{"id":4863,"date":"2011-02-03T10:22:54","date_gmt":"2011-02-03T07:22:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/"},"modified":"2011-02-03T10:22:54","modified_gmt":"2011-02-03T07:22:54","slug":"ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/","title":{"rendered":"Ahlaki \u00f6fke \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zararl\u0131 kuvvetlerinden biridir | P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc – Bertrand Russell"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin iktidarlar\u0131, halk\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, r\u00fc\u015fvet verircesine, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcnler vermeye gerek duydular. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretleri art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, Hindulara onlar\u0131n da insan ve karde\u015f olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylendi, kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131; gen\u00e7lere de, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n ahlak ad\u0131na onlardan hep esirgedikleri masum zevkler i\u00e7in izin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra ise galipler ge\u00e7ici olarak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan bu avantajlar\u0131 geri alma \u00e7abas\u0131na girdiler.<\/p>\n

1921 ve 1926’daki k\u00f6m\u00fcr grevlerinde i\u015f\u00e7iler sindirildi; Hindular de\u011fi\u015fik kararlarla eski konumlar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oy haklar\u0131 geri al\u0131namad\u0131ysa da, Parlemento kararlar\u0131nda tersi tavsiye edildi\u011fi halde evlenen kad\u0131nlar i\u015ften at\u0131ld\u0131lar. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar “politik” konulard\u0131r; ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, \u0130ngiltere’de bu konularla ili\u015fkisi olan s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 temsil eden se\u00e7men gruplar\u0131, Hindistan’da da \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc pasif direni\u015f\u00e7iler vard\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, kad\u0131n olsun erkek olsun, insanlar\u0131n kimseye zarar vermeyen zevklerinde \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunacak \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc herhangi bir grup yoktur.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle p\u00fcritenler ciddi bir muhalefetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015f; bu zalimliklerinin politik bir konu oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

P\u00fcriteni, \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlayabiliriz: baz\u0131 eylemlerin, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr k\u00f6t\u00fc bir etkisi olmasa bile, \u00f6z\u00fcnde g\u00fcnah oldu\u011funa; g\u00fcnah oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de etkili her yolla -olanak varsa ceza yasas\u0131 ile, bu olmazsa ekonomik bask\u0131yla desteklenen kamuoyu yoluyla- engellenmesi gerekti\u011fine inanan ki\u015fidir. Bu, eski \u00e7a\u011flara ait bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; belki de ceza hukukunun do\u011fu\u015fu bu y\u00fczdendir. Ancak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yasalar\u0131n faydac\u0131 temeli ile ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131yordu: baz\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131n, o su\u00e7lar\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131layan toplumlara kar\u015f\u0131 olan tanr\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6fkelendirdi\u011fine, bu nedenle de toplum i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 olduklar\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Sodom ve Gomorrah (\u0130ncil’de halklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnahkarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ilahi yang\u0131nla harab olan iki kom\u015fu \u015fehir.) hikayesinde somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hikayeye inananlar, o \u015fehirlerin yok edilmelerine yol a\u00e7an su\u00e7lar\u0131 cezaland\u0131ran yasalar\u0131, faydac\u0131 nedenlerle hakl\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirler. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde p\u00fcritenlerden bile bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lanlar azd\u0131r. Londra Piskoposu bile, Tokyo’daki depreme orada oturanlar\u0131n belirli bir g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmedi. Bu nedenle s\u00f6z konusu yasalar, sadece intikam ama\u00e7l\u0131 ceza teorisi ile savunulabilir: baz\u0131 g\u00fcnahlar, onlar\u0131 i\u015fleyenlerden ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar vermese de, su\u00e7luya ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirmeyi g\u00f6revimiz yapacak kadar i\u011fren\u00e7tirler. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Benthamizmin etkisiyle ondokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ancak, liberalizmin gerilemesiyle yitirdi\u011fi \u00f6nemi son y\u0131llarda yeniden kazand\u0131 ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f’dakinden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kalmayan bir ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131k tehlikesi,
i\u015faretlerini vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu yeni hareket g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7o\u011funlukla Amerika’dan almaktad\u0131r ve sava\u015f\u0131n tek galibinin Amerika olmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. P\u00fcritenizmin geli\u015fimi ilgin\u00e7tir. Onyedinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere’de k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre egemen olmu\u015f; ancak, s\u0131radan vatanda\u015f k\u00fctlesini \u00f6ylesine bezdirmi\u015ftir ki, onun tekrar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kontrol etmesine izin vermemi\u015flerdir. \u0130ngiltere’de bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalan p\u00fcritenler Amerika’da \u00f6nce New England’da, sonra da Orta Bat\u0131’da koloniler kurdular. Amerikan \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131, \u0130ngiliz \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n bir devam\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcney eyaletleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla p\u00fcriten kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesiydi. Ancak \u0130ngiliz \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n tersine, sava\u015f p\u00fcriten partisinin kal\u0131c\u0131 zaferiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bunun sonucunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devleti Cromwell’in Ironside’lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini miras alan ki\u015filerin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n

