ve bu\u011fday tarlalar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e geni\u015fliyordu ve \u00e7iftlik y\u00f6ntemleri yetkinle\u015fiyordu. O \u00e7a\u011fda yayg\u0131n olan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k alma\u015f\u0131k ekim yan\u0131nda, daha uzun s\u00fcreli alma\u015f\u0131k ekimler de kullan\u0131l\u0131r oldu ve dinlendirilmeye b\u0131rak\u0131lan tarlalar \u00fczerinde ot yeti\u015ftirilmesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
Kentlerin demografik ilerlemesi, zahire talebini art\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra, sanayiin h\u0131zla ilerleyi\u015fi, y\u00fcn, deri, keten, kenevir ve ba\u015fka sanayi bitkilerine olan gereksinmeyi art\u0131r\u0131yordu.
Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, bah\u00e7\u0131vanl\u0131k, sebzecilik, ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u015farap \u00fcretimi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yol ald\u0131.
\u00c7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerin ve \u00fclkelerin uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131 daha \u00e7ok geli\u015fti. Geni\u015f ticar\u00ee tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgeleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hollanda, s\u00fct veren ineklerin yeti\u015ftirilmesinde ve s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ticaretinde uzmanla\u015ft\u0131. \u0130spanya’n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri, yaln\u0131z merinos koyunlar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesine ve y\u00fcn sat\u0131m\u0131na vb. ayr\u0131ld\u0131.
Tar\u0131m ve sanayideki ilerlemeler, \u00fcretimin bu dallar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumu daha \u00e7ok derinle\u015ftirdiler ve yeni sanayi kesimleri do\u011furdular. Toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, meta-para ili\u015fkilerini ve ticaret ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rarak devam ediyor. Pazarlar, giderek b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeye yay\u0131lmak \u00fczere, b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7er\u00e7eveden ta\u015fmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar.
Ticaretin bu ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde geli\u015fmesi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretimin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na ve kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin ilk \u00f6\u011felerinin do\u011fu\u015funa katk\u0131da bulundu. [sayfa 233]<\/p>\n

SERMAYEN\u0130N ORTAYA \u00c7IKI\u015eININ TAR\u0130HSEL KO\u015eULU
\u0130LKEL B\u0130R\u0130K\u0130M
Ticar\u00ee ama\u00e7larla yap\u0131lan \u00fcretimin nispeten y\u00fcksek olan d\u00fczeyi \u00f6yle oldu ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck servetler, baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin, tacirlerin, tefecilerin vb. elinde topland\u0131. Bu, sermayenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biri oldu. \u0130kinci elveri\u015fli ko\u015ful, ki\u015fisel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr, ama \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ve bu y\u00fczden ge\u00e7im arac\u0131ndan da yoksun bireyler y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu olay, feodal soylular ve do\u011fmakta olan burjuvazinin, emek\u00e7i y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 zorla m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirmelerinden ileri geliyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olaylar, sermayenin ilkel birikiminin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015ftururlar. Ama bu olay\u0131n somut gidi\u015fini inceleyebilmek i\u00e7in, kapitalizmin daha \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki \u00fclkelerden daha fazla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 16. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiltere’si \u00f6rne\u011fine ba\u015fvurmak daha iyi olur.
16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u0130ngiltere’si, \u00fc\u00e7-\u00fc\u00e7bu\u00e7uk milyon n\u00fcfuslu, nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir devletti. Ama i\u015fte tam o s\u0131ralardad\u0131r ki, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’y\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet, en sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerinden biri durumuna getiren \u0130ngiliz ekonomisinin ileri at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapitalist sanayi ve tar\u0131m, \u0130ngiltere’de, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile birlikte h\u0131zla ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.
\u0130ngiltere’de, ekonominin kapitalist bi\u00e7imleri, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden daha geni\u015f, daha \u00e7abuk bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fiyordu.<\/p>\n

