{"id":5774,"date":"2011-03-08T14:37:35","date_gmt":"2011-03-08T11:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/"},"modified":"2011-03-08T14:37:35","modified_gmt":"2011-03-08T11:37:35","slug":"karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/","title":{"rendered":"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)"},"content":{"rendered":"

4\u00b0 SERMAYELER\u0130N B\u0130R\u0130K\u0130M\u0130 VE
KAP\u0130TAL\u0130STLER ARASINDAK\u0130 REKABET
“Sermayelerin, \u00fccretleri y\u00fckselten birikimi, aralar\u0131ndaki rekabet arac\u0131yla kapitalistlerin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 179.)
“\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kentin bakkall\u0131k tecimi i\u00e7in gerekli sermaye iki ayr\u0131 bakkal aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011fu zaman, rekabet sonucu, bunlardan herbiri, sermayenin sadece birinin elinde bulunaca\u011f\u0131 duruma g\u00f6re daha ucuza satacakt\u0131r; ve e\u011fer bu sermaye yirmi ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fse, [VI] bunun sonucu rekabet o kadar daha (sayfa 120) etkin, ve metalar\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in aralannda anla\u015fabilme olanaklar\u0131 o kadar daha az olacakt\u0131r.” (Smith, c. II, s. 372-373.)
Tekel fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n olabildiklerince y\u00fcksek olduklar\u0131n\u0131, kapitalistlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n hatta baya\u011f\u0131 ekonomi politi\u011fin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde bile topluma kar\u015f\u0131t oldu\u011funu, sermaye k\u00e2r\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n meta fiyat\u0131 \u00fczerinde bile\u015fik faiz gibi etkili oldu\u011funu daha \u00f6nceden bildi\u011fimize g\u00f6re (Smith, c. I, s. 199-201),[56] kapitalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 tek \u00e7\u0131kar yol, ekonomi politi\u011fin verilerine g\u00f6re, \u00fccretlerin y\u00fckselmesi \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu kadar, t\u00fcketici halk yarar\u0131na metalar\u0131n ucuzlu\u011fu \u00fczerinde de iyilik\u00e7i bir bi\u00e7imde etkin olan rekabettir.
Ama rekabet ancak, e\u011fer sermayeler \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar, ve \u00fcstelik \u00e7ok say\u0131da ellerde \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlarsa olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Genel olarak sermaye ancak birikim arac\u0131yla do\u011fdu\u011fu, ve \u00e7ok yanl\u0131 birikim zorunlu olarak tek yanl\u0131 birikime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok say\u0131da sermayelerin do\u011fu\u015fu, ancak \u00e7ok yanl\u0131 birikim arac\u0131yla olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Sermayeler aras\u0131ndaki rekabet, sermayelerin birikimini art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyet rejimi alt\u0131nda, sermayenin az say\u0131da ellerde deri\u015fmesi (concentration) demek olan birikim, e\u011fer sermayeler kendi do\u011fal ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rlar, ve sermayenin bu do\u011fal y\u00f6nelimine yolu ger\u00e7ekten sadece rekabet a\u00e7arsa, genel olarak zorunlu bir sonu\u00e7tur.
Bize sermaye k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131n, onun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylendi. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bile isteye yap\u0131lan rekabet bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, demek ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sermaye, kendi b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sermayeden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 birikir.
[VII] Sonu\u00e7 darak, hatta rekabet bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131lsa bile, b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayenin birikimi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermayenin birikiminden \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r. Ama bunun gidi\u015fini izleyelim.
Sermayeler art\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, rekabet sonucu, bunlar\u0131n k\u00e2rlar\u0131 (sayfa 121) azal\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya ilk d\u00fc\u015fecek olan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalisttir.
Sermayelerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da bir sermaye, ayr\u0131ca \u00fclke zenginli\u011finin geli\u015fmesini \u00f6ngerektirirler.
“Zenginlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn doru\u011funa eri\u015fmi\u015f bulunan bir \u00fclkede, […] ola\u011fan safi k\u00e2r oran\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olaca\u011f\u0131ndan, bunun sonucu, bu k\u00e2r\u0131n \u00f6demeye yetebilece\u011fi ola\u011fan faiz oran\u0131, zenginlerden ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n kendi paralar\u0131n\u0131n faiziyle ya\u015fayamayacaklar\u0131 kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olacakt\u0131r. Serveti s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ya da \u015f\u00f6yle b\u00f6yle olan b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar, kendi sermayelerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kendi elleri ile y\u00f6netme zorunda kalacaklard\u0131r. Herkesin az\u00e7ok i\u015flerin i\u00e7inde, ya da herhangi bir tecim t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekecektir.” (Smith, c. I, s. [196]-197.)
