{"id":4812,"date":"2010-12-14T11:22:05","date_gmt":"2010-12-14T08:22:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2010\/12\/14\/ilk-bolsevik-utopya-olarak-kizil-yildiz-alexander-bogdanov\/"},"modified":"2010-12-14T11:22:05","modified_gmt":"2010-12-14T08:22:05","slug":"ilk-bolsevik-utopya-olarak-kizil-yildiz-alexander-bogdanov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/12\/14\/ilk-bolsevik-utopya-olarak-kizil-yildiz-alexander-bogdanov\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk bol\u015fevik \u00fctopya olarak ‘K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z’ | Alexander Bogdanov"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsano\u011flu hem gelece\u011fe dair toplumsal \u00f6zlemlerini hem de mevcut d\u00fczene y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerini \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00fctopik eserlerle ifade etmi\u015f. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yaz\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funa, 40-50 y\u0131ldan bu yana yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviriler sayesinde kavu\u015fmu\u015f durumda… Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en \u00fcnl\u00fcleriyse ku\u015fkusuz bu yaz\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olan Thomas More\u2019un \u00dctopya\u2019s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu edebiyat t\u00fcr\u00fc, esas olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in Do\u011fu\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri seferlerle karakter kazand\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Akdeniz\u2019in k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan insan ufku, Arabistan\u2019\u0131n, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ve Hindistan\u2019\u0131n mucizevi topraklar\u0131yla geni\u015flemi\u015fti. Yeni co\u011frafya, bilinmeyen d\u00fcnya nimetleri ve egzotik topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131, insan\u0131n fantazisini kanatland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle insanl\u0131k tarihinin en radikal \u00fctopyalar\u0131 da ilk kez antik\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131n Platon\u2019dan Jambulos\u2019a Antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00dctoplar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dilimize kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dctopya -olmayan yer- veya \u2018hayali-muhayyel\u2019 ilk ba\u015flarda Do\u011fu\u2019nun harika co\u011frafyas\u0131nde ye\u015ferdi. Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u2018alt\u0131n\u2019 insanlar\u0131ysa yeni bir ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. Nitekim More\u2019un esin kayna\u011f\u0131 da bu co\u011frafyayd\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonraysa \u00fctopya, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresine, uzaya ve gezegenlere kayd\u0131. Bilim ve tekni\u011fin geli\u015fimi, bunun insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanaklar, \u00fctopyalar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde de bir de\u011fi\u015fime neden oldu. Art\u0131k \u00fctopyalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bilim kurgu romanlar\u0131 da yaz\u0131l\u0131r oldu.<\/p>\n

Bogdanov\u2019un K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u2019\u0131, kom\u015fu gezegenimiz Mars\u2019\u0131 konu ediniyor. Mars antik\u00e7a\u011f mitolojisinde sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ama Bogdanov\u2019un Mars\u2019\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z hem bir bilim kurgu roman\u0131 olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir hem de toplumsal proje sunan bir \u00fctopyad\u0131r.
Antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00fctopyalar\u0131 gibi R\u00f6nesans \u00fctopyalar\u0131 da kom\u00fcnist bir d\u00fczen \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcrler. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00fctopyalar\u0131 ise ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve \u2018dis\u00fctopya\u2019 denen karamsar bir \u00fctopya t\u00fcr\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bilimsel geli\u015fme her iki t\u00fcr\u00fc de etkisi alt\u0131na al\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece bilim kurgunun da altyap\u0131s\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olur.
K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z, Bogdanov\u2019un siyasi manifestosu gibidir. Kitap, teknokrasiye hem bir \u00f6vg\u00fcd\u00fcr hem de yergi. Bogdanov\u2019un bilim ve tekni\u011fe yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 diyalektiktir. Bilimin insanl\u0131k tarihine sundu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131ya olumlu yakla\u015f\u0131r ancak onun kifayetsiz y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan i\u011fdi\u015f edilmesini de tiksintiyle kar\u015f\u0131lar. Eser, baz\u0131 romanlardan al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz an\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnde kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Bir ak\u0131l hastanesinde denetim alt\u0131nda tutulan Leonid\u2019in kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu an\u0131lar, hayalle ger\u00e7ek aras\u0131nda gidip gelmektedir. Olaylar Rusya\u2019da, devrimci sava\u015f\u0131n i\u00e7indeki aktif bir militan\u0131n \u2018ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla\u2019 ba\u015flar. Marsl\u0131lar Leonid\u2019i, Rus devrimcileri aras\u0131ndan \u00f6zel olarak se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 Leonid arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n devrimci d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde h\u0131zland\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fckemmel uyumu arayan \u00fctopya<\/strong>
Kitab\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve dile getirdi\u011fi bir dizi bilimsel bulu\u015fun bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kitapla bir bilim kurgu roman\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak kitaptaki bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ona bir bilim kurgu roman\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi de vermektedir. Asl\u0131nda kitab\u0131n bilimsel i\u00e7eri\u011fi toplumsal mesaj\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kitap, Francis Bacon\u2019un Yeni Atlantis\u2019teki gelene\u011fini devam ettirir.
