{"id":5054,"date":"2011-02-18T10:53:02","date_gmt":"2011-02-18T07:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/02\/18\/yol-arkadasim-maksim-gorki-ataol-behramoglu\/"},"modified":"2011-02-18T10:53:02","modified_gmt":"2011-02-18T07:53:02","slug":"yol-arkadasim-maksim-gorki-ataol-behramoglu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/18\/yol-arkadasim-maksim-gorki-ataol-behramoglu\/","title":{"rendered":"Yol Arkada\u015f\u0131m Maksim Gorki | Ataol Behramo\u011flu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7ocukluk ve ilk gen\u00e7lik, Narodniklerle ili\u015fkiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

As\u0131l ad\u0131 Aleksey Maksimovi\u00e7 Pe\u015fkov’dur. “Ac\u0131” anlam\u0131na gelen Gorki ad\u0131n\u0131 sonradan ald\u0131. 1868 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nijni Novgorod (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Gorki) kentinde do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 M.S. Pe\u015fkov, marangozdu. Annesi V. V. Ka\u015firina, bir boya at\u00f6lyesi sahibinin k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Babas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flarda yitiren Gorki, bir s\u00fcre dedesi V. Ka\u015firin’in evinde ya\u015fad\u0131. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde V. Ka\u015firin \u015f\u00f6yle dedi torununa: “Aleksey, sen bir madalyon de\u011filsin. Seni \u00f6mr\u00fcm\u00fcn sonuna kadar boynumda ta\u015f\u0131yamam. Haydi git, ekme\u011fini kazan.” Gorki “ekme\u011fini kazanmaya” gitti bunun \u00fczerine. O s\u0131rada on bir ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc i\u015fe girip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. D\u00fckk\u00e2nlarda \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131k, bir gemide ah\u00e7\u0131 yamakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131. Ah\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, o d\u00f6nemin Rusyas\u0131nda \u00e7ok raslanan okumu\u015f emek\u00e7ilerdendi. Gorki’nin kitaplara ilgi duymas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi oldu bu adam\u0131n. Aleksey hi\u00e7 durmadan okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ondan sonra. Eline ne ge\u00e7tiyse, yutarcas\u0131na okudu. 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazan \u00dcniversitesi’ne girmek istediyse de, olumlu bir sonu\u00e7 elde edemedi. Binbir yoksulluk i\u00e7inde hamall\u0131k, f\u0131r\u0131nlarda yamakl\u0131k yapt\u0131. Rusya’da devrimci hareketin ba\u015f\u0131nda Narodnikler vard\u0131 o s\u0131rada. Gorki de bu gruplara kat\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda devrimci propagandaya giri\u015fti. Sonra halk\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6rmek isteyerek uzun yolculuklara giri\u015fti. 1888’de Hazar Denizi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 tak\u0131mlar\u0131nda, sonra Gryaz-Tsar, \u0130ts\u0131nskay istasyonlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1889’da Nijni Novgorod’da, yazar Korolenko’yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Korolenko sonradan Gorki’nin edebiyata girmesine yard\u0131m edecektir.<\/p>\n

Polis ar\u015fivlerine ve edebiyata ilk ad\u0131m, yolculuklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Devrimci Narodniklerle ili\u015fkisi nedeniyle 1889’da tutukland\u0131. 1891 ilkbahar\u0131nda yeniden Rusya i\u00e7i yolculuklara giri\u015fti. Volga, Don Bozk\u0131rlari, Ukrayna ve Tuna boylar\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131. Oradan K\u0131r\u0131m yoluyla Kuzey Kafkasya’ya ve Tiflis’e gitti. Burada bir y\u0131l kalarak \u00e7ekici ameleli\u011fi ve yazmanl\u0131k yapt\u0131. Devrimci i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ve ayd\u0131nlarla ili\u015fkiler kurdu. Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir gruba kat\u0131ld\u0131. “Makar \u00c7udra” bu s\u0131rada yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve gorki ilk kez bu \u00f6yk\u00fcyle (“Kafkas” Gazetesi, 1892) yay\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na girdi. \u00c7ok sonra yay\u0131mlanan “K\u0131z ve \u00d6l\u00fcm” adl\u0131 \u015fiirini de bu s\u0131rada yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