BAS\u0130T KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ST ELB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 VE MAN\u00dcFAKT\u00dcR
Sanayide kapitalist \u00fcretimin geli\u015fmesinin ilk evresi, basit elbirli\u011fi oldu. Elbirli\u011fi, her zaman ayn\u0131, ama boyutlar\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f zanaat atelyesi idi. Art\u0131k \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i haline gelmi\u015f olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcretici, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kendi hesab\u0131na de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011fu kez tacir, arac\u0131, tefeci ya da zenginle\u015fmi\u015f zanaat ustas\u0131 olan bir kapitalist giri\u015fimci hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu kapitalist atelyelerde hen\u00fcz i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yoktu, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hepsi ayn\u0131 i\u015flemi yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bununla birlikte, [sayfa 234] elbirli\u011fi, eme\u011fin bir hayli tasarrufunu sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011finin artmas\u0131na yard\u0131m ediyordu. Emek \u00fcretkenli\u011finin bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131, kapitalist i\u015fverenin zenginli\u011fini yarat\u0131yordu.
Man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine kurulu kapitalist elbirli\u011fi, Kapitalist \u00fcretimin geli\u015fmesinde bundan sonraki ad\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Burada da, gene bir zanaat tekni\u011fi kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.
16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u0130ngiliz sanayiinin b\u00fct\u00fcn dallar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle kuma\u015f \u00fcretiminde, b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu. Kentlerdeki zanaat loncalar\u0131n\u0131n kendi alanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden konan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n kalkmas\u0131 sonucunda, kuma\u015f \u00fcretimi, k\u0131rlarda yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u0131rsal dokumac\u0131lar, tar\u0131mla birlikte dokuma i\u015fleri ve iplik\u00e7ilik gibi baz\u0131 zanaatlar\u0131 da yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Tacirler, tefeciler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zanaat\u00e7\u0131 giri\u015fimciler, k\u0131r zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini sat\u0131nal\u0131rken, onlar\u0131n pazardan uzak ve para s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131yor ve bundan kendilerine yarar sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131.
\u0130kinci elden sat\u0131c\u0131lar, fiyatlar\u0131, kendi keyiflerine g\u00f6re sapt\u0131yorlar, zanaat\u00e7\u0131lara kredi ile hammadde ve alet sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta birer arac\u0131 olan bu al\u0131m-sat\u0131mc\u0131lar, sonunda, i\u015f da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Asl\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan zanaat\u00e7\u0131lara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00fccret \u00f6deyen birer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalist giri\u015fimci haline geliyorlard\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki basit kapitalist elbirli\u011fine oranla bu ili\u015fki, gene el eme\u011fi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f yeni bir kapitalist i\u015fletme tipiydi. Bu yeni i\u015fletmeler, man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr (Latince, manus, “el”; facere, “yapmak” s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden gelir) ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131yordu. Bu t\u00fcr man\u00fcfakt\u00fcrler, daha \u00e7ok tacirler taraf\u0131ndan kuruluyor ve bunlara da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k man\u00fcfakt\u00fcrler deniyordu. Bu durumda, do\u011frudan \u00fcreticiler, atelyelerde de\u011fil, evlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.
Ama man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr \u00f6rg\u00fctlemesinin bir ba\u015fka yolu daha vard\u0131. \u0130\u015fveren, gerekli aletleri, avadanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve hammaddeleri sat\u0131nal\u0131yor, bir\u00e7ok \u00fccretlinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f atelyeleri kuruyordu. Buna da, merkezile\u015fmi\u015f man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr deniyordu. [sayfa 235]
Bu ikinci yol (\u00fcretimin bir merkeze ba\u011flanmas\u0131), olu\u015fum halinde bulunan kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin ilerlemesi i\u00e7in \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri s\u00f6zg\u00f6t\u00fcrmez olan olanaklar yarat\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

K\u00d6YL\u00dcLER\u0130N ZORLA M\u00dcLKS\u00dcZLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130
Sanayideki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ngiliz toplumu i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu.
Kapitalist dokuma sanayii, zanaat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fcretimin gerektirdi\u011finden \u00e7ok daha fazla y\u00fcn ve el eme\u011fi gerektiriyordu. Art\u0131k koyun yeti\u015ftirmek k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir i\u015f olmu\u015ftu. Ama b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcr\u00fcler geni\u015f otlaklar istiyordu. Oysa elveri\u015fli topraklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc i\u015fletmeleri olu\u015fturuyordu. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7oktan beri koyun yeti\u015ftirmekte olan \u0130ngiliz feodal seny\u00f6rleri (landlord’lar), i\u015fletmelerinden k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri kovmaya ve onlar\u0131n ellerindeki tarlalara zorla elkoymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu zorunlu toplu olarak g\u00f6\u00e7, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir durum ald\u0131. \u00dclkenin geni\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde insan kalmad\u0131. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fcmanisti Thomas Morus, \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131 Utopie’da, bu konuda \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: “Burada koyunlar, insanlar\u0131 par\u00e7alay\u0131p yediler.” M\u00fclklerinden edilen, topraklar\u0131ndan kovulan, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yoksun k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, kapitalist man\u00fcfakt\u00fcrlere ba\u011flanacak duruma geldiler. \u015eunu da s\u00f6ylemek gerekir ki, feodal otoriteler, y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri amans\u0131z “serseri” av\u0131 ile, hele “kand\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc mevzuat” ad\u0131 tak\u0131lan barbar yasalar ile bu i\u015fe ellerinden geldi\u011fince yard\u0131m ettiler.
Fransa’da oldu\u011fu gibi Hollanda’da da k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin zorla m\u00fclklerinden edilmeleri, ilkel sermaye birikimine yola\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