Bogdanov\u2019un amac\u0131 insan-insan, insan-do\u011fa, insan-bilim ili\u015fkisini \u2018m\u00fckemmel\u2019de birle\u015ftirmektir. Bogdanov\u2019a g\u00f6re ancak kendisiyle bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olan insan, do\u011fayla ve bilimle bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olabilir. Kendi i\u00e7inde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f insan do\u011fayla da \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fayacakt\u0131r. Rasyonalizm insanl\u0131k tarihinin yol g\u00f6stericisi olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mant\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insan eninde sonunda -e\u011fer yok olmak istemiyorsa- sosyalizme varacakt\u0131r. Ancak bunun ac\u0131s\u0131z, kavgas\u0131z ve kans\u0131z ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi herekesin yarar\u0131nad\u0131r. Mars ise bu konuda insano\u011fluna iyi bir \u00f6rnektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar e\u015fitlik\u00e7i topluma, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan ve sava\u015fmadan ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
Bogdanov\u2019un en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, onun Sovyetler\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u2018proletk\u00fclt\u2019\u00fcn temsilcilerinden biri olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re fabrikalarda \u00fcretim ekseninde kusursuz \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, hayat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn alan\u0131n\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyebilir. Hatta Bogdanov\u2019un amac\u0131 hayat\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini sa\u011flayan bilimsel bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirmektir. Bunun i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapar, makaleler yazar. Nesneler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve insanlar aras\u0131ndaki uyumlu birliktelik, insan eme\u011finin ve do\u011fal zenginliklerin heba olmas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r. Mars bunun billurla\u015fm\u0131\u015f halidir.<\/p>\n

Her alanda basitlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong>
\u2018Eksi-madde\u2019 sayesinde yer\u00e7ekim kuvvetini a\u015fabilen Marsl\u0131lar, milyonlarca kilometrelik mesafeleri k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde katedebiliyor. \u00dcretim ve t\u00fcketim m\u00fckemmel bir \u015fekilde planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her \u015fey otomasyona ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan sadece makineleri idare etmektedir. Atom enerjisi hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, bug\u00fcn g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen bilgisayar \u00e7oktan kullan\u0131mdad\u0131r; her \u015fey bilgisayarlarla planlamakta, monit\u00f6rlerle idare edilmektedir. D\u00fcnyay\u0131 aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131za getiren ileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn gezegeni sarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bogdanov, internetin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc hem de \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc sa\u011flayan\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.
\u0130nsanlar \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc, planl\u0131 ve verimlidir. Fabrikalar p\u0131r\u0131l p\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131r ve kocaman makineler, sihirli bir el taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmektedir. Mars\u2019ta i\u015f\u00e7iler g\u00fcnde iki saatten fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. \u00dcretimin ve t\u00fcketimin her dakikas\u0131 planl\u0131d\u0131r. Her an hangi alanda daha fazla eme\u011fe ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fu veya hangi \u00fcr\u00fcnden ne kadar daha fazla \u00fcretilmesi gerekti\u011fi an be an ekrana yans\u0131r. Mars\u2019ta \u2018herkesin yetene\u011fine ve herkesin ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re\u2019 esas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmektedir.
Basitlik Mars\u2019ta hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar. \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme ve sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme y\u00f6ntemleri basittir; \u2018az laf \u00e7ok i\u015f\u2019 esas\u0131 Mars\u2019taki toplant\u0131lar\u0131n kural\u0131d\u0131r. Sanatlar\u0131 basittir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc estetizm uyum kavram\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015ftir. Dilleri basittir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan ili\u015fkileri basittir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Mars\u2019ta kimse te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmez, selamla\u015fma ve veda etmek de yoktur.
