![\"gilgamis\"](\"images\/stories\/gilgamis.jpg\")
\u0130lk mitolojik tanr\u0131lara S\u00fcmerlerde rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi tanr\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7e sayan ilk insanlara da gene S\u00fcmerlerde rastl\u0131yoruz. Felsefesel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temeli mitolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. \u00d6zellikle antik\u00e7a\u011f Yunan felsefesinde mitolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin izlerine Platon\u2019da bile rastlan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Hint, \u00c7in, \u0130ran vb. gibi uluslar\u0131n ilk felsefeleri mitolojileriyle kayna\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemi bug\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n elinde bulunan en eski mitolojik metin olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en eski destan\u0131 olan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da mitolojik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n en ilgincidir. <\/p>\n
Babillilerin ilk s\u00f6zc\u00fckleriyle adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 destan Sha Nagba \u0130muru (Her \u015feyi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan) deyimiyle an\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcmer, Asur, Akad vb. gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli Mezopotamya topluluklar\u0131nca i\u015flenmi\u015f olan destan\u0131n bug\u00fcn elde bulunan metni S\u00fcmerlerden kalmad\u0131r. Asur ve Akadlardan kalma b\u00f6l\u00fcmler de bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130lkin Thompson taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizce The Epic of Gilgamish (Oxford 1930) ad\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra Almanca, Frans\u0131zca, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirileri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu destan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131yla Herakles Mitosu ve Tufan \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc gibi bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f mitlerin kaynaklar\u0131 da meydana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Destan, temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olarak, do\u011fan\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 bilmek isteyen insan\u0131n\u00a0 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fler ve tanr\u0131lara bile kafa tutacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdeki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir. \u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn insan i\u00e7in olanaks\u0131z bulundu\u011funu saptar. \u0130nsan, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak do\u011fa engellerini yenip a\u015farak kendi yolunu kendi yaratacakt\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendi yolunu a\u00e7mas\u0131na tanr\u0131lar bile engel olamayacakt\u0131r. Tufan bile g\u00f6nderseler insan soyunu yok edemeyeceklerdir. <\/p>\n
Tanr\u0131lar ve do\u011fa, insana her g\u00fcn biraz daha yenilecek ve s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 her g\u00fcn biraz daha kapt\u0131racakt\u0131r. Destan, ayn\u0131 zamanda, insan\u0131n idealist d\u00fc\u015flerle kendini kendine yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce \u00e7ok daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bulundu\u011funu da tan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Tanr\u0131lar, insana yard\u0131m etmemekte, tersine, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130nsan bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri kendi al\u0131nteriyle, bilin\u00e7li \u00e7abas\u0131yla yenmektedir. Destan\u0131n bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, insan\u0131n inan\u00e7la de\u011fil, bilgiyle davranmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmesidir. G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f inanmaz, ancak her \u015feyi g\u00f6r\u00fcp bilir (Sha Nagba \u0130muru). <\/p>\n
Bilmek ve anlamak, onun insanl\u0131k niteli\u011fidir. G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, efsanele\u015ftirilmi\u015f ger\u00e7ek bir kahraman san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kimi incelemecilere g\u00f6re Mezopotamya\u2019da iki \u0131rmak vadisinin g\u00fcneyinde ger\u00e7ekten ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00dcnl\u00fc destanlar\u0131nda yar\u0131 insan, yar\u0131 tanr\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimi yorumculara g\u00f6re de tanr\u0131lara kafa tutan insan\u0131n, insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn simgesidir. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fler, t\u0131pk\u0131 Yunan mitolojisindeki Herakles\u2019in i\u015fleri gibi on iki tanedir. Bu \u00e7ok eski mitosun Herakles mitosunu geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiledi\u011fi bellidir. Destanlarda anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan bir gen\u00e7 kralm\u0131\u015f. Halk\u0131n\u0131 da, kendisi gibi bo\u015f oturmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, i\u015fe ko\u015farm\u0131\u015f. Uruklu k\u0131zlar ve kad\u0131nlar tanr\u0131lara yalvar\u0131p kocalar\u0131n\u0131n ve sevgililerinin biraz da kendilerine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fler. Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Aruru kad\u0131nlara ac\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve toprak v\u00fccutlu yar\u0131 hayvan Enkidu\u2019yu yaratarak G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019la dost etmeye karar vermi\u015f. B\u00f6ylelikle gen\u00e7 ve cesur kral\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli ser\u00fcvenlere s\u00fcr\u00fckleyip Uruk erkeklerini rahat b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f. Ger\u00e7ekten de bu iki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131n dostlu\u011fu, bir\u00e7ok tehlikeli ser\u00fcvenlere at\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015f. Bu dostluk bir g\u00fcre\u015fle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcyle. Enkidu\u2019yu tuttu\u011fu gibi yere \u00e7arp\u0131vermi\u015f. Yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri ilk kez yenilgiye u\u011frayan Enkidu \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. <\/p>\n