KAMU BOR\u00c7LARI VE H\u0130MAYEC\u0130L\u0130K
\u00d6teki y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda, kamu bor\u00e7lar\u0131 da yeral\u0131yordu. Devlet, orduyu ve .y\u00f6netim ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 iyi halde tutmak i\u00e7in hep para pe\u015findeydi, Her zamanki vergiler yeterli olmuyordu. Bu y\u00fczden, feodal h\u00fck\u00fcmet, (\u00f6zellikle Fransa’da) [sayfa 236] tacirlerden ve tefecilerden s\u0131k s\u0131k bor\u00e7 al\u0131yor ve sonra bunu, b\u00fcy\u00fck faizlerle \u00f6d\u00fcyordu.
\u00d6te yandan, feodal h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ilkel birikime himaye sistemi ile de yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyordu. Fransa’da, daha sonra \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda’da, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli mamullere \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek vergi koyuyorlar, ve buna ko\u015fut olarak, yerli hammaddelerin ve zahirenin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasakl\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00dclkelerinin tacirlerine ve giri\u015fimcilerine yard\u0131mlar, primler ve ba\u015fka yararlar sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00dcY\u00dcK CO\u011eRAF\u00ce KE\u015e\u0130FLER VE \u0130LK S\u00d6M\u00dcRGE FET\u0130HLER\u0130
K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin zorla m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmelerinin yan\u0131nda, yeni ke\u015ffedilen ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilen topraklar\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131, sermayenin ilkel birikimine b\u00fcy\u00fck umut kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Meta-para ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fmesi, y\u00f6netici seny\u00f6rlerin, y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00e2r ve kazan\u00e7 hevesini daha da kam\u00e7\u0131lad\u0131.
Kazanc\u0131n, olta yemi gibi \u00e7ekicili\u011fi, onlar\u0131, Asya’n\u0131n uzak \u00fclkelerine do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyordu. Do\u011funun bir yan\u0131nda, ta denizlerin \u00f6tesindeki masal \u00fclkeleri \u00fczerine kurulan s\u00f6ylenceler dilden dile dola\u015f\u0131yordu. Alt\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u015fka hazineleri herkesten \u00f6nce ele ge\u00e7irmek, ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc “b\u00fcy\u00fck co\u011fraf\u00ee ke\u015fifler”, Avrupa devletlerinin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci siyasetinin k\u00f6keni oldu.
\u0130lk s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kurucular\u0131, \u0130spanyol ve Portekiz seny\u00f6r ve tacirleri oldular. Portekizliler, alt\u0131n pe\u015finde, Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na vard\u0131lar. Daha sonra, bu k\u0131tan\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ve sonunda Hindistan’a vard\u0131lar.
15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan ba\u015flayarak Portekizliler, baharat\u0131n\u0131, alt\u0131n\u0131n\u0131, fildi\u015fini vb, bo\u015faltarak, Hindistan’\u0131, iliklerine dek s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fcler.
1492’de \u0130spanyol kral\u0131n\u0131n hizmetinde olan Cenoval\u0131 denizci Kristof Kolomb, Amerika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na vard\u0131. Karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130spanyol taht\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc olarak il\u00e2n edildi. Ama Kolomb, yeni bir k\u0131ta bulmu\u015f oldu\u011funu [sayfa 237] bilmiyordu. Bunu ilk fark eden G\u00fcney Amerika’n\u0131n kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015fan Florentin Americo Vespucci oldu. Bunun i\u00e7indir ki, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu yeni par\u00e7as\u0131na onun ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fti.
16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130spanyol kral\u0131n\u0131n hizmetinde bir Portekizli olan Magellan, Uzak-Do\u011funun g\u00fcney-bat\u0131 yolunu ke\u015ffetti ve Atlantik’in Pasifik ile birle\u015fti\u011fini tan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, tarihte ilk kez deniz yoluyla dola\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.
\u0130spanyol fatihleri, Meksika Azteklerinin ve Perulu \u0130nkalar\u0131n zenginliklerini ceplerine indirdiler, onlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 silip s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Daha sonra, asker\u00ee \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ile ve katolik misyonerlerin yard\u0131m\u0131 ile g\u00fc\u00e7lenen fatihler, Orta ve G\u00fcney Amerika’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne elkoydular.<\/p>\n

“F\u0130YATLARDA DEVR\u0130M”
S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Avrupa, \u0130spanya ve en \u00e7ok da Portekiz ekonomisi \u00fczerinde beklenmedik etkileri oldu. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, Amerika madenlerinin, k\u00f6le el eme\u011fi ile de\u011ferlendirilen alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn maloldu\u011fu fiyat, Avrupa’da para olarak tedav\u00fclde bulunan de\u011ferli madenlerinkinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Bu, en gerekli maddelerin fiyat\u0131n\u0131 birdenbire y\u00fckseltti. Bundan ilk zarar g\u00f6renler, pazardan kopmu\u015f olan yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle kent i\u015f\u00e7ileri oldular.
\u0130spanyol ve Portekizlilerden sonra, bir s\u00fcre Hollanda ve \u0130ngiliz tacirleri, yeni topraklar aramak \u00fczere yollara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. 1505 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Hollandal\u0131lar, ilk kez, Avustralya ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak olan yeni bir k\u0131tan\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na vard\u0131lar.
Fransa da, kendi pay\u0131na, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge fetihleri yoluna koyuldu. Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika’da bir dizi topraklara elkoydu.<\/p>\n

S\u00d6M\u00dcRGELER\u0130 S\u00d6M\u00dcRME S\u0130STEM\u0130
Basit anlam\u0131yla ya\u011fman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fatihler, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler i\u00e7in tam bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sistemi kurdular. [sayfa 238]
Hollandal\u0131lar, daha sonra da \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lan Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015firketleri, herkes\u00e7e bilinen bir \u00fcn kazand\u0131lar. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u0130ngilizler, Hollandal\u0131 “meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131” Hindistan’dan \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Hollandal\u0131lar da, \u0130ngilizlerin ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 Endonezya’da \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131lar.
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler, \u00f6zellikle e\u015fde\u011fer olmayan de\u011fi\u015fimlere ba\u015fvurdular. Sonra, gitgide silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131lar. Hindistan ve Endonezya, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge haline geldi.
Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n insanl\u0131k-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, Amerikan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce ve binlerce insan, k\u00f6lelik zincirine vuruldu ve “abanoz tacirleri” taraf\u0131ndan Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika’ya do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Orada, b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131m i\u015fletmelerinde (plantasyonlarda) Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6leler, emekleri ile b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri yarar\u0131na \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck zenginlikler yaratt\u0131lar. Yeni topraklar\u0131n fethi ve soyulmas\u0131, \u00f6nemli bir miktarda zenginli\u011fin akmas\u0131, Avrupa’da kapitalist ekonominin ilerleyi\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