P\u00fcritenizmin insanl\u0131\u011fa yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetleri teslim etmeden sadece kusurlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak haks\u0131zl\u0131k olur. \u0130ngiltere’de onyedinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak son y\u0131llara kadar krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve aristokrasinin despotlu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 demokrasiden yana olmu\u015ftur. Amerika’da, k\u00f6lelerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmu\u015f ve Amerika’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n demokrasi \u015fampiyonu olmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunlar insanl\u0131\u011fa yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetlerdir; ancak ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn sorunu, siyasal demokrasiden \u00e7ok, az\u0131nl\u0131klara \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck verilmesi ile d\u00fczenin ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu sorun p\u00fcritenizminkinden de\u011fi\u015fik bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, ahlaki heyecandan\u00a0 \u00e7ok ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve yayg\u0131n bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f gerektirir. Yayg\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f p\u00fcritenlerde hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. P\u00fcritenlerin en \u00f6nemli zaferlerinden, yani \u0130\u00e7ki Yasa\u011f\u0131’ndan s\u00f6z etmeyece\u011fim. Her ne ise, Yasak kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 itirazlar\u0131n\u0131 pek de bir ilke sorunu yapamazlar; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n da \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, ayn\u0131 ilke sorununa\u00a0 yol a\u00e7an kokain yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklerler.<\/p>\n