Oysa bu yenilgide bir \u00e7e\u015fit orospular olan \u0130\u015ftar rahibelerinin de rol\u00fc varm\u0131\u015f. Gen\u00e7 kral, ormanlarda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011fu bu yar\u0131 hayvan yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131 kand\u0131r\u0131p kente getirmesi i\u00e7in onlardan birini g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015f. Enkidu da yedi g\u00fcn ve yedi gece bu rahibeyle yatm\u0131\u015f, ondan insanc\u0131l olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f. \u0130ki yi\u011fitin ilk ser\u00fcvenleri, tanr\u0131 Enlil\u2019in Sedir da\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumakla g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi Humbaba ya da Kumbaba adl\u0131 devi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek olmu\u015f. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ylesine y\u00fccele\u015ftirip g\u00fczelle\u015ftirmi\u015f ki, tanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130\u015ftar dayanamam\u0131\u015f, onunla evlenmek istemi\u015f. Ama gen\u00e7 kral bu evlenmeye yana\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, \u00fcstelik de tanr\u0131\u00e7ayla alay etmi\u015f. Onuru k\u0131r\u0131lan tanr\u0131\u00e7a \u00e7ok k\u0131zm\u0131\u015f ve tanr\u0131 Anu\u2019ya ba\u015fvurarak \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc alabilecek kutsal bir bo\u011fa yaratmas\u0131n\u0131 dilemi\u015f. Kahramanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ikinci i\u015fi bu bo\u011fay\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek olmu\u015f. Gen\u00e7 kral, Uruk kentini \u00e7evreleyen duvarlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 seyretmeye haz\u0131rlanan tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde, bir baltayla bo\u011fan\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131 u\u00e7uruvermi\u015f. <\/p>\n
Daha pek \u00e7ok ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131lar kazanan iki yi\u011fidin bu ser\u00fcvenlerinde sonucu alan, e\u015fdeyi\u015fle devleri, bo\u011falar\u0131 vb. \u00f6ld\u00fcren hep G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019t\u0131r, arkada\u015f\u0131 Engidu sadece yard\u0131mc\u0131 durumdad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ser\u00fcvenlerden sonra Engidu hastalanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f. Arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fclen gen\u00e7 kral b\u00f6ylelikle ilk kez \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe eri\u015fmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Dedelerinden Ut Napi\u015ftim (Mezopotamya Nuh\u2019u)\u2019in Tufandan kurtularak \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015ftu\u011funu hat\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve onu bulup \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yolunu \u00f6\u011frenmek istemi\u015f. Bir\u00e7ok ser\u00fcvenlerden sonra dedesini bulmu\u015f, ondan \u00fcnl\u00fc Tufan \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc dinlemi\u015f (Bu \u00f6yk\u00fc, destan\u0131n on birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndedir). <\/p>\n
Dedesi ona, denizlerin dibinde b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc bir ot bulundu\u011funu, bu otu bulup yiyebilirse \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015f. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, denizlerin dibine dal\u0131p bu otu koparan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f tam onu yiyice\u011fi s\u0131rada otu bir y\u0131lana kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. \u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck umudunu yitiren G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, Uruk\u2019a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve yeralt\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 Nergal\u2019in izniyle yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan arkada\u015f\u0131 Engidu\u2019nun ruhuyla konu\u015fup avunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kesin oldu\u011funu bildi\u011finden, dostuna \u00f6b\u00fcr d\u00fcnya \u00fcst\u00fcne bir\u00e7ok sorular sormu\u015f. Destan bu sorulardan meydana gelen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmle sona ermektedir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Tarihi – Orhan Han\u00e7erlio\u011flu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130lk mitolojik tanr\u0131lara S\u00fcmerlerde rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi tanr\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7e sayan ilk insanlara da gene S\u00fcmerlerde rastl\u0131yoruz. Felsefesel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin temeli mitolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. \u00d6zellikle antik\u00e7a\u011f Yunan felsefesinde mitolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin izlerine Platon\u2019da bile rastlan\u0131r. Hint, \u00c7in, \u0130ran vb. gibi uluslar\u0131n ilk felsefeleri mitolojileriyle kayna\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemi bug\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n elinde bulunan en eski mitolojik metin olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5067","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-mitoloji"},"yoast_head":"\n