2. TOPLUMSAL VE S\u0130YASAL \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130N GEL\u0130\u015eMES\u0130<\/p>\n

ULUSLARIN ORTAYA \u00c7IKI\u015eI
Kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ilerlemesi, Avrupa’n\u0131n toplumsal ve siyasal d\u00fczeni \u00fczerinde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir etki yaratt\u0131.
Halklar\u0131n bi\u00e7imlenmesi, daha ilkel toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ile birlikte ba\u015flad\u0131. Halk, tarihsel evrim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, klan ve kabileden daha \u00e7ok evrim ge\u00e7irmi\u015f bulunan bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f k\u00f6leci ili\u015fkilerin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde halklar, k\u00f6leli\u011fe ko\u015fut olarak cisimle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar; toplumsal geli\u015fmenin k\u00f6leci evreyi “atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131” yerlerde feodal ili\u015fkiler sistemi ile birlikte olu\u015ftular. Daha ileri feodalite \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Avrupa ve Asya’n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok [sayfa 239] \u00fclkelerinde \u015fu ya da bu bi\u00e7imde sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
Kapitalist ili\u015fkilerde ilerleme, varolan halklardan ba\u015flayarak, uluslar\u0131n billurla\u015fmas\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furdu. Bu, iktisad\u00ee birli\u011fin (communaut\u00e9) ve devletlerin siyasal merkezile\u015fmesinin sonucuydu. \u00dclkenin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131nda iktisad\u00ee ba\u011flar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi, dillerin ve ulusal uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar\u0131 yarat\u0131yordu.
Uluslar, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ilerlemesinden do\u011fdular. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bu bi\u00e7imde kurulmu\u015f olan ulusal ba\u011flar, burjuva bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yordu. N\u00fcfusun b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131f ve tabakalar\u0131, ulustan say\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ama iktisad\u00ee ve siyasal bak\u0131mdan burjuvazi egemen s\u0131n\u0131f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, olu\u015fum halindeki uluslar da burjuva bir nitelik al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu g\u00f6zlem, ideoloji i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

BURJUVAZ\u0130N\u0130N VE PROLETARYANIN OLU\u015eMASI
Soylular ve rahipler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan (Fransa’da) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tabakan\u0131n {tiers etat) genel y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131ndan kendisini s\u0131y\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan burjuvazinin sa\u011flamla\u015fmas\u0131, uluslar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma s\u00fcrecine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, \u015fu anlama geliyordu ki, yeni bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f do\u011fuyordu ve ona ko\u015fut olarak onun uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan bir s\u0131n\u0131f, proletarya, geli\u015fiyordu. Proletaryan\u0131n evrimi bir\u00e7ok a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7ti, ve ancak evrim yolunda ilerlemi\u015f bir kapitalist toplumun ba\u011fr\u0131nda, mekanik \u00fcretimin geli\u015fmesi d\u00f6neminde, b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. “Kendi kendine” s\u0131n\u0131f olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak “kendisi i\u00e7in” s\u0131n\u0131f, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n bilincine varm\u0131\u015f ve o \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m vererek savunmaya haz\u0131r olan bir s\u0131n\u0131fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

MUTLAK\u0130YET\u00c7\u0130 FEODAL MONAR\u015e\u0130
Kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin ilerlemesi, feodal soylular\u0131, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f egemenliklerine yeni bir bi\u00e7im vermek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. [sayfa 240] Bu bi\u00e7imin mutlakiyet\u00e7i feodal monar\u015fi olmas\u0131 gerekliydi.
Feodal seny\u00f6rler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, \u00fcretimdeki ilerlemeyi kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanmaya bak\u0131yordu. Kendisini tehdit eden kapitalizm tehlikesinden habersiz olan seny\u00f6rler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta burjuvaziyi destekledi. \u0130ktisad\u00ee evrim, belli bir noktaya dek soylularla burjuvazi aras\u0131nda, soylular\u0131n, egemen durumlar\u0131n\u0131 koruduklar\u0131 bir ittifak\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bir feodal seny\u00f6r ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa olsun, tek ba\u015f\u0131na, kendi yurtlu\u011funa kom\u015fu topraklar \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f olan kapitalist i\u015fletmeleri, kendi iradesine boyune\u011fdiremiyor ve kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na kullanam\u0131yordu. Her yana dalbudak salm\u0131\u015f y\u00f6netim ayg\u0131t\u0131 ile, yaln\u0131z feodal devlet, bu i\u015fin \u00fcstesinden gelebilecek g\u00fc\u00e7teydi. Kapitalist i\u015fletmelerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergilerle, iktidardaki s\u0131n\u0131f, \u015fu ya da bu \u015fekilde, ticaret ve sanayiden \u00e7\u0131karlar sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Zaten bir y\u00f6netim ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyu ayakta tutma harcamalar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artan mebla\u011flar\u0131 gerektiriyordu. O denli ki, feodal soylular, vergilerin ve devletin ba\u015fka gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u00e7ok ilgiliydiler. Feodal rant, genelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve merkeze ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bir rant g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ald\u0131.
B\u00f6ylece, feodal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n iktisad\u00ee gereksinmeleri, b\u00fcrokratik ayg\u0131t\u0131 daha da fazla merkezile\u015fmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu son olgu, s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin derinle\u015fip keskinle\u015fmesinden ileri geliyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc burjuvazinin iktisad\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve kentli yoksul n\u00fcfusun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Feodal monar\u015finin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kayg\u0131s\u0131, emek\u00e7ilerin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mekti ve \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere’de, topraklar\u0131ndan kovulan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 zalimce bast\u0131r\u0131yordu. Rusya’da, soylular, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Emelyan Puga\u00e7ev’in y\u00f6netti\u011fi k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle bast\u0131rd\u0131lar. [sayfa 241]<\/p>\n