Fanatikli\u011fin her t\u00fcr\u00fcne oldu\u011fu gibi, p\u00fcritenli\u011fe yap\u0131lan pratik itiraz, baz\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri di\u011ferlerinden \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc olarak niteleyip onlar\u0131n ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Fanatik bir ki\u015fi, ger\u00e7ekten k\u00f6t\u00fc olan bir hareketin, e\u011fer gerekti\u011finden fazla \u015fiddetle bast\u0131r\u0131lacak olursa, daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015fka k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmez. M\u00fcstehcen yay\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 konulmu\u015f olan yasay\u0131 buna bir \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterebiliriz. Hi\u00e7 kimse m\u00fcstehcenlikten ho\u015flanman\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu, ya da bu yay\u0131nlar\u0131n zarar verdi\u011fini reddetmez. Ancak, bu yay\u0131nlar yasa yoluyla ortadan kald\u0131rmaya kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa bir\u00e7ok de\u011ferli \u015fey de onunla birlikte yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olur. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, \u00fcnl\u00fc bir Hollandal\u0131 ressam\u0131n baz\u0131 resimleri bir \u0130ngiliz m\u00fc\u015fteriye postayla g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Posta idaresi yetkilileri, onlar\u0131 iyiden iyiye inceleme zevkine erdikten sonra, m\u00fcstehcen olduklar\u0131na karar verdiler (Devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n sanat de\u011ferlerinden anlamas\u0131 da beklenemez). Bu nedenle onlar\u0131 imha ettiler;\u00a0 m\u00fc\u015fteri de hi\u00e7bir tazminat alamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yasa, posta idaresine postayla g\u00f6nderilen \u015feylerden m\u00fcstehcen bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 imha yetkisi vermektedir; kararlar\u0131na itiraz da edilemez. P\u00fcriten yasalarla ilgili sak\u0131ncalara daha \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rnek de do\u011fum kontrol\u00fcd\u00fcr. “M\u00fcstehcen”li\u011fin kesin bir yasal tan\u0131mlamaya elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Mahkemelerdeki uygulamada bu, “yarg\u0131c\u0131 \u015foke eden herhangi bir \u015fey” anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Do\u011fum kontrol\u00fc konusundaki bilgiler pahal\u0131 bir kitapta uzun s\u00f6zc\u00fckler ve dolamba\u00e7l\u0131 t\u00fcmcelerle verilmi\u015fse s\u0131radan bir yarg\u0131\u00e7 bundan \u015foke olmaz; ama ucuz bir bro\u015f\u00fcrde, e\u011fitimsiz insanlar\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131 sade bir dille anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flarsa durum farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130ngilteresinde do\u011fum kontrol\u00fc konusundaki bilgiler e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f insanlara verilirse yasald\u0131r; yoksul kesime verilirse de yasalara ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa bu bilgiler en \u00e7ok\u00a0 yoksul kesim i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, t\u0131p kitaplar\u0131 gibi birka\u00e7 belirli konu hakk\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yasa, yay\u0131nlanan eserin amac\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 dikkate alm\u0131yor. Yaln\u0131z \u015funa bak\u0131l\u0131yor: e\u011fer bu kitap edepsiz bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun eline ge\u00e7erse ona zevk verir mi? E\u011fer verirse, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bilgilerin sosyal bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nemi ne olursa olsun, hemen yok edilmelidir. Bunun sonucu olarak zorla yarat\u0131lan bilgisizli\u011fin verdi\u011fi zarar ak\u0131lalmaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdedir. Yoksulluk, kronik kad\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131, sakat \u00e7ocuk do\u011fumlar\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131, p\u00fcriten yasa koyucularca, birka\u00e7 yaramaz \u00e7ocu\u011fun olas\u0131 zevklerinden daha \u00f6nemsiz k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerdir.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan yasan\u0131n yeterince etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. The Times gazetesinin 17 Eyl\u00fcl 1923 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Milletler Cemiyeti’nin g\u00f6zetiminde d\u00fczenlenen M\u00fcstehcen Yay\u0131nlar Uluslararas\u0131 Konferans\u0131, Amerika’da ve Milletler Cemiyeti’ne \u00fcye b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde yasalar\u0131n daha sertle\u015ftirilmesi yolunda tavsiye karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re bu hay\u0131rl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en gayretli \u00fcyesi de \u0130ngiliz delegesidir. \u00c7ok geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 yasalar i\u00e7in gerek\u00e7e olarak kullan\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka konu da beyaz kad\u0131n ticaretidir. Buradaki ger\u00e7ek k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck \u00e7ok ciddidir ve tam anlam\u0131yla ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131na girer. Ger\u00e7ek k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck, cahil gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yalan vaadlerle yoldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p, sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ciddi\u00a0 tehlikelere a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu, k\u00f6lelik ko\u015fullar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmeleridir. Bu, temelde bir \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma sorunudur.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fyeri G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Yasas\u0131’nda, Y\u00fck Vagonlar\u0131 Yasas\u0131’nda oldu\u011fu gibi ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu konu, beyaz kad\u0131n ticareti k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda da, ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere yap\u0131lan \u00e7irkin m\u00fcdahalelere mazeret olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130ngiliz gazetelerinde, birisinin bir fahi\u015feye a\u015f\u0131k olup onunla evlendi\u011fi haberi \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Habere g\u00f6re, bir s\u00fcre mutlu ya\u015fad\u0131ktan sonra kad\u0131n eski mesle\u011fine d\u00f6nmeye karar verir. Bunu ona kocas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi, ya da bu i\u015fi onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t yoktur; sadece, kocas\u0131n\u0131n hemen kavga \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p onu kap\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.\u00a0 Adam bu su\u00e7undan dolay\u0131 k\u0131rba\u00e7lan\u0131p hapse at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, cezas\u0131 da o zamanlar yeni yasala\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan ve hala yaz\u0131l\u0131 yasalar sicilinde yer alan bir yasaya g\u00f6re verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Amerika’ya gelince, benzer bir yasaya g\u00f6re metres tutmak yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fil, ama onunla bir eyaletten bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na seyahat etmek yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Bir New Yorklu, metresini Brooklyn’e g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilir, ama Jersey City’ye g\u00f6t\u00fcremez. Sade vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in bu iki eylem aras\u0131ndaki ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131 anlamak zordur.<\/p>\n

