{"id":4841,"date":"2011-01-11T13:18:17","date_gmt":"2011-01-11T10:18:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/01\/11\/yaratiliscilarin-onbes-sacmaligina-onbes-yanit-john-rennie\/"},"modified":"2011-01-11T13:18:17","modified_gmt":"2011-01-11T10:18:17","slug":"yaratiliscilarin-onbes-sacmaligina-onbes-yanit-john-rennie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/01\/11\/yaratiliscilarin-onbes-sacmaligina-onbes-yanit-john-rennie\/","title":{"rendered":"Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fc\u0131lar\u0131n onbe\u015f sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011f\u0131na, onbe\u015f yan\u0131t | John Rennie"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"evrim-maymun\"1) Evrim yaln\u0131zca bir kuramd\u0131r; bilimsel bir yasa de\u011fildir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuram\u0131n, ”kesinlik hiyerar\u015fisi”nin ortalar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkokullarda \u00f6\u011fretilir; yani kuram varsay\u0131m\u0131n \u00fczerinde, yasan\u0131n alt\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Ancak bilim adamlar\u0131 bu terimi bu \u015fekilde kullanmazlar. ABD Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi’ne (NAS) g\u00f6re bilimsel bir kuram ”ger\u00e7ekleri, yasalar\u0131 ve test edilmi\u015f varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde birle\u015ftiren do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir durumunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131”d\u0131r. Yasa, do\u011faya ili\u015fkin tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 genellemelerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir bilim adam\u0131 evrim kuram\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etti\u011fi zaman -bu atomik kuram veya g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 da olabilir- do\u011frulu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda en ufak bir ku\u015fku duymaz.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irerek ilerleme anlama gelen evrim kuram\u0131na ek olarak, insanlar evrim ger\u00e7e\u011finden de s\u00f6z edebilirler. NAS’a g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ek ”do\u011fru olarak kabul edilen ve kendini tekrarlayan g\u00f6zlemlerdir”. Fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da di\u011fer kan\u0131tlar organizmalar\u0131n zaman i\u00e7inde evrimle\u015fti\u011fini kan\u0131tlar. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kimse g\u00f6zlemedi\u011fi halde, dolayl\u0131 kan\u0131tlar nettir, \u00e7apra\u015f\u0131k de\u011fildir ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bilimler dolayl\u0131 kan\u0131tlara dayan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, fizik\u00e7iler atomalt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 direkt olarak g\u00f6rmez, ancak bunlar\u0131n varoldu\u011funu iyonla\u015fma odas\u0131nda par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 izlerden anlar. K\u0131saca do\u011frudan izlenmemesi fizik\u00e7ilerin vard\u0131klar\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermez.<\/p>\n

2) Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim dairesel muhakemeye dayan\u0131r. Yani iyi uyum sa\u011flayan hayatta kal\u0131r ve hayatta kalanlar\u0131n iyi uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 farz edilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fma dilindeki a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, iyi uyum sa\u011flayan\u0131n hayatta kalabilmesi \u015feklindedir. Ancak teknik a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim, farkl\u0131 h\u0131zlarda \u00fcreme ve hayatta kalma kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Bu da \u015fu anlama gelir: T\u00fcrler az uyumlu, \u00e7ok uyumlu gibi uyumluluk derecelerine g\u00f6re tan\u0131mlanmaz; belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda geride ka\u00e7 tane yavru b\u0131rakabileceklerine g\u00f6re tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Tohum a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin kaynaklara sahip bir adaya h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcreyen bir \u00e7ift k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gagal\u0131 ispinoz ile yava\u015f \u00fcreyen bir \u00e7ift b\u00fcy\u00fck gagal\u0131 ispinoz b\u0131rak\u0131n. Birka\u00e7 nesil sonra h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcreyenler daha fazla besin kayna\u011f\u0131na sahip olabilirler. Di\u011fer taraftan b\u00fcy\u00fck gagal\u0131lar\u0131n tohumlar\u0131 daha iyi k\u0131rmalar\u0131 durumunda, avantaj yava\u015f \u00fcreyenlere ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

Galapagos Adalar\u0131’nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Princeton \u00dcniversitesi’nden Peter R.Grant , vah\u015fi do\u011fada buna benzer n\u00fcfus de\u011fi\u015fimine tan\u0131k oldu.<\/p>\n