3. YEN\u0130 \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130K OLAYLAR<\/p>\n

R\u00d6NESANSIN K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130S\u0130
14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u0130talyan kentlerinde kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesi, ideoloji alan\u0131na yans\u0131d\u0131, R\u00f6nesans\u0131 do\u011furdu. Yeniden-do\u011fu\u015f anlam\u0131na gelen R\u00f6nesans terimi, eski uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dirildi\u011fine inanan ilk burjuva ideologlar\u0131n\u0131n bulu\u015fudur.
Olu\u015fum halindeki kapitalist \u00fcretim, do\u011fan\u0131n incelenmesi \u00fczerine ilgiyi kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yordu, ve b\u00f6ylelikle 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran bilimlerin ve tekniklerin bir ok h\u0131z\u0131 ile ilerlemesine yard\u0131m ediyordu.
16. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131llar, bilimler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. Dinin dogmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, deneyimlere dayanarak do\u011fan\u0131n incelenmesine ba\u015fland\u0131. Do\u011fa yasalar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bilimsel bulu\u015flar, eski feodal ve dinsel anlay\u0131\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen amans\u0131z bir sava\u015f\u0131m pahas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klanabildiler. Yeni bir d\u00fcnya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, manev\u00ee ve ruhsal ya\u015fam\u0131n her alan\u0131na, bilim, edebiyat ve sanatlara bi\u00e7im veriyordu. Bu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ideolojik devrim oldu.
R\u00f6nesans\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devleri vard\u0131: ressam, matematik\u00e7i ve m\u00fchendis Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), kimsenin eri\u015femedi\u011fi ressam ve heykelci Michel-Angelo Buonarotti (1475-1564). O \u00e7a\u011fdaki d\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6teki ustalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ressam Raphael Santi’yi (1483-1520), ressam Ti-tien’i (1477-1576), ozan Ludovico Ariosto’yu (1474-1533) ve yazar Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais’yi (1494-1553) anmak yerinde olur.
R\u00f6nesans\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcleri, kendi ideolojik ak\u0131mlar\u0131na, h\u00fcmanizm ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler; bununla yeni uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n laik niteli\u011fini ve bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n feodalite ve din engellerinden kurtulu\u015funu belirtmek istiyorlard\u0131. H\u00fcmanistler, bir insan olarak ki\u015finin de\u011feri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle duruyorlar.
Ama y\u00fckselmekte olan kapitalizmin bu ideologlar\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 [sayfa 242] dereceye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen bir bireycili\u011fi, her ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun ki\u015fisel ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fma iste\u011fini \u00f6vmekteydiler. Ba\u015fka bir de\u011fi\u015fle onlar, burjuva t\u00fcredisinin t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131.
Bu bak\u0131mdan, \u0130talyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Niccolo Machiavel’in (1469-1527) siyasal anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131, \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 oldu Machiavel, prens kitab\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle \u015funu \u00f6\u011fretiyordu: ki\u015fisel ama\u00e7lara ya da kast\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7areler, zor, hile, kalle\u015flik, s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc tutmama, yalan, ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fck hepsi mubaht\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7indir ki, R\u00f6nesans\u0131n burjuva h\u00fcmanizmi, proletaryan\u0131n, tarihin en devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcndeki ger\u00e7ek h\u00fcmanizmden temelden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

REFORM
Katolikli\u011fe, feodal toplumun ideolojik temeline kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m verirken, burjuvazi, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak dinden vazge\u00e7emezdi. Onun i\u00e7in, ama\u00e7 olarak dini ve kiliseyi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 de\u011fil, bunlar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeyi, yan\u0131 katolikli\u011fi yeni bir dinle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6ylece, gen\u00e7 burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ilaha iyi yans\u0131tan protestanl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca katolik kilisesi taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlan\u0131p kotar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dogmalar ve ayin y\u00f6ntemleri, aldatmaca ve iman edenlerin bilisizli\u011fi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu. Dogmalar ve ayin y\u00f6ntemleri, emek\u00e7ilerin ku\u015fkulan\u0131lmayan din duygular\u0131na dayan\u0131yor, egemen feodal seny\u00f6rler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131na, yani halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi ama\u00e7lar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yan\u0131t veriyordu.
Ticaret i\u00e7in \u00fcretimin oldu\u011fu gibi, kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin ilerlemesi, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ki\u015fisel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131ktan kurtulmalar\u0131, kentlerde n\u00fcfusun artmas\u0131na ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckselmesine neden oluyordu. Bunun i\u00e7indir ki, yeni tarihsel ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde, geni\u015flemekte olan burjuvazi, kendisini, daha ince [sayfa 243] dogmalar yaratmak, halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 uyutmak i\u00e7in katolik kilisesinin kulland\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha elveri\u015fli y\u00f6ntemler ve kendi egemenli\u011fini g\u00fcvenlik alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in daha ge\u00e7erli \u00e7areler bulup haz\u0131rlamak zorunda g\u00f6rd\u00fc.
Dinin ve kilisenin reformcular\u0131, feodal katolikli\u011fin bir\u00e7ok dogmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ayin y\u00f6ntemlerini kald\u0131r\u0131p at\u0131yorlar ve dinin bir i\u00e7ekapan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan yeni dogmalar benimsiyorlard\u0131. Kilisenin g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr kurumlar\u0131, son derece basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Hatta dinsel \u015fatafattan vazge\u00e7ilmesi ve m\u00fctevaz\u0131 bir kilise yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 isteniyordu.
Protestanlar, kutsal kitaplar\u0131, ger\u00e7e\u011fin tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n biricik kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul ediyorlar, papan\u0131n yan\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