Bu durum, ekonomi politi\u011fin en \u00fcst\u00fcn tuttu\u011fu durumdur.
“Sanayi ile aylakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunacaklar\u0131 oran\u0131, her yerde sermayelerin tutar\u0131 ile gelirlerin tutar\u0131 aras\u0131nda varolan oran belirler; sermayelerin a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yerde, egemen olan sanayidir; a\u011f\u0131r basan\u0131n gelirler oldu\u011fu her yerde, aylakl\u0131k \u00fcste \u00e7\u0131kar.” (Smith, c. II, s. 325.)
Peki bu artan rekabet i\u00e7inde sermaye nas\u0131l kullan\u0131l\u0131r?
“Sermayeler \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, fonds \u00e0 pr\u00eater \u00e0 int\u00e9r\u00eat,[57] niceli\u011fi gitgide daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Faizle \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 verilecek fonlar niceli\u011fi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, faiz, […] sadece niceli\u011fi artan her \u015feyin pazar fiyat\u0131n\u0131n bu art\u0131\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucunu veren o genel nedenler gere\u011fince de\u011fil, ama bu duruma \u00f6zg\u00fc ba\u015fka nedenler gere\u011fince de, zorunlu olarak d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Bir \u00fclkede semayeler \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde,[58] bu sermayeleri kullanarak elde edilebilecek k\u00e2r zorunlu olarak azal\u0131r; bu \u00fclkede yeni bir sermayeye k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir kullanma bi\u00e7imi bulmak zamanla gitgide daha g\u00fc\u00e7 bir duruma gelir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00e7e\u015fitli sermayeler aras\u0131nda, bir sermaye sahibinin, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tutulmu\u015f bulunan i\u015fi onun elinden koparmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir rekabettir ba\u015flar. Ama \u00e7o\u011fu kez, daha iyi davranma ko\u015fullar\u0131 sunmad\u0131k\u00e7a, bu \u00f6b\u00fcr sermayeyi i\u015finden kopar\u0131p atmay\u0131 umamaz. Sadece satt\u0131\u011fn\u0131 daha ucuza satma (sayfa 122) zorunda kalmaz, ama bir de, satma olana\u011f\u0131 bulabilmek i\u00e7in bazan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha pahal\u0131ya alma zorunda da kal\u0131r. \u00dcretken eme\u011fin bak\u0131m\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fonlar g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, bu eme\u011fin talebi de g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir duruma gelir: i\u015f\u00e7iler kolayca i\u015f bulurlar, [IX] ama sermaye sahipleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak i\u015f\u00e7i bulmakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekerler. Kapitalistlerin rekabeti emek \u00fccretlerini y\u00fckseltir ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.” (Smith, c. II, s. 358-359.)
Demek ki, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalistin iki se\u00e7ene\u011fi var: l\u00b0 art\u0131k faizle ya\u015fayamayaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, ya sermayesini yemek, \u00f6yleyse kapitalist olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmak. Ya da 2\u00b0 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir i\u015f kurmak, meta\u0131n\u0131 daha zengin kapitalistten daha ucuza sat\u0131p, alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ondan daha pahal\u0131ya almak, ve y\u00fcksek bir \u00fccret \u00f6demek; demek ki, y\u00fcksek bir rekabetin varsay\u0131lmasi sonucu pazar fiyat\u0131 zaten \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, servetini yitirmek. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, e\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015finden etmek istiyorsa, onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kapitalistin, kapitalist olarak, i\u015f\u00e7i kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sahip bulundu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklere sahiptir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00e2rlar, onun bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sermayesinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcnlenmi\u015flerdir ve hatta, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalist y\u0131k\u0131lana ve bu rekabetten kurtuldu\u011funu g\u00f6rene kadar, ge\u00e7ici zararlara da katlanabilir. B\u00f6ylece, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalistin kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kendi yarar\u0131na biriktirir.