\u00d6r\u00fcmcek a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n maddesine benzer bir salg\u0131dan yap\u0131lan giysiler sadedir, sa\u011flamd\u0131r, cinsiyeti belli etmecek kadar rahat ve basittir. Karma\u015f\u0131k olan hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin Marst\u2019ta yeri yoktur. Basitlik uyumu, esteti\u011fi ve verimlili\u011fi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r bu nedenle de mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Mant\u0131kl\u0131 olan her \u015feyin sonu basitli\u011fe var\u0131r. Bu nedenle de Mars\u2019ta sosyalist devrim kans\u0131z, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z ve sava\u015fs\u0131z ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.
Bogdanov kitapta s\u0131k s\u0131k \u015fan, \u015f\u00f6hret, yetenek, dayan\u0131\u015fma, dostluk \u00fczerine felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaktad\u0131r.
\u00c7ocuklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u2018K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u2019 adeta bir cennettir. K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u2019daki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131, \u00fcretim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mek\u00e2nlar\u0131; t\u00fcketim ve \u00fcretim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, do\u011fa ve \u00e7evreyle uyum gibi bir dizi uygulamalar hangimizin \u00f6zlemi de\u011fildir ki? <\/p>\n

\u00dctopyalarda yeni d\u00f6nem<\/strong>
Bogdanov\u2019un K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u2019\u0131 toplumsal oldu\u011fu kadar bilimsel \u00f6zlemleri de dile getirir. As\u0131l ad\u0131 Aleksander Aleksandrovi\u00e7 Malinovski olan Bogdanov, Rus Sosyal Demokrat Partisi\u2019nin Bol\u015fevik kanad\u0131na mensuptur. Hatta parti i\u00e7indeki sol kanad\u0131n lideridir ve zaman zaman Lenin\u2019in rakibi olarak da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Rus sosyalistleri i\u00e7inde ilgin\u00e7 bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan Bogdanov, gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131na ra\u011fmen felsefi ve bilimsel etkinlikleriyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Lenin \u00fcnl\u00fc Materyalizm ve Ampriokritisizm ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eserini ayn\u0131 zamanda Bogdanov\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hekim olmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131k s\u0131k t\u0131bbi deneyler yapan Bogdanov, 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir kan transf\u00fczyonu deneyi s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

SADIK USTA<\/p>\n

KIZIL YILDIZ
Aleksandr Bogdanov
\u00c7eviren: Ay\u015fe Hac\u0131hasano\u011flu
Yordam Kitap<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Aleksandr Bogdanov ve Sosyalist Bilim Kurgu Roman\u0131 \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u201d <\/strong><\/div>\n

Ekim Devrimi \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131nda Rusya\u2019daki sanat \u00e7evrelerinde bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fand\u0131. Bunlardan birisi avantgard hareketin sol bir ak\u0131m olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yd\u0131. Devrimci harekete sempatiyle bakan avantgardist sanat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00c7arl\u0131k zaman\u0131nda yenilik\u00e7i sanat\u0131n ve sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fini savunurken Ekim devrimiyle birlikte bu \u00e7evreler ister istemez Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle bir ortakla\u015fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girdiler. Bol\u015fevikler\u2019in g\u00f6z\u00fcnde avantgardistler proleterya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve sanat\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda basamak ta\u015f\u0131 rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynayabilirlerdi. Bu do\u011frultuda madd\u00ee ve ba\u015fka bir \u00e7ok destek avantgardist sanat\u00e7\u0131lardan esirgenmedi. Avantgardistler de \u00fczerlerine ald\u0131klar\u0131 toplumsal sorumlulu\u011fun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde fark\u0131ndalard\u0131. Devrimin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde benimsedikleri \u00f6zerklik siyasetini Bol\u015fevikler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 da s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek istemelerine kar\u015f\u0131n sanat\u0131n politize edili\u015fi ve siyasetin sanatla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilmesi sonucu bu \u00f6zerklik s\u00f6ylemi yerini devrimci sanat ve siyasetin b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesine b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Proletkult hareketinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekenler solcu sanat \u00e7evrelerinde hem y\u00f6nlendirici konuma sahip olanlard\u0131 hem de devrimci siyas\u00ee faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctenlerdi. Bunlardan birisi Men\u015fevik k\u00f6kenli bilim adam\u0131, yazar, felsefeci