“Eskizler ve \u00f6yk\u00fcler”<\/strong><\/p>\n

1892 sonlar\u0131nda Ninji Novgorod’a d\u00f6nen Gorki, edebiyatla daha d\u00fczenli olarak u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda Samara’ya ge\u00e7ti. Burada y\u00f6resel gazetelere makaleler yazarak politik sorunlara de\u011finiyor, patronlar\u0131 ele\u015ftiriyor, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve \u00f6teki emek\u00e7ilerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu. Yine bu s\u0131rada yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Paul Verlaine ve Dekandantlar” adl\u0131 bir makaleyle, edebiyatta dekandantl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nat\u00fcralizmi ele\u015ftiriyordu. \u00d6yk\u00fcleri 1895’ten sonra ba\u015fkent dergilerinde de yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda, iki ciltte toplad\u0131. Kitap ilkin Rusya’da, sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilgi uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Yazar\u0131na d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00fcn sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00f6yk\u00fclerin \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Eskizler ve \u00f6yk\u00fcler”, Gorki’nin uzun yolculuklar\u0131nda edindi\u011fi izlenimleri, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar\u0131 konu al\u0131r genellikle. Bu \u00f6yk\u00fcler, halktan insanlara ili\u015fkindir daha \u00e7ok. Gorki, sosyalist- ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir sanat\u00e7\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r hen\u00fcz. Fakat XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011finin en olumlu geleneklerini ileri bir romantizmle birle\u015ftirerek, o d\u00f6nemde de bir yenilik\u00e7i, yeni bir sanat yolunun \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak belirmektedir. Serserilerin, toplumsal mekanizman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na f\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 konu alan “Konovalov”, “\u00c7elka\u015f”, “Malva”, “Bozk\u0131rda”, “Yemelyan Pilyay”, “Yirmi alt\u0131 adam ve bir k\u0131z” gibi \u00f6yk\u00fclerde\u00a0 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fin ve insans\u0131 bir s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kayna\u015fmas\u0131, d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yeniliktir. Ba\u015fta bunlar olmak \u00fczere, “Eskizler ve \u00d6yk\u00fcler”i olu\u015fturan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6yk\u00fcler yeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, ku\u015faklar boyunca pek \u00e7ok d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkileyegelmi\u015ftir. Gen\u00e7 Gorki’nin ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011finde, yeni sosyal-politik bilincin geli\u015fmesi, halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n gitgide kabaran \u00f6fkesi, daha iyi, daha insanca bir ya\u015fama kar\u015f\u0131 ate\u015fli tutku derinden derine yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. Fakat Gorki’nin bu y\u0131llardaki kahramanlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok bireysel ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131ya yaslanmaktad\u0131rlar. Yazg\u0131lar\u0131 genellikle tirajiktir.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f,<\/strong><\/p>\n

“\u00dc\u00e7ler” ve “Foma Gordeyev”
Gorki iki y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kesi\u015fme noktas\u0131nda ilk romanlar\u0131 ve oyunlar\u0131yla sosyalist ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi bi\u00e7imlendirmeye ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. “Foma Gordeyev” (1899) ve “\u00dc\u00e7ler” (1900) adl\u0131 romanlar\u0131yla tarihsel bir kesit i\u00e7inde Rus kapitalizminin geli\u015fme yollar\u0131n\u0131 ve Rus burjuvazisinin tipik ki\u015filiklerini ortaya koydu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Rakov Mayakin tipi, kendi ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bilincinde olan, politik iktidar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in yan\u0131p tutu\u015fan burjuvaziyi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Gorki yine ilk kez “Foma Gordeyev”de proleteryay\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak i\u015flemekte, \u00f6teki emek\u00e7ilerden ayr\u0131 bir yere koymaktad\u0131r. “\u00dc\u00e7ler”de ise temelde kent yoksullu\u011fu al\u0131narak, proletarya ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva duyarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 anlat\u0131lmakta, m\u00fclk sahibi Lunev’e kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i Gra\u00e7ev konulmaktad\u0131r. Gra\u00e7ev, kurtulu\u015fun sosyalizmde oldu\u011funu sezinleyen bir i\u015f\u00e7idir.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ehov ve Tolstoy’la tan\u0131\u015fma, ilk oyunlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Dipte” ve “K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Burjuvalar”
Gorki, 1899-1900 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7ehov’la ve Tolstoy’la tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu dev yazarlar, ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri Gorki’nin yetene\u011fiyle ilgilenmekte, halk\u0131n aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bu gen\u00e7 yazara b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer vermekteydiler. 1902’de Akademi onur \u00fcyeli\u011fine se\u00e7ilen Gorki’nin \u00fcyeli\u011fi II. Nikolay’\u0131n buyru\u011fuyla ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine Korolenko’nun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00c7ehov da akademi \u00fcyeli\u011finden istifa etmi\u015flerdi. Yine bu y\u0131llarda Moskova Sanat Tiyatrosu Gorki’nin ilk oyunlar\u0131n\u0131, “Dipte”yi (1902) ve “K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Burjuvalar”\u0131 (1901) oynuyordu. Oyunlar \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. “K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Burjuvalar”daki Nil tipiyle, tarihin yeni kahraman\u0131, Rus i\u015f\u00e7i-sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 karakteri, sanatsal bir ki\u015filik kazanmaktayd\u0131. “Dipte” oyunundaysa ya\u015fam\u0131n dibine f\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f insanlar anlat\u0131lmakta, kapitalist d\u00fczenin i\u015fleyip durdu\u011fu cinayetler sergilenmekteydi.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Yazl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar”, “G\u00fcne\u015f \u00c7ocuklar\u0131”, “Barbarlar”<\/strong><\/p>\n