Burada en \u00f6nemli olan, \u00e7evreye uyumun hayatta kalma kavram\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yani b\u00fcy\u00fck gagal\u0131lar, belirli ko\u015fullarda tohumlar\u0131 daha kolay k\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha iyi uyum sa\u011fl\u0131yorlar. Ancak bu \u00f6zelliklerinin hayatta kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

3) Evrim bilimsel de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011frulanamaz veya yalanlanamaz. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6zlenemeyen veya yeniden yarat\u0131lamayan olaylarla ilgilidir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu iddia evrimi iki ana par\u00e7aya b\u00f6len farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediyor. Bunlar makroevrim ve mikroevrim dir. Mikroevrim bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn zaman i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile ilgilidir. Macroevrim, t\u00fcr d\u00fczeyinin \u00fczerindeki taksonomik (s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma ilmi ile ilgili) gruplar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimini inceler. Bunun kan\u0131tlar\u0131 fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve DNA kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan elde edilir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu mikroevrimin laboratuvarlarda (meyve sinekleri, bitkiler ve h\u00fccreler \u00fczerindeki testler) ve do\u011fada (Grant’\u0131n Galapagos ispinozlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131) test edilebildi\u011fini kabul ediyor. Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ve di\u011fer mekanizmalar -kromozomal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, simbiyoz ve melezle\u015ftirme- zaman i\u00e7inde n\u00fcfusta \u00e7ok ciddi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

Makroevrim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi yap\u0131s\u0131, do\u011frudan g\u00f6zlem yerine fosil ve DNA \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Ancak tarihi bilimlerde (astronomi, jeoloji, arkeoloji ve evrim biyolojisi dahil) varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n fiziksel kan\u0131tlarla uyum i\u00e7inde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 test edilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, evrimsel a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re insan\u0131n ilk bilinen atalar\u0131 (kabaca 5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) ile anatomik olarak modern insan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (100.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce) aras\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikleri giderek maymundan modern insana benzeyen hominidler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 da bunu g\u00f6stermektedir. Kald\u0131 ki insanlar Jurassic d\u00f6neme (65 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) ait katmanlar\u0131n i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc modern insan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulamaz.<\/p>\n

Evrim ba\u015fka \u015fekillerde de \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilirdi. E\u011fer cans\u0131z bir maddeden bir anda olu\u015fmu\u015f, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir ya\u015fam \u015fekli belgelenseydi, fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunmu\u015f yarat\u0131klardan birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n da bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde e\u011fer uzaydan gelen insan\u00fcst\u00fc zekaya sahip yarat\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fam\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etseydi, evrimsel a\u00e7\u0131klamalara g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015febilirdi. Ancak \u015fu ana kadar b\u00f6yle bir kan\u0131t ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

4) Bilim adamlar\u0131 zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e evrim ger\u00e7e\u011finin do\u011frulu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphe etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n giderek taraftar yitirdi\u011fine ili\u015fkin herhangi bir kan\u0131t s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fil. \u015eu anda evrim kuram\u0131na g\u00f6nderme yapmam\u0131\u015f bir biyoloji dergisi bulamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Oysa evrimi karalayan bilimsel bir makale neredeyse hi\u00e7 yok. Washington \u00dcniversitesi’nden George W.Gilchrist binlerce bilimsel makaleyi tarayarak, ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131m veya yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f bilimine ili\u015fkin bir g\u00f6ndermeye yer verilip verilmedi\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta tek bir makaleye bile rastlamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tutucu ve dogmatik bir \u00e7evre oldu\u011funu iddia ederek, bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f bilimi ile ilgili kan\u0131tlar\u0131 ilk ba\u015ftan, \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 olarak reddetti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Oysa ”Nature” dergisinin ve di\u011fer bilim dergilerinin edit\u00f6rleri kendilerine g\u00f6nderilen makaleler aras\u0131nda evrimi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten \u00e7ok az say\u0131da makale oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Evrime kar\u015f\u0131 olan baz\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n makaleleri ciddi bilim dergilerinde yay\u0131mland\u0131. Ancak bu makaleler do\u011frudan evrime sald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini de net bir lisanla dile getirmiyordu. Bunlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en cesur ele\u015ftiri, evrim kuram\u0131na ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenemedi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmekti. K\u0131saca yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n onlar\u0131 ciddiye almas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli malzeme vermiyor.<\/p>\n