ALMANYA’DA REFORM 1524-1525 B\u00dcY\u00dcK K\u00d6YL\u00dc SAVA\u015eI
Almanya, reformun yurdu oldu. 1524-1525 reform hareketi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131, burjuvazinin feodaliteye kar\u015f\u0131 ilk \u00f6nemli kavgas\u0131 ve ilk reform hareketi oldu.
15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Almanya’da, kapitalist ili\u015fkiler, sanayiin \u00e7e\u015fitli dallar\u0131nda kendilerini g\u00f6steriyordu. Ama, baz\u0131 kentlerin ve baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin ekonomisindeki h\u0131zlanma, di\u011fer kent ve \u00fclkelerdeki durgunluk ve geri kalma ile birlikte gidiyordu. Bu, feodal ufalanman\u0131n ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin sonucu olmu\u015ftu. K\u0131rda gericili\u011fin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin feodal seny\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmas\u0131, kapitalist ili\u015fkileri engelleyen \u00f6\u011felerden biri oldu.
Bu son durum, k\u0131rda s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetlenmeye do\u011fru g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, G\u00fcney-Bat\u0131 Almanya’da, devrimci k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin “ayakkab\u0131” ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan gizli \u00f6rg\u00fctleri kurulmu\u015ftu. \u00d6rg\u00fctlerin \u00fcyeleri, kiliseye ve manast\u0131rlara ait topraklara elkonmas\u0131n\u0131, feodal angaryalar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 vb. istiyorlard\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u00fclkenin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin [sayfa 244] durdurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve merkezile\u015fmi\u015f bir devlet kurulmas\u0131 isteminde bulunuyorlard\u0131. Kentli y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar da, onlar\u0131 destekledi. B\u00f6ylece yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve kentlilerden bile\u015fmi\u015f bir devrimciler \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn temelleri yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.
Radikal burjuvalar da bu gizli derneklerin eylemine kat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck soylular\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (\u015f\u00f6valyeler) b\u00fcy\u00fck feodal seny\u00f6rlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve Almanya’n\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar halinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden ho\u015fnut de\u011fillerdi.
B\u00fct\u00fcn bu muhalefet gruplar\u0131, ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ve genel olarak katolik kilisesine kar\u015f\u0131, h\u0131n\u00e7 ve tiksinti ile, birbirlerine kenetlenmi\u015flerdi. Katolik kilisesi, Almanya’da bir b\u00fcy\u00fck feodal toprak sahibiydi; ayn\u0131 zamanda kendileri de birer feodal seny\u00f6r olan ve “g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n cezas\u0131”n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayan papal\u0131k ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ve iyili\u011finin sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, kilise prenslerinin arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fck mebla\u011flar, papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n hazinelerine ak\u0131yordu.
Reform hareketi, bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketi niteli\u011fi ald\u0131. Hareket, 31 Ekim 1517’de, kilisenin g\u00fcnah ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, Luther’in 95 tezinin kamuya bildirilmesi ile ba\u015flad\u0131.
Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca varl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerine seslenen Luther, onlar\u0131, katolik rahiplerinin Almanya’daki etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 enerjik bir sava\u015f\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131, Luther’in dinsel form\u00fcllerinde, kendi toplumsal istemlerini buluyorlard\u0131. Onlar i\u00e7in reform, en ba\u015fta toplumsal kurtulu\u015f anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Ate\u015fli devrimci Thomas Munzer, halk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, reform anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yorumcusu, k\u00f6yl\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve plebyenler kamp\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck simas\u0131 oldu.
Reform yay\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Luther’in \u00e7evresinde grupla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan muhalefetin birle\u015fik kamp\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Luther’in kendisi de, Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n devrimci tabakalar\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilerini kopard\u0131. Thomas Munzer, halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131lavuzu oldu. Onun i\u00e7in iman, akl\u0131n uyand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 [sayfa 245] olmaktan ba\u015fka bir anlama gelmiyordu. Munzer, ayaklanm\u0131\u015f bir halk\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumsal devrim fikrini kafas\u0131nda kurup geli\u015ftiriyordu. Gelece\u011fin toplumsal d\u00fczeninde, ne s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, ne toplumun \u00fcyelerine yabanc\u0131 bir \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, ne de bir devlet g\u00fcc\u00fc olacakt\u0131. Bunlar, kom\u00fcnizm fikirlerinin sa\u011flam habercileriydi. \u015euras\u0131 kendili\u011finden bellidir ki, Munzer’in kendisi i\u00e7in bile olduk\u00e7a bulan\u0131k olan bu ideal, geni\u015f halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lamazd\u0131.
Devrimci hareket geni\u015fledi ve 1524’te a\u00e7\u0131k bir sava\u015f\u0131ma, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leri halka kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015ftiler. En sonunda, feodal prens ve seny\u00f6rler, atl\u0131 kuvvetlerin ve top\u00e7ular\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla k\u00f6yl\u00fc birliklerini ezdiler (May\u0131s 1525).
K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin yenilgisi, geni\u015f bir toplumsal hareket olarak reformun da yenilgisi oldu. Almanya’daki burjuva devrimi giri\u015fimi, kapitalist \u00fcretime ge\u00e7i\u015fte daha ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 atmakta olan burjuvazinin karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, korkakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve iktisad\u00ee zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131.
Ama k\u00f6yl\u00fc reformunun ve sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli yank\u0131lar\u0131 oldu. Feodal d\u00fczene, b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde bir darbe indirildi.
Reform fikirleri, burjuva bi\u00e7iminde, geli\u015fmeye devam ediyordu.<\/p>\n