1904-1905 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Gorki birka\u00e7 oyun daha yazd\u0131. Bu oyunlarda ayd\u0131n \u00e7evreler anlat\u0131l\u0131yor, bunlar\u0131n halka ve ya\u015fama kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkileri ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ortaya konuyordu. “Yazl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar”da (1904) d\u00f6nek liberallere kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek demokrat ayd\u0131n tipinin kondu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. “G\u00fcne\u015f \u00c7ocuklar\u0131”nda (1905) burjuva ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bilim savlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ustalar\u0131 halk i\u00e7in yaratmaya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. “Barbarlar”da (1905) ise burjuvazinin uygarl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc alt\u0131nda yatan ahlaksal barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir.
1905 Devrimi ve Gorki, Amerika’ya yolculuk<\/strong>
Gorki, 1905 olaylar\u0131na do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kat\u0131ld\u0131. Kanl\u0131 Pazar’dan sonra yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bildiri nedeniyle Petropavlovskaya Kalesi’ne kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Rusya’da ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da onun i\u00e7in g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. 1905 y\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131nda Bol\u015fevik Partisi’ne girdi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, ilk yasal Bol\u015fevik yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olan “Yeni Ya\u015fam” gazetesinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine katk\u0131da bulundu. Silahl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i birliklerini paraca destekledi, silah donat\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etti. Fakat \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131 gitgide yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yordu. 1906 y\u0131l\u0131nda gizlice Rusya’dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131, az sonra Amerika’da g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ve proleteryay\u0131, Rus devrimcilerini desteklemeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu. Amerikan bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n aral\u0131ks\u0131z k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, g\u00fcze kadar Amerika’dan ayr\u0131lmad\u0131. Burada “G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerim” (1906) adl\u0131 yergilerini ve “Amerika’da” (1906) adl\u0131 gezi notlar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zirveye do\u011fru: “D\u00fc\u015fmanlar” ve “Ana”<\/strong><\/p>\n