5) Evrim biyologlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, evrimin somut bilimsel temellere dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en belirgin g\u00f6stergesidir.
<\/strong>
Evrim biyologlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik konular\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda sert bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu konular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcrlerin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fu, evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin h\u0131z\u0131, ku\u015flar ve dinozorlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, Neandertal’lerin modern insanlardan farkl\u0131 bir t\u00fcr olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi konular gelir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n benzerleri di\u011fer bilim dallar\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fckten uzak bir tutum sergileyen yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bu tart\u0131\u015fma tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 abartarak, konuyu \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131yor. Harvard \u00dcniversitesi’nden Paleontolog Stephen Jay Gould ‘un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bilenler bu sayg\u0131n bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u00e7tenlikle savundu\u011funun bilincindedir. Oysa yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar Gould’un ciltler dolusu yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan desteksiz al\u0131nt\u0131lar yaparak yazar\u0131n ifadesini \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131yor. Bu gibi durumlarda yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmemek i\u00e7in, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olan makalenin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmekte israrc\u0131 olun. G\u00f6receksiniz ki makalenin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc bamba\u015fka bir telden \u00e7almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

6) E\u011fer insanlar maymunlardan gelmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, ni\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 ortal\u0131klarda maymunlar dola\u015f\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olan iddia, evrim konusundaki bilgisizli\u011fi t\u00fcm \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ortaya koyuyor. \u0130lk yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k \u015fu: Evrim insanlar\u0131n maymun soyundan geldi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemez; insan ve maymunlar\u0131n ortak bir ataya sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ise \u015fudur: Bu tart\u0131\u015fma ile \u015fu soru aras\u0131nda ko\u015futluk kurulabilir:”E\u011fer insanlar yeti\u015fkinlerin soyundan geldiyse, ni\u00e7in ortal\u0131klarda yeti\u015fkinler dola\u015f\u0131yor?” Bir k\u0131s\u0131m organizma, ailenin ana g\u00f6vdesinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p sonsuza dek aileden uzak ya\u015fayabilecek farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa eri\u015fince, yeni t\u00fcrler olu\u015fur. Ana g\u00f6vde bundan sonra ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 sonsuza dek s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir; ya da yok olabilir.<\/p>\n

7) Evrim ya\u015fam\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ilk kez nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ya\u015fam\u0131n nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusu bug\u00fcn hala gizemini koruyor. Ancak biyokimyac\u0131lar ilkel n\u00fckleik asidin, amino asitlerin ve ya\u015fam\u0131n di\u011fer yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve bunlar\u0131n kendini kopyalayan ve kendi kendine ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilen \u00fcniteler olarak nas\u0131l organize oldu\u011funu bilirler. Astrokimyasal analizler ise bu bile\u015fimlerin uzaydan gelmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini ve bunlar\u0131n g\u00f6kta\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyaya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu senaryo d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk olu\u015fum d\u00f6nemindeki ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, bu bile\u015fimlerin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar evrimi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in bilimin ya\u015fam\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin sorular\u0131 hala yan\u0131tlayamamas\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131yor. Ne var ki e\u011fer yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fam evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa dahi (uzayl\u0131lar ilk h\u00fccreleri milyarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyaya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olabilir) bu tarihten sonra evrim say\u0131s\u0131z mikroevrimsel ve makroevrimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla kan\u0131tlanabilir.<\/p>\n

8) Matematiksel olarak, b\u0131rak\u0131n ya\u015fayan bir h\u00fccrenin veya insan\u0131n rastlant\u0131sal olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131, protein gibi karma\u015f\u0131k bir nesnenin rastlant\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rastlant\u0131 evrimde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. (\u00d6rne\u011fin random mutasyonlar yeni \u00f6zelliklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar.) Ancak evrim, organizmalar\u0131n, proteinlerin veya di\u011fer olu\u015fumlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda rastlant\u0131ya yer vermez. Hatta tam tersi, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim random olmayan de\u011fi\u015fiklikten yararlanarak, ”arzulanan” \u00f6zellikleri korurken, ”arzulanmayan” \u00f6zellikleri yok eder. Se\u00e7ilimin kuvvetleri sabit kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim evrimi tek bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru iter ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7abuklukla son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f yap\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r.<\/p>\n