siyaset adam\u0131 Aleksandr Bogdanov\u2019du. Lenin\u2019in Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm kitab\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neltti\u011fi Mach\u00e7\u0131 ve Avenarius\u00e7u idealist Bogdanov, devrimci Rusya\u2019n\u0131n belki de sanat ve edebiyat alan\u0131nda en s\u00fcr\u00fckleyici isimlerinden birisi oldu. Kendi v\u00fccudu \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kan aktarma deneyi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6len Bogdanov fizik, kimya, biyoloji ve insan fizyolojisi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yan\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fct teorisi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sorunu, biyokozmoloji ve biyopolitika gibi kendi devrinde reva\u00e7ta olan bir\u00e7ok dalda ad\u0131 duyulan bir ki\u015filikti. 1905 Devrimi\u2019nden sadece \u00fc\u00e7 sene sonra\u00a0 \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u201d adl\u0131 ilk bilim kurgu roman\u0131 bas\u0131lan Bogdanov kitab\u0131nda hem kendi sosyal ve do\u011fa bilimsel fikirlerini yans\u0131t\u0131yor, hem de kom\u00fcnist \u00fctopyay\u0131 Mars gezegeninde kurguluyordu. Avantgard i\u00e7in tipik olan \u00fctopya tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 Bogdanov\u2019un kom\u00fcnist Mars ve Marsl\u0131lar kurgusunda da belirginle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u201d, \u015fizofren bir ak\u0131l hastas\u0131 olan Leonid\u2019in sanki ger\u00e7ekte ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f gibi kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir derlemesi olarak kurgulanm\u0131\u015f. Kitab\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ve sonunda Leonid\u2019e bakan Doktor Verner, Leonid\u2019in a\u011f\u0131r hasta oldu\u011funu, birka\u00e7 kez hastaneden ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131yor bir meslekta\u015f\u0131na. Leonid, hik\u00e2yesine birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mutsuz oldu\u011fu Anna Nikolayevna\u2019yla ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Anna Nikolayevna\u2019y\u0131 devrim eti\u011fini benimsemi\u015f, militan bir m\u00fccadeleci olarak tasvir ediyor ve kendisini daha \u00e7ok bir nihilist ve ahlak kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u015feklinde betimliyor. Leonid, Menni ad\u0131nda tuhaf g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc birisinin Moskova\u2019ya gidip geldi\u011fini, \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinden parti merkezine bir tak\u0131m \u00f6nemli belgeler getirip g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlat\u0131yor. Leonid Menni\u2019yle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve Menni Leonidler\u2019i ziyarete geliyor. Ziyaretlerinin birinde Anna Nikolayevna, Menni ve Leonid devrimci m\u00fccadelede sosyalist eti\u011fin \u00f6nemi \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Anna Nikolayevna ve Leonid aras\u0131nda fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yor ve Menni Leonid\u2019i tutuyor. Bu olaydan sonra Anna Nikolayevna Leonid\u2019i terk ediyor. Leonid bir t\u00fcr bo\u015flu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Menni bir ba\u015fka ziyaretinde Leonid\u2019in fizik \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan haberdar oldu\u011funu ve onun iddia etti\u011finin tersine yer \u00e7ekimini iten bir maddenin var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve \u00e7antas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir s\u0131v\u0131 olan bir \u015fi\u015feyi havaya b\u0131rak\u0131yor. \u015ei\u015fe havada as\u0131l\u0131 kal\u0131yor. \u015ea\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gizleyemeyen Leonid\u2019e Menni bu maddenin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Mars\u2019ta yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma gezisine kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif ediyor. Leonid tabi hemen kabul ediyor. Menni\u2019nin evinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan uzay gemisiyle Mars yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kan Leonid birka\u00e7 ay s\u00fcrecek olan yolculuklar\u0131nda Sterni ve Netti gibi di\u011fer Marsl\u0131lar\u2019la tan\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yolculuk boyunca Netti\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Mars dilini \u00f6\u011frenen Leonid okudu\u011fu okul kitaplar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 zamanda Mars tarihini de \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Mars\u2019taki okul sistemini soran Leonid, Netti\u2019den okul \u00f6\u011frencilerinin hayat\u0131 kitaplardan \u00f6\u011frenmediklerini, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 deney, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 deneyimler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yetkin bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Mars\u2019a vard\u0131klar\u0131nda Menni Leonid\u2019i bir elbise fabrikas\u0131nda gezdiriyor. Leonid\u2019in ilk dikkatini \u00e7eken, fabrikada b\u00fcy\u00fck dijital panolarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 olan geride b\u0131rak\u0131lan ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan i\u015f saatleri oluyor. Menni fabrikadaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, herkesin istedi\u011fi kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ama toplumsal sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in kimsenin i\u015fi aksatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal \u00fcretim sisteminin kendisini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmesi i\u00e7in de bunun gerekli oldu\u011fu belirtiyor. Fabrika gezisinin ard\u0131ndan di\u011fer bir Marsl\u0131 olan Nella Leonid\u2019i \u00c7ocuklar \u015eehri\u2019nde gezdiriyor. \u00c7ocuklar \u015eehri olarak tabir edilen yerde binlerce \u00e7ocuk bir arada ya\u015f\u0131yor ve \u00f6\u011fretmenleri taraf\u0131ndan birlikte ya\u015fama, payla\u015fma ve \u00fcretme gibi hadiseleri \u00f6\u011freniyorlar. Ard\u0131ndan Enno, Leonid\u2019e bir sanat m\u00fczesini gezdiriyor. Gezinin hemen ba\u015f\u0131nda Leonid kom\u00fcnizmde sanat\u0131n asla m\u00fczelerde sergilenmeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Buna hak veren Enno, sanat\u0131n hayatla birle\u015ftirilmesinden \u00f6te m\u00fczelerin sanat\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve incelemek i\u00e7in i\u015flev g\u00f6ren okullar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u0130ki g\u00fcn sonra Netti\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastaneyi gezmek istiyor Leonid. Netti ve Leonid\u2019in hastane ziyaretlerinde bir odaya giriyor iki karakter. Netti bu odan\u0131n intihar etmek isteyenler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. Netti\u2019ye g\u00f6re devlet bask\u0131s\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Mars kom\u00fcnist toplumunda intihar etme hakk\u0131n\u0131n da bireysel bir hak olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131kla hastaneden ayr\u0131lan Leonid ilerleyen g\u00fcnlerde Mars ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n ar\u015fivlendi\u011fi k\u00fct\u00fcphaneye giderek Menni, \u015eterni ve Netti\u2019nin konu\u015fma tutanaklar\u0131n\u0131 okuyor. Konu\u015fmalarda \u015eterni Marsl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131 radyoaktif bir maddenin sadece d\u00fcnyada ve Ven\u00fcs gezegeninde bulundu\u011funu, ancak d\u00fcnyada bu maddeye ula\u015fman\u0131n daha kolay oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. D\u00fcnyal\u0131lar\u2018\u0131n Marsl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131 dost de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden dolay\u0131 t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n yok edilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunuyor. Netti ve Menni, \u015eterni\u2019nin sald\u0131rgan tavr\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar ve Ven\u00fcs\u2019te ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara devam edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Tutanaklar\u0131 okuduktan sonra Leonid \u00f6nce intihar etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ancak daha sonra \u015eterni\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istiyor. \u015eterni\u2019yi ofisinde ziyaret ederek elindeki bir silahla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ertesi g\u00fcn uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Leonid kendisini hastanedeki yata\u011f\u0131nda buluyor ve buraya nas\u0131l geldi\u011fini hat\u0131rlam\u0131yor. Doktor Verner\u2019in mektubunda aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Leonid birka\u00e7 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131da g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcnden a\u011f\u0131r yara alm\u0131\u015f halde hastaneye geri getiriliyor.<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u201dda \u00dctopya Olgusu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bogdanov\u2019un Mars\u2019taki kom\u00fcnist \u00fctopyas\u0131 Marx\u2019\u0131n kom\u00fcnist toplum tasavvurundan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde esinlenmi\u015f bir kurgu. Fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kendi ihtiya\u00e7 ve yetenekleri do\u011frultusunda kendi inisiyatifleri do\u011frultusunda ilgi duyduklar\u0131 alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, paran\u0131n bir de\u011fi\u015ftirme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve toplumsal \u00fcretimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin hesaplanmas\u0131 ve \u00fcretkenli\u011fin daimi olarak denetlenmesi gibi olgular Marx\u2019\u0131n kom\u00fcnizm teorisine i\u00e7kin \u00f6geler. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Rus devrimcileri taraf\u0131ndan sosyalist Rusya\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen okul ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminde intihar hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131, kom\u00fcnal mek\u00e2nlarda \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bir arada b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmesi gibi bir tak\u0131m avantgardist fikirlerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen senaryolar da mevcut. Kom\u00fcnist Mars\u2019\u0131 ziyaret eden Leonid bir yandan kapitalist toplumun kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6n yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor, di\u011fer yandan da kom\u00fcnist toplumun feodal-kapitalist d\u00fcnyaya bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirel bir yandan ele al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Lenin\u2019in Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm kitab\u0131nda ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neltti\u011fi Bogdanov nesnel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yads\u0131yarak ger\u00e7eklik kavram\u0131n\u0131n insan alg\u0131 ve duyumlar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z varolamayac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmekte ve K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u2019\u0131 da Leonid\u2019in g\u00f6z\u00fcnden kaleme alarak kom\u00fcnist ve kapitalist toplumlar aras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 duyumsal, deneyimsel ve bireyselci bir perspektiften i\u015flemektedir. 1905 Rus devrimci hareketinin ard\u0131ndan Bol\u015fevikler\u2019in tavr\u0131n\u0131 sertle\u015ftirdikleri ve Men\u015fevikler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 cephe ald\u0131klar\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu roman, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u015eterni\u2019nin kom\u00fcnist Mars toplumunu ya\u015fatmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyal\u0131lar\u0131 yok etme fikrini Lenin\u2019in silahl\u0131 gerilla tarz\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi savunmas\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirir gibidir. Lenin\u2019in \u201cNas\u0131l Ba\u015flamal\u0131?\u201d adl\u0131 1901 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131 bu m\u00fccadele s\u00f6ylemine iyi bir \u00f6rnek. 1<\/p>\n

Bogdanov ve Lenin aras\u0131ndaki polemiklerden birisini Gorkiy bize aktarmaktad\u0131r. Bogdanov, Lenin, Bazarov ve Luna\u00e7arskiy, Gorkiy\u2019i arada bir Capri Adas\u0131\/\u0130talya\u2019da ziyarete gelmektedir. Bogdanov, Lenin\u2019le satran\u00e7 oynamakta ve genelde Lenin\u2019i yenmektedir. Ancak aralar\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalardan birisinde Lenin, Bogdanov\u2019un roman\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmektedir: \u201cKapitalist h\u0131rs\u0131zlar\u0131n, emek\u00e7ilerin m\u00fclkiyetlerine nas\u0131l el koydu\u011funu, arazilerindeki yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, ormanlar\u0131 nas\u0131l kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve talan etti\u011fini konu alan bir roman yazsayd\u0131n\u0131z, \u00e7ok daha yararl\u0131 bir i\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131n\u0131z, senyor Machist!\u201d 2<\/p>\n

Mars kom\u00fcnizmine bilim-kurgusal bir yolculuk yapan Leonid\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve her iki d\u00fcnya aras\u0131nda Leonid \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma, gerek Leonid\u2019in bir ak\u0131l hastas\u0131 olu\u015fu, gerekse de d\u00f6nemin teknolojik olanaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan uzay meki\u011fi ve Mars\u2019ta ya\u015fam olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bir bilginin bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Marksist-Leninistlerin bu romana getirdikleri ele\u015ftirileri biraz daha yumu\u015fat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Roman\u0131n birka\u00e7 ba\u015fka boyutu daha var. Bogdanov bu romanda kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyolojik ve do\u011fabilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 da harmanlamaktad\u0131r. Kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni olan organizmalar aras\u0131 kan aktar\u0131m\u0131 Netti ve Leonid aras\u0131nda konu\u015fuluyor. \u0130nsan organizmas\u0131 ile di\u011fer canl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131 ve toplumun i\u015fleyi\u015f mekanizmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerlik de romanda dillendirilen \u00f6geler aras\u0131nda. Bogdanov, \u201cYa\u015famsall\u0131k i\u00e7in M\u00fccadele\u201d ad\u0131ndaki 1927 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u2019\u0131 kan aktar\u0131m\u0131 konusunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak bilimsel olarak tam olarak do\u011frulayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tezlerini okuyucuyla payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir platform olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyor. 3<\/p>\n