1905-1907 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Gorki, edebiyat yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zirvesine y\u00fckselmektedir. Sosyalist ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i edebiyat\u0131n se\u00e7kin tiplerini bu d\u00f6nemde yaratt\u0131. 1906 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “D\u00fc\u015fmanlar” adl\u0131 oyununda, grev hareketlerinin burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l politik bir sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, sosyalist ideolojinin i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l h\u0131zla geli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu. Skrobatov tipiyle, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck isteyen kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci burjuvazi damgalan\u0131yor, Zahar ve Polina Bardina tipleri halka ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnerek mutlakiyetle sinsice anla\u015f\u0131p iktidara s\u0131zmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan liberal burjuvaziyi belgeliyordu. Oyunun sonunda, proleteryan\u0131n yakla\u015fan zaferi g\u00f6sterilmekteydi. Gorki yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l (1906) “Ana”y\u0131 yazd\u0131. Bu roman\u0131n konusunu, 1902 y\u0131l\u0131 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerinden ve g\u00f6stericilerin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131ndan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. “Ana” roman\u0131yla, edebiyatta ilk kez devrimci proletaryan\u0131n sosyalizm i\u00e7in burjuva d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6steriliyor, profesyonel devrimcinin parlak tipi yarat\u0131l\u0131yoru. “Ana” ve “D\u00fc\u015fmanlar”, sosyalist ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin klasikle\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6rnekleridir.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130talya yolculu\u011fu ve yeni yap\u0131tlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gorki, 1906 g\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u0130talya’ya ge\u00e7erek Capri adas\u0131na yerle\u015fti. Rusya’da 1905 Devrimi yenilgiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, gericilik d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir ara Lenin de Capri’ye, Gorki’yi ziyarete geldi. Gorki o d\u00f6nemde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Sonuncular” (1908) adl\u0131 oyununda polis devletinin, \u00e7arl\u0131k rejiminin belirgin tiplerini ortaya koyuyordu. “Vassa Jeleznova” (ilk bas\u0131m\u0131 1910) oyunuyla da burjuvazinin art\u0131k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu. “Yaz” (1909) adl\u0131 uzun \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde yeni tip devrimci bir k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu\u015fu, “Okurov Kenti” (1909) ve “Matyev Kojemyakin’in Ya\u015fam\u0131” (1910-1911) adl\u0131 uzun \u00f6yk\u00fclerindeyse ta\u015fra Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva \u00e7evreleri anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. “Rus \u00d6yk\u00fcleri” (1912-1917) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015flamalar\u0131nda, dekadantlar\u0131n mezarl\u0131k edebiyat\u0131yla, gericilikleri ve \u015fovenistlikleriyle alay ediyordu.
Rusya’ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f: “\u0130talya \u00d6yk\u00fcleri”,<\/strong>
“\u00c7ocuklu\u011fum”, “Ekme\u011fimi Kazan\u0131rken”
Gorki 1913 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda genel aftan yararlanarak Rusya’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Bu s\u0131rada yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “\u0130talya \u00d6yk\u00fcleri”ni (1911-1913), daha sonra, 1913-1916 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, “\u00c7ocuklu\u011fum” ve “Ekme\u011fimi Kazan\u0131rken” adl\u0131 otobiyografik yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu yap\u0131tlarda, en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 tabakalardan gelerek, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131n doruklar\u0131na y\u00fckselen bir insan\u0131n ser\u00fcvenleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u00e7tenlikle anlat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

1917 Devrimi ve Gorki:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hastal\u0131k, yeni yolculuklar ve “Benim \u00dcniversitelerim”
Gorki 1917 Devrimi’nden sonra sosyalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn kurulu\u015funda \u00f6nc\u00fc bir rol oynad\u0131. 1918- 1919 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ilk i\u015f\u00e7i-k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00fcniversitesinin kurulmas\u0131na, Petrograd’da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dramatik tiyatronun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na eme\u011fi ge\u00e7ti. (Bug\u00fcn bu b\u00fcy\u00fck tiyatro Gorki ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.) “D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131ndan \u00c7eviriler” yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctledi. Bir\u00e7ok yeni yay\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Yerli, yabanc\u0131 ayd\u0131nlarla yaz\u0131\u015farak onlar\u0131 Rusya’daki sosyalist devrimi ve yeni sosyalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn kurulu\u015funu desteklemeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. 1921 yaz\u0131nda (ilk gen\u00e7li\u011finde bir bunal\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcne s\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kur\u015funun sonucu olarak) t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz n\u00f6beti yenilendi. Tedavi i\u00e7in yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1921-1924 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Almanya, \u00c7ekoslovakya kapl\u0131calar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131. 1924’te \u0130talya’ya ge\u00e7erek bu kez Sorrento’ya yerle\u015fti. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayken de burjuva ideolojisiyle m\u00fccadele etti. Beyaz g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131nad\u0131. Ekim Devrimi’nin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 savundu. 1922’de otobiyografik \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuncu kitab\u0131 olan “Benim \u00dcniversitelerim”i yazd\u0131.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