9) Termodinami\u011fin \u0130kinci Yasas\u0131’na g\u00f6re sistemlerin d\u00fczeni zamanla bozulur. Buna g\u00f6re canl\u0131 h\u00fccreler cans\u0131z kimyevi maddelerden olu\u015fmu\u015f olamaz ve \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli ya\u015fam protozoadan evrimle\u015fmi\u015f olamaz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu tart\u0131\u015fma \u0130kinci Yasa’n\u0131n do\u011fru anla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. E\u011fer bu tart\u0131\u015fma do\u011fruysa mineral kristalleri, kar taneleri de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamazd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar da karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci Yasa asl\u0131nda kapal\u0131 sistemlerde toplam entropilerin (enerji veya maddenin girmedi\u011fi veya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemler) azalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Fiziksel bir kavram olan entropi genellikle karma\u015fa \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlan\u0131r, ancak g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fma dilinde bu anlamda kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

Ancak hepsinden \u00f6nemlisi, \u0130kinci Yasa’ya g\u00f6re entropi, sistemin baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n azal\u0131rken, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bunu dengelemek ve telafi etmek i\u00e7in artmas\u0131na izin verir. B\u00f6ylece gezegenimiz b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131ya b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcr, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcne\u015f yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6nderir. Basit organizmalar, di\u011fer ya\u015fam \u015fekillerini ve cans\u0131z maddeleri t\u00fcketerek yak\u0131t sa\u011flar ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131ya ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

10) Mutasyonlar evrim kuram\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklidir, ancak mutasyonlar yaln\u0131zca varolan \u00f6zellikleri yok eder; yeni \u00f6zellikler yaratmaz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tam tersi, biyoloji ”nokta mutasyonlar” (organizman\u0131n DNA’s\u0131ndaki noktasal de\u011fi\u015fimler) yoluyla olu\u015fan pek \u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011fi ortaya d\u00f6ker. Antibiyotiklerin bakterilere kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131 buna bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca molek\u00fcler biyoloji, nokta mutasyonlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en genetik de\u011fi\u015fiklik mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Bu mekanizmalar yeni \u00f6zelliklerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni yollar a\u00e7ar. Genlerin i\u00e7indeki i\u015flevsel mod\u00fcller yepyeni bi\u00e7imlerde birbiriyle birle\u015fir. B\u00fct\u00fcn genler rastlant\u0131sal olarak organizman\u0131n DNA’s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde kopyalan\u0131r ve bu kopyalar yeni, karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6zellikler i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcrce harekete ge\u00e7er. De\u011fi\u015fik organizmalardan al\u0131nan DNA’lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, bir kan proteini t\u00fcr\u00fc olan globinlerin milyonlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k evrimini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer.<\/p>\n

11) Do\u011fal seleksiyon mikroevrimi a\u00e7\u0131klar, ancak yeni t\u00fcrlerin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczenlerini a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evrim biyologlar\u0131 do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin yeni t\u00fcrleri nas\u0131l yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 bilimsel yay\u0131nlarla kamuoyuna mal etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Harvard \u00dcniversitesi’nden Ernst Mayr ‘\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir modelde bir organizma pop\u00fclasyonu, co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlarla kendi t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ayr\u0131 tutulur. Bu durumda bu pop\u00fclasyon farkl\u0131 etkilere maruz kalabilir. \u0130zole edilen pop\u00fclasyonda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler birbiri ard\u0131na birikim yapar. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler belirginle\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, ayr\u0131 kalan grup orijinal gruptakilerle \u00e7iftle\u015femez hale gelir. Sonu\u00e7ta ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen grup \u00fcreme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan izole edilmi\u015ftir ve yeni bir t\u00fcr olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere kendi yolunu \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n

Evrimsel mekanizmalar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en iyi inceleneni do\u011fal seleksiyondur. Ancak biyologlar ba\u015fka olas\u0131l\u0131klara da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Biyologlar s\u00fcrekli olarak seyrek g\u00f6r\u00fclen genetik mekanizmalar\u0131n yeni t\u00fcr yaratma konusundaki potansiyali \u00fczerinde durmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bilim, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 evrime de kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler do\u011fal olmak zorundad\u0131r; gizemli yarat\u0131c\u0131 zek\u00e2lar\u0131n -bilimsel olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131 kan\u0131tlanamayan- eylemleri sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