PROTESTANLI\u011eIN YAYILMASI
Protestanl\u0131k ruhu, klasik \u00e7izgileriyle, Cenevreli Jean Calvin’in \u00f6\u011fretisiyle somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Calvin, her insan\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, daha d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlendi\u011fi (al\u0131nyaz\u0131s\u0131 dogmas\u0131) ve herkesin, mesle\u011findeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla Tanr\u0131n\u0131n sevgili kulu oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayabilece\u011fini ifade ediyordu. Calvin, tacirlerin ve i\u015fadamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revlerinin elbette ki, olabildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zenginliklerini art\u0131rmak oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Tanr\u0131n\u0131n bile ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n [sayfa 246] y\u00f6netimini onlara emanet etti\u011fini vaazediyordu. B\u00f6ylelikle \u00fccretli el eme\u011finin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, kalvenistlerde, onlardan sonra da \u00f6teki protestanlarda “sofuca bir hareket” oldu.
Protestan dini, kapitalizmin h\u0131zla geli\u015fmekte oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde yay\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

4. HOLLANDA’DA 16. Y\u00dcZYILDA BURJUVA DEVR\u0130M\u0130<\/p>\n

DEVR\u0130M\u0130N ZORUNLULU\u011eU
\u0130lerlemekte olan \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler, \u00e7\u00f6kmekte olan feodalitenin \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile gittik\u00e7e daha keskinle\u015fen \u00e7eli\u015fkili bir hale girdiler. Ama kapitalist ili\u015fkiler, feodalitenin siyasal kurumlar\u0131, en ba\u015fta feodal devlet \u015fafd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmeksizin, kendilerini kesin olarak kabul ettiremezlerdi; bu safd\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme i\u015fi ise, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir evrimde yap\u0131lamazd\u0131. Onun i\u00e7in, feodal siyasal rejimin devrim yoluyla ortadan kalkmas\u0131, toplumsal geli\u015fmenin bir zorunlulu\u011fu idi.
Almanya’da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131, burjuva devriminin talihsiz bir ilk giri\u015fimi idiyse, ikinci giri\u015fim, Hollanda’daki \u0130spanyol egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir ulusal kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 halini alan 1566-1609 burjuva devrimi oldu.<\/p>\n

Y\u00dcZYILIN BA\u015eINDA HOLLANDA
Onyedi Hollanda eyaleti, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bel\u00e7ika topraklar\u0131n\u0131, Fransa, Luksemburg ve Almanya’n\u0131n kuzey k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131m i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde Hollanda, iktisaden geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fclkeydi. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la ge\u00e7erken bu eyaletlerin ekonomisi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131; bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, eyaletlerin h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesinin nedeni oldular ve toplumsal ili\u015fkilere ve \u00fclkenin siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131na damgalar\u0131n\u0131 vurdular.
\u0130\u015fte bu d\u00f6nemde, feodal ili\u015fkilerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda sermayenin ilkel birikimi s\u00fcreci, Hollanda’n\u0131n [sayfa 247] siyasal ve iktisad\u00ee geli\u015fmesini daha kesin bir bi\u00e7ime etkilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

LONCALARIN GER\u0130LEMES\u0130 VE KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM\u0130N GEL\u0130\u015eMES\u0130
Lonca \u00fcretimi, gittik\u00e7e \u00f6nemini yitiriyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, loncaya ba\u011fl\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck kuma\u015f sanayii merkezlerinden biri olan Ypres’de, 1517’den 1545’e kadar i\u015fler durumda olan dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, 600’den l00’e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ya da merkezile\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist man\u00fcfakt\u00fcrler, daha \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar, yeni \u00fcretim dallar\u0131nda ve en ba\u015fta b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi merkezlerinde birdenbire ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131verdiler. Valencienne’de, Mons’ta, Handschoote’da merkezile\u015fmi\u015f dokuma man\u00fcfakt\u00fcrleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sabun ve \u015feker sanayileri, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta dokumac\u0131l\u0131k loncalar\u0131yla birarada ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 Anvers’de kuruldu. Namur ile Liege eyaletlerinde, maden sanayii ve madencilik geli\u015fiyordu. Hollanda’n\u0131n kuzey eyaletlerinde, gemi yap\u0131m\u0131nda, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta, tereya\u011f\u0131, bira vb. imal\u00e2t\u0131nda, kapitalist ili\u015fkiler egemen olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
\u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret, \u00e7ok geni\u015fledi. \u00dclkede, ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezleri g\u00fcneyde Anvers, kuzeyde Amsterdam olan kapitalist bir i\u00e7 pazar olu\u015fuyordu. Bu kentlerden Anvers, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret ve kredi merkezi haline geldi.
Ama kapitalist ili\u015fkiler, e\u015fit olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fiyordu. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kuzey eyaletlerinde, Hollanda ve Zelanda’da yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bir\u00e7ok g\u00fcney eyaletlerinde feodal ili\u015fkiler varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131.
Kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015fmesi, uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131t s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n, burjuvazi ve proletaryan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte gidiyordu. M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar, proleterlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