Organizasyon teorisinde sanat\u0131n kitleleri bir araya getirici rol\u00fcnden dem vuran Bogdanov 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda Proletarskaya Kultura dergisinde yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalede sanat\u0131n toplumsal i\u015flevlerini s\u0131ralamaktad\u0131r: \u201c1. Sanat, ya\u015fayan resimler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla […] sosyal deneyimleri derleyici toparlay\u0131c\u0131 bir unsur i\u00e7erir. 2. Proleterya, \u00f6rg\u00fct faaliyeti ve m\u00fccadele olgular\u0131na i\u00e7kin bir s\u0131n\u0131f sanat\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r. Emek kolektivizmi sanat\u0131n ruhunu i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Sanat d\u00fcnyay\u0131 alg\u0131lar ve bunu emek kolektivizmi perspektifinden yans\u0131t\u0131r.\u201d 4 Bogdanov\u2019a g\u00f6re alg\u0131lanan ve i\u015flenerek edebi d\u00fczlemde kurgulanan ger\u00e7eklikte \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kat\u0131lan \u015fahs\u0131n bireysel deneyim ve imgeler d\u00fcnyas\u0131 birincil dereceden \u00f6neme sahiptir. Roman\u0131 Leonid\u2019in kendi g\u00f6z\u00fcnden kaleme al\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Leonid\u2019in kom\u00fcnist Mars toplumuyla ilgili ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, izlenimleri ve deneyimlerine yer vermesi de Bogdanov\u2019un ampiryokritik\u00e7i yan\u0131ndan gelmektedir. Lenin\u2019den farkl\u0131 olarak Bogdanov nesnel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi g\u00f6recelile\u015ftirmekte ve politik realiteye Marksist-Leninistlerden farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lenin\u2019in ve di\u011fer Marksist-Leninistlerin Bogdanov\u2019un K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131\u2019na olan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel sorunlar\u0131n ve devrim meselelerinin \u00fctopik kurgulamalar ve bilimsel s\u00fcslemelerle bir araya getirildi\u011fi ve farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u015fablonlar\u0131n birbirine eklenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. 5 Engels 1880\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cSosyalizmin \u00dctopyadan Bilime Geli\u015fimi\u201d yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Fourier, Owen ve Saint-Simon gibi \u00fctopik sosyalistleri ele\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bilimsellikten uzak \u00fctopya yaz\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n fiili uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n imkans\u0131z oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6 Leninistler\u2019in avantgard sanat\u00e7\u0131lara ve Bogdanov\u2019a olan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bu tutuma yak\u0131nd\u0131r. \u00dctopya tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 ve bu do\u011frultuda sanatsal \u00e7aba ve \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00f6nemli ve hayatidir, ancak sanat\u0131n siyas\u00ee tavr\u0131n\u0131n da tutarl\u0131 ve ayaklar\u0131 yere basan bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sanat Cephesi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsano\u011flu hem gelece\u011fe dair toplumsal \u00f6zlemlerini hem de mevcut d\u00fczene y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerini \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00fctopik eserlerle ifade etmi\u015f. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yaz\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funa, 40-50 y\u0131ldan bu yana yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviriler sayesinde kavu\u015fmu\u015f durumda… Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en \u00fcnl\u00fcleriyse ku\u015fkusuz bu yaz\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olan Thomas More\u2019un \u00dctopya\u2019s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu edebiyat t\u00fcr\u00fc, esas olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in Do\u011fu\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-kitap-tanitim"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130lk bol\u015fevik \u00fctopya olarak 'K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z' | Alexander Bogdanov - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2010\/12\/14\/ilk-bolsevik-utopya-olarak-kizil-yildiz-alexander-bogdanov\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130lk bol\u015fevik \u00fctopya olarak 'K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z' | Alexander Bogdanov\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0130nsano\u011flu hem gelece\u011fe dair toplumsal \u00f6zlemlerini hem de mevcut d\u00fczene y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerini \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00fctopik eserlerle ifade etmi\u015f. 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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yaz\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funa, 40-50 y\u0131ldan bu yana yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviriler sayesinde kavu\u015fmu\u015f durumda… Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en \u00fcnl\u00fcleriyse ku\u015fkusuz bu yaz\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olan Thomas More\u2019un \u00dctopya\u2019s\u0131d\u0131r. 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