12) Bug\u00fcne dek kimse yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn evrimle\u015fti\u011fine tan\u0131k olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fumu son derece nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir olayd\u0131r ve y\u00fczy\u0131llar al\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca olu\u015fum a\u015famas\u0131nda yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fc tan\u0131mak zordur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc biyologlar bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn nas\u0131l en iyi \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine varamazlar. En yayg\u0131n tan\u0131m Mayr’\u0131n Biyolojik T\u00fcr Kavram\u0131 ‘d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re t\u00fcr, \u00fcreme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan izole edilmi\u015f farkl\u0131 bir pop\u00fclasyondur. Bu ba\u011flamda bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn bireyleri kendi topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcreyemez. Pratik a\u00e7\u0131dan bu standard\u0131n, mesafe, arazi yap\u0131s\u0131 veya bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc nedeniyle izole edilmi\u015f organizmalara uygulanmas\u0131 zordur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla biyologlar, bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn bireylerini tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in organizmalar\u0131n fiziksel ve davran\u0131\u015fsal \u00f6zelliklerinden yararlan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Yine de bilimsel literat\u00fcr solucan, b\u00f6cek ve bitkilerde baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumuna ili\u015fkin raporlara yer verir. Bu deneylerin pek \u00e7o\u011funda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar organizmalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik tipte selesiyona tabi tuttu ve sonucunda bu pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n, d\u0131\u015fardakilerle \u00e7iftle\u015fmedi\u011fini ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

13)Evrimciler ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemine ait herhangi bir fosili bulup \u00e7\u0131kartamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin yar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcngen, yar\u0131 ku\u015f gibi…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda paleontologlar \u015fu ana kadar, \u015fekil a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ara konumda olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da fosil \u00f6rne\u011fini bulup \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ”Archaeopteryx” tir. Bu fosil ku\u015flara \u00f6zg\u00fc t\u00fcy ve iskelet yap\u0131s\u0131na sahipken ayn\u0131 zamanda dinozor \u00f6zellikleri de sergiler. Ayr\u0131ca pek \u00e7ok t\u00fcyl\u00fc, u\u00e7abilen veya u\u00e7amayan fosil de bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin modern at, bir ara form olan ”Eohippus”tan gelmektedir. Balinalar\u0131n atas\u0131 karada y\u00fcr\u00fcyen 4 ayakl\u0131 ara formdan evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca 20 veya daha fazla hominid, Lucy ile modern insan aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6neme aittir.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar bu fosil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmiyorlar. Onlara g\u00f6re Anchaeopteryx s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler ve ku\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki kay\u0131p halka de\u011fildir; tam tersi s\u00fcr\u00fcngen \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan bir ku\u015ftur. Di\u011fer taraftan bir yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131, iki form aras\u0131ndaki ara fosili kabul etse dahi, bununla yetinmeyecek, bununla ilk iki form aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f fosilini g\u00f6rmek isteyeceklerdir.<\/p>\n

14) Canl\u0131lar son derece karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir -anatomik, sel\u00fcler ve molek\u00fcler d\u00fczeyde-. Bu yap\u0131 daha az karma\u015f\u0131k olsayd\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015famazd\u0131. Bu da \u015fu anlama gelmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir yap\u0131 ancak ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir tasar\u0131m sonucu olu\u015fur, evrim sonucu de\u011fil.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu tasar\u0131m konusu yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n en fazla \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r ve en eskisidir. 1802 y\u0131l\u0131nda teolog William Paley \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: ”E\u011fer tarlada bir saat bulursan\u0131z, ilk akl\u0131n\u0131za gelen bunu birinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; do\u011fal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bunu orada \u00fcretti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmezsiniz. Bu benzerlikten yola \u00e7\u0131karsak, canl\u0131lar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 do\u011frudan, kutsal bir iradenin eseri oldu\u011funu anlar\u0131z.”<\/p>\n