Edebi portreler, “Artamonovlar”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gorki’nin yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda edebi portrecili\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir yeri vard\u0131r. L.N. Tolstoy’un (1919) portresiyle ba\u015flad\u0131 bu i\u015fe, sonra \u00c7ehov’u, Korolenko’yu, Garin Mihalyovski’yi yazd\u0131. Bunu devrimci eylem adamlar\u0131n\u0131n; Skvortsov, Krasin, Kamo ve Lenin’in (1924- 1931) portreleri izledi. 1925’te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Artamonovlar” adl\u0131 roman\u0131ndaysa, 1861 reformundan Ekim Devrimi’ne kadar uzanan tarihsel bir kesit i\u00e7inde “Artamonov” ailesinin ya\u015fam\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131yor, b\u00f6ylece bir burjuva ailesinin \u00fc\u00e7 ku\u015fak boyunca tarihi verilmi\u015f oluyor, bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 yine \u00fc\u00e7 ku\u015fak boyunca dokumac\u0131 Morozov ailesi konuyordu.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeniden Rusya’ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f,<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Klim Samgin’in Ya\u015fam\u0131”, zirve ve \u00f6l\u00fcm
Gorki 1928 ve 1929 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rusya’ya gelerek geziler yapt\u0131. Bu gezilerden edindi\u011fi izlenimleri “Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nden Notlar” (1929) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda topland\u0131. 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya’ya temelli d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Bir\u00e7ok dergi ve kitap yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 denetledi. I. Sovyet Yazarlar\u0131 Kurultay\u0131’n\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctledi (1924). “Yegor Bul\u0131\u00e7ov ve \u00d6tekiler” (1932) ile “Dostigayev ve \u00d6tekiler” (1933) adl\u0131 oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Gorki, sanatsal yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zirvesineyse “Klim Samgin’in Ya\u015fam\u0131” adl\u0131 roman\u0131yla ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu epik romana daha 1925’lerde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, son g\u00fcnlerine kadar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Romanda, sosyalist devrim \u00f6ncesi Rus ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131rk y\u0131l\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yordu. Luna\u00e7arski’nin s\u00f6zleriyle, “\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n hareketli bir panoramas\u0131yd\u0131” bu. Gorki, temele \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n keskin ideolojik-sosyal m\u00fccadelesini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Klim Samgin’in Ya\u015fam\u0131”nda narodnikli\u011fi, dekadantl\u0131\u011f\u0131, legal marksistleri, liberal ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, d\u00f6nek devrimcileri \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftiriyor, emperyalistlerin vah\u015fi ideolojisinin maskesini indiriyordu. Gorki ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00f6nde gelen bir ele\u015ftirmen ve gazeteci olarak da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteydi. Makalelerinde, felsefe, sosyal-ahlak, politika ve tarih-edebiyat sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 organik bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde ortaya koyuyordu. 1936’da, edebiyat yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve devrimci kavgan\u0131n zirvesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olarak \u00f6ld\u00fc. Moskova’da, K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan’a g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n bir ba\u015fka b\u00fcy\u00fck yazar\u0131, Romain Rolland, \u015f\u00f6yle dedi Gorki’nin arkas\u0131ndan: “\u00c7a\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve devrimi b\u00f6ylesine g\u00f6rkemli bir bi\u00e7imde kayna\u015ft\u0131rmak Gorki d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 kimseye hi\u00e7bir zaman k\u0131smet olmad\u0131…”<\/p>\n

Ataol Behramo\u011flu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7ocukluk ve ilk gen\u00e7lik, Narodniklerle ili\u015fkiler As\u0131l ad\u0131 Aleksey Maksimovi\u00e7 Pe\u015fkov’dur. “Ac\u0131” anlam\u0131na gelen Gorki ad\u0131n\u0131 sonradan ald\u0131. 1868 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nijni Novgorod (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Gorki) kentinde do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 M.S. Pe\u015fkov, marangozdu. Annesi V. V. Ka\u015firina, bir boya at\u00f6lyesi sahibinin k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Babas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flarda yitiren Gorki, bir s\u00fcre dedesi V. Ka\u015firin’in evinde ya\u015fad\u0131. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde V. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5054","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuram"},"yoast_head":"\nYol Arkada\u015f\u0131m Maksim Gorki | Ataol Behramo\u011flu - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/02\/18\/yol-arkadasim-maksim-gorki-ataol-behramoglu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yol Arkada\u015f\u0131m Maksim Gorki | Ataol Behramo\u011flu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00c7ocukluk ve ilk gen\u00e7lik, Narodniklerle ili\u015fkiler As\u0131l ad\u0131 Aleksey Maksimovi\u00e7 Pe\u015fkov’dur. “Ac\u0131” anlam\u0131na gelen Gorki ad\u0131n\u0131 sonradan ald\u0131. 1868 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nijni Novgorod (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Gorki) kentinde do\u011fdu. 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Babas\u0131 M.S. Pe\u015fkov, marangozdu. Annesi V. V. Ka\u015firina, bir boya at\u00f6lyesi sahibinin k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Babas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flarda yitiren Gorki, bir s\u00fcre dedesi V. Ka\u015firin’in evinde ya\u015fad\u0131. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde V. 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