Milletler Cemiyeti de bu konuda daha sert yasalar getirilmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Milletler Cemiyeti Komisyonu’ndaki Kanada delegesi, ya\u015f\u0131 ne olursa olsun bir kad\u0131n\u0131n, kocas\u0131 ya da anne veya babas\u0131ndan biri e\u015flik etmedik\u00e7e, vapur yolculu\u011fu yapmas\u0131na izin verilmemesini \u00f6nerdi. Bu \u00f6neri kabul edilmedi; ancak hangi yolda ilerledi\u011fimizi \u00e7ok iyi g\u00f6steriyor. Bu t\u00fcr eylemler b\u00fct\u00fcn kad\u0131nlar\u0131 “beyaz k\u00f6le”ye indirgemektedir. Kad\u0131nlar, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n “ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k” amac\u0131yla kullanma riski olmadan, hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sahip olamazlar. Bu reformcular\u0131n tek mant\u0131ksal amac\u0131 \u00e7ar\u015faf pe\u00e7e olabilir.<\/p>\n

P\u00fcriten g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131t olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen daha genel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f daha var.\u00a0 \u0130nsan do\u011fas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, insanlar ya\u015famdan biraz zevk almak arzusundan vazge\u00e7mezler. Zevkleri, pratik olarak, kabaca iki gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz: temelde duygulardan kaynaklananlar ve temelde zihinsel olanlar. Geleneksel bir ahlak\u00e7\u0131 birincileri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layarak ikinci t\u00fcr zevkleri \u00fcst\u00fcn tutar; ya da, daha do\u011frusu, ikincileri zevk olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lar. Onun bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131, ku\u015fkusuz, bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan savunulamaz; zaten \u00e7o\u011fu durumda kendisi de ku\u015fku i\u00e7indedir. Sanattan duyulan haz duygusal m\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa zihinsel mi? Platon ve baz\u0131 rahipler gibi ger\u00e7ekten ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczce, sanat\u0131 in toto (t\u00fcm\u00fcyle) reddeder.<\/p>\n

Az \u00e7ok geni\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc ise, bir “ruhani ama\u00e7”a y\u00f6nelik olmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla, sanat\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131lar; bu da genellikle kalitesiz sanat demektir. Tolstoy bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ftedir. Evlilik de ba\u015fka bir sorunlu konudur. Kat\u0131 ahlak\u00e7\u0131lar onu esefle kar\u015f\u0131larlar; daha az kat\u0131 olanlar, genellikle ho\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6verler; hele onu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez yapmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flarsa. Ancak, benim \u00fcst\u00fcnde durmak istedi\u011fim nokta bu de\u011fil. Bu, bir p\u00fcritenin elinden gelen her \u015feyi yapt\u0131ktan sonra geriye kalan zevklerin, mahkum etti\u011fi zevklerden daha zararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmek istiyorum. Kendimize zevk veren \u015feylerden sonra en \u00e7ok keyiflendi\u011fimiz \u015fey, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n zevk almas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek; ya da, daha genel olarak, g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi olmakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta, p\u00fcritenizmin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlar g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi olmaya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn olurlar. Halbuki g\u00fc\u00e7 duygusu, i\u00e7kiye ya da p\u00fcritenlerin kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu herhangi bir \u015feye d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn olmaktan \u00e7ok daha fazla k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe yol a\u00e7ar. Do\u011fald\u0131r ki, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olma tutkusu erdemli ki\u015filerde kendini iyilik yapma tutkusu \u015feklinde gizler. Ancak bunun sosyal etkileri pek az farkl\u0131d\u0131r; bu, kurbanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, g\u00fcnahkar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in cezaland\u0131r\u0131yoruz demekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Her iki durumda da sonu\u00e7 zul\u00fcm ve sava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ahlaki \u00f6fke \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zararl\u0131 kuvvetlerinden biridir. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn propaganday\u0131 elinde tutanlarca k\u00f6t\u00fc ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in sapt\u0131r\u0131labilmesidir.<\/p>\n

Sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle ekonomik ve siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin artmas\u0131 da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. E\u011fer sanayile\u015fme bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye u\u011framazsa, daha da artmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olacakt\u0131r. D\u00fcnya gittik\u00e7e daha kalabal\u0131kla\u015fmakta, kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131za ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z da gittik\u00e7e daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale gelmektedir. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, toplumu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ilgilendirmeyen konularda birbirimizin i\u015fine kar\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmezsek ya\u015fam dayan\u0131lmaz olacakt\u0131r. Birbirimizin \u00f6zel ya\u015fam\u0131na sayg\u0131 duymay\u0131 ve ahlak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerimizi ba\u015fkalar\u0131na zorlamamay\u0131\u00a0 \u00f6\u011frenmek zorunday\u0131z. P\u00fcritenler kendi ahlak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin yegane ahlak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Ba\u015fka \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerin, hatta kendi \u00fclkelerindeki ba\u015fka gruplar\u0131n, kendilerininkinden farkl\u0131 ahlak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri oldu\u011funu; kendilerinin p\u00fcriten olmaya haklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar onlar\u0131n da kendi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerini se\u00e7meye haklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlamamaktad\u0131rlar. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, kendi zevklerinden vazge\u00e7menin do\u011fal bir sonucu olan g\u00fc\u00e7 tutkusu p\u00fcritenleri ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan daha etkili k\u0131lmakta; onlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 durmalar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Umal\u0131m ki daha kapsaml\u0131 bir e\u011fitim ve insan do\u011fas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok bilgi sayesinde, bizim pek erdemli efendilerimizin h\u0131z\u0131 giderek azals\u0131n.<\/p>\n

P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\/Sorgulayan Denemeler- Bertrand Russell<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviri: Nermin Ar\u0131k<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin iktidarlar\u0131, halk\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, r\u00fc\u015fvet verircesine, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcnler vermeye gerek duydular. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretleri art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, Hindulara onlar\u0131n da insan ve karde\u015f olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylendi, kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131; gen\u00e7lere de, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n ahlak ad\u0131na onlardan hep esirgedikleri masum zevkler i\u00e7in izin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra ise galipler ge\u00e7ici olarak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan bu avantajlar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4863","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-felsefe-genel"},"yoast_head":"\nAhlaki \u00f6fke \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zararl\u0131 kuvvetlerinden biridir | P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc - Bertrand Russell - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ahlaki \u00f6fke \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zararl\u0131 kuvvetlerinden biridir | P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc - Bertrand Russell\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin iktidarlar\u0131, halk\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, r\u00fc\u015fvet verircesine, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcnler vermeye gerek duydular. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretleri art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, Hindulara onlar\u0131n da insan ve karde\u015f olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylendi, kad\u0131nlara oy hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131; gen\u00e7lere de, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n ahlak ad\u0131na onlardan hep esirgedikleri masum zevkler i\u00e7in izin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra ise galipler ge\u00e7ici olarak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan bu avantajlar\u0131 […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-02-03T07:22:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/da\/Bertrand_Russell_1950.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Ahlaki \u00f6fke \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zararl\u0131 kuvvetlerinden biridir | P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc – Bertrand Russell\",\"datePublished\":\"2011-02-03T07:22:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/\"},\"wordCount\":2436,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/da\/Bertrand_Russell_1950.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Felsefe (Genel)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/03\/ahlaki-ofke-cagdas-dunyanin-en-zararli-kuvvetlerinden-biridir-puritenizmin-donusu-bertrand-russell\/\",\"name\":\"Ahlaki \u00f6fke \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zararl\u0131 kuvvetlerinden biridir | P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc - 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