Paley’in bu iddias\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Darwin ‘ ‘On the Origin of Species-T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni’ ‘ isimli eserini yazarak,se\u00e7ilimine do\u011fal g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin zaman i\u00e7inde evrimi nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r Darwin’in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6z \u00f6rne\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6re g\u00f6z\u00fcn evrimle\u015fmesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc yaratma becerisi par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fckemmel d\u00fczeninden kaynaklan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim g\u00f6z\u00fcn evrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ge\u00e7irece\u011fi ara d\u00f6nemlere izin veremez. Yar\u0131m bir g\u00f6z zaten i\u015flev yapamaz.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir ele\u015ftiriyi \u00f6nceden tahmin eden Darwin, ”tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f” bir g\u00f6z\u00fcn de, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6z kadar olmasa da en az\u0131ndan yararl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyordu; \u00f6rne\u011fin canl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru yol alabilir. Biyoloji Darwin’in hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131. Bilim adamlar\u0131 hayvanlar aleminde ilkel g\u00f6zlerin ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa-duyarl\u0131 organlar\u0131n oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131-tasar\u0131m fikrini savunanlar bug\u00fcn \u00f6ncekilerden daha zekice sorular soruyorlar. Ancak yine de tart\u0131\u015fma ve hedeflerinde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

15) Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, mikroskopik d\u00fczeyde bile, ya\u015fam\u0131n evrim sonucu ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 kadar karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tl\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

”Darwin’in Kara Kutusu: Biyokimya Evrime Meydan Okuyor” isimli kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 Michael J. Behe ”Azalt\u0131lamayan Karma\u015fa” kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131.<\/p>\n

Behe, bu kavrama \u00f6rnek olarak fare kapan\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131. En ufak bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda fare kapan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren Behe, bu par\u00e7alar\u0131n ancak birarada oldu\u011fu zaman i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Behe, daha sonra fare kapan\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n bakteriyel flagellum -kam\u00e7\u0131ya benzer h\u00fccresel yap\u0131- i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Flagellum’un \u00f6zel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evrim sonucu olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren Behe, bunun ard\u0131nda ak\u0131ll\u0131-tasar\u0131m’\u0131n oldu\u011funu savunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki evrim biyologlar\u0131n\u0131n elinde bu itirazlar\u0131 bilimsel olarak yan\u0131tlayacak veriler vard\u0131. Biyologlar daha basit \u015fekillerde kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n oldu\u011funu ve flagellum’da bulunan t\u00fcm par\u00e7alar\u0131n gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Baylor \u00dcniversitesi’nden William A.Dembski , yine canl\u0131lar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, y\u00f6nlendirilmemi\u015f, random s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin bu karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6yle karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131y\u0131 ancak insan\u00fcst\u00fc nitelikte bir zek\u00e2 yaratabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Dembski’nin bu iddias\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131nca \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerden \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. Santa Fe Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden bilim adamlar\u0131 basit, y\u00f6nlendirilmemi\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin inan\u0131lmayacak d\u00fczeyde karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekiller olu\u015fturabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. Organizmalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, hen\u00fcz bilemedi\u011fimiz bir nedene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, do\u011fal fenomenler sonucu olu\u015fabilir. Ancak bu, karma\u015fan\u0131n do\u011fal olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n

John Rennie,<\/p>\n

Scientific American<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1) Evrim yaln\u0131zca bir kuramd\u0131r; bilimsel bir yasa de\u011fildir. Kuram\u0131n, ”kesinlik hiyerar\u015fisi”nin ortalar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkokullarda \u00f6\u011fretilir; yani kuram varsay\u0131m\u0131n \u00fczerinde, yasan\u0131n alt\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Ancak bilim adamlar\u0131 bu terimi bu \u015fekilde kullanmazlar. ABD Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi’ne (NAS) g\u00f6re bilimsel bir kuram ”ger\u00e7ekleri, yasalar\u0131 ve test edilmi\u015f varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde birle\u015ftiren do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir durumunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-evrim"],"yoast_head":"\nYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fc\u0131lar\u0131n onbe\u015f sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011f\u0131na, onbe\u015f yan\u0131t | John Rennie - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/01\/11\/yaratiliscilarin-onbes-sacmaligina-onbes-yanit-john-rennie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fc\u0131lar\u0131n onbe\u015f sa\u00e7mal\u0131\u011f\u0131na, onbe\u015f yan\u0131t | John Rennie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1) Evrim yaln\u0131zca bir kuramd\u0131r; bilimsel bir yasa de\u011fildir. Kuram\u0131n, ”kesinlik hiyerar\u015fisi”nin ortalar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkokullarda \u00f6\u011fretilir; yani kuram varsay\u0131m\u0131n \u00fczerinde, yasan\u0131n alt\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Ancak bilim adamlar\u0131 bu terimi bu \u015fekilde kullanmazlar. 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