FEODAL SOYLULUK VE ULUSAL BOYUNDURUK
\u00dclkenin siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n kilit noktalar\u0131m ellerinde bulunduran [sayfa 248] feodal soyluluk, kapitalizmin ilerlemesini ve burjuvazinin ileriye do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engelliyorlard\u0131. Soylular\u0131n g\u00fcney eyaletlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkileri vard\u0131. Hollanda burjuvazisi, siyasal bak\u0131mdan k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti ve kendi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n adamak\u0131ll\u0131 bilincinde de\u011fildi. Dinsel fikirler (kalvenizm), burjuvazinin siyasal anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 dile getiriyordu.
Feodal soyluluk, yabanc\u0131 istil\u00e2c\u0131larla, \u0130spanya prensleriyle ittifak\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya bak\u0131yordu. \u0130spanyol mutlak\u0131yetinin boyunduru\u011fu, \u00f6zellikle 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, 1556’dan, yani \u0130mparator Charles V’in (\u015earlken’in) o\u011flu Philjppe II’nin \u0130spanyol taht\u0131na geli\u015fi tarihinden sonra a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun par\u00e7alan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Hollanda, Philippe II’nin pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yeni kral\u0131n iktidar\u0131, asker\u00ee birliklere ve katolik kilisesine dayan\u0131yordu.
B\u00fct\u00fcn halk, \u0130spanyol mutlakiyetine ve katolik kilisesine kin duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonunda, 1566’da, bu kin, geni\u015f bir halk hareketi olarak billurla\u015ft\u0131. Hollanda soylular\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de bu harekete kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

HOLLANDA CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130N\u0130N KURULU\u015eU HOLLANDA DEVR\u0130M\u0130N\u0130N ANLAMI
Burjuvazi, kuzey eyaletlerinde, daha ileri gitmi\u015f ve daha iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti. Bunun i\u00e7indir ki, burjuvazinin temsilcileri, 1579’da Utrech Birli\u011fi ad\u0131 verilen birli\u011fi kurduktan sonra zaferi elde ettiler. 1581’de kuzey eyaletlerinin La Haye’da toplanm\u0131\u015f olan delegeleri, Philippe II’nin tahttan indirildi\u011fini il\u00e2n ettiler. “Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k” ya da Hollanda, yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve kesin olarak 1609’da kurulu\u015funu tamamlayan devlet, Avrupa’da ilk burjuva cumhuriyeti oldu.
\u0130lerici anlamlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Hollanda devrimi ve onu izleyen burjuva devrimleri, insan\u0131n insan taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131yordu. Ancak, feodal soylulu\u011fun egemenli\u011fi yerine, burjuvazinin egemenli\u011fini getiriyordu. [sayfa 249]
Hollanda devriminin zaferinin ger\u00e7ek yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ilk burjuva devrimiydi. Ama, Avrupa olaylar\u0131n\u0131n daha sonraki evrimi \u00fczerindeki etkisi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz burjuva devrimi, \u00f6zellikle 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Frans\u0131z devrimi, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla burjuva d\u00fczeni \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131lar. [sayfa 250]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

3.KISIM ,5 B\u00d6L\u00dcM FEODAL\u0130TEN\u0130N DA\u011eILIP PAR\u00c7ALANMA \u00c7A\u011eI (KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ST \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130N DO\u011eU\u015eU) FEODAL \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n bu karakteristik y\u00f6nleri, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son d\u00f6neminde de \u00f6nemlerini korudular. Ama kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin do\u011fu\u015fu, onlara \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getiriyordu. Her ne kadar kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6\u011feleri, \u0130talyan sitelerinde, daha 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131larsa da, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n son d\u00f6nemi, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[151],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4768","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ilkel-koleci-ve-feodal-toplum"},"yoast_head":"\n3.K\u0131s\u0131m , 5. 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B\u00f6l\u00fcm | Feodalitenin Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p Par\u00e7alanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ( Kapitalist \u0130li\u015fkilerin Do\u011fu\u015fu ) - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/11\/03\/3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"3.K\u0131s\u0131m , 5. B\u00f6l\u00fcm | Feodalitenin Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p Par\u00e7alanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ( Kapitalist \u0130li\u015fkilerin Do\u011fu\u015fu )","og_description":"3.KISIM ,5 B\u00d6L\u00dcM FEODAL\u0130TEN\u0130N DA\u011eILIP PAR\u00c7ALANMA \u00c7A\u011eI (KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ST \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130N DO\u011eU\u015eU) FEODAL \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n bu karakteristik y\u00f6nleri, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son d\u00f6neminde de \u00f6nemlerini korudular. Ama kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin do\u011fu\u015fu, onlara \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getiriyordu. Her ne kadar kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6\u011feleri, \u0130talyan sitelerinde, daha 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131larsa da, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n son d\u00f6nemi, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/11\/03\/3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2010-11-03T08:51:28+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/kapak.netkitap.com\/075bk\/I\/ilkel_koleci_feodal_toplum_37557.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"30 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/11\/03\/3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/11\/03\/3kisim-5-bolum-feodalitenin-dagilip-parcalanma-cagi-kapitalist-iliskilerin-dogusu\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"3.K\u0131s\u0131m , 5. 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