Ayr\u0131ca: b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck niceliklerle ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, her zaman k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckten daha ucuza sat\u0131n al\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse, zarara u\u011framadan, daha ucuza satabilir.
Ama, e\u011fer para [faiz -\u00e7.] oran\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, ortalama kapitalistleri rantiye durumundan i\u015fadam\u0131 durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrse, tersine, i\u015fe yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan sermayelerin artmas\u0131 ve bunun sonucu k\u00e2r\u0131n azalmas\u0131 da, para oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucunu verir.
“Bir sermayenin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile sa\u011flanabilecek k\u00e2r\u0131n azalmas\u0131 sonucu, bir sermayenin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6denecek fiyat da zorunlu olarak d\u00fc\u015fer.” (Smith, c. II, s. 359.)[59] (sayfa 123)
“Servetler, sanayi ve n\u00fcfus artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, para faizi, \u00f6yleyse sermayelerin k\u00e2r\u0131 azal\u0131r, ama serrmayelerin kendileri gene de artmaktan geri kalmazlar; hatta eskisinden de \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 artmaya. devam ederler, [k\u00e2rlar\u0131n azalmasma kar\u015f\u0131n]… K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00e2rlarla da olsa, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sermaye, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar getiren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sermayeden genel olarak daha h\u0131zl\u0131 artar. Atas\u00f6z\u00fc, para paray\u0131 \u00e7eker, der. ” (c. I, s. 189.)
Demek ki, e\u011fer bu b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayenin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na, varsay\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rekabet durumunda oldu\u011fu gibi, \u015fimdi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00e2rlar getiren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermayeler \u00e7\u0131karsa, onlar\u0131 ezer ge\u00e7er.
O zaman bu rekabette, metalardaki genel nitelik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bozukluk, \u00f6yk\u00fcnme, b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi genel zehirlenme, zorunlu sonu\u00e7lard\u0131r.
[X] Ayr\u0131ca capital fixe ile capital circulant[60] aras\u0131ndaki oran da, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermayelerin rekabetinde \u00f6nemli bir konudur.
“D\u00f6ner sermaye, yap\u0131m ya da tecim i\u00e7in, ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmekte kullan\u0131lan sermayedir. Bu bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lan sermaye, sahibinin elinde kald\u0131k\u00e7a ya da ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda kalmaya devam ettik\u00e7e, sahibine gelir ya da k\u00e2r getiremez […]. Bu sermaye, bir ba\u015fka bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda d\u00f6nmek \u00fczere, onun elinden, durmadan bir bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar, ve i\u015fte bu ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmeyen dola\u015f\u0131m ya da de\u011fi\u015fimler arac\u0131ylad\u0131r ki, ona bir k\u00e2r getirebilir. Sabit sermaye, topraklar\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesinde ve yararl\u0131 makineler ile aletleri ya da \u00f6b\u00fcr benzeri \u015feyler sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan sermayeden bile\u015fir.” (Smith, [c. II], s. 197-198.)
“Sabit sermayenin bak\u0131m masraf\u0131ndaki her tutum (tasarruf), [toplumun] safi gelirinde bir iyile\u015ftirmedir. Herhangi bir i\u015f giri\u015fimcisinin sermaye b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, zorunlu olarak onun sabit sermayesi ile d\u00f6ner sermayesi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplam sermayesi (sayfa 124) ayn\u0131 kald\u0131k\u00e7a, iki par\u00e7adan biri ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olursa, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc zorunlu olarak o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olacakt\u0131r. Emek gere\u00e7 ve \u00fccretlerini sa\u011flayan ve sanayii etkinli\u011fe ge\u00e7iren, d\u00f6ner sermayedir. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, sabit sermayenin [bak\u0131m harcamas\u0131nda], emekteki \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fc azaltmayan her tutum, fonu art\u0131racakt\u0131r.” (Smith, c. II, s. 226.)[61]
Capital fixe ile capitat circulant aras\u0131ndaki oran\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalistten \u00e7ok daha elveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu daha ilk anda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bankac\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir bankac\u0131dan, ancak \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck nicelikte daha \u00e7ok bir sabit sermaye gereksinmesi vard\u0131r. Sabit sermayeleri, b\u00fcrolar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir toprak sahibinin aletleri, topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artmazlar. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kapitalistin, elinde bulundurma \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcg\u00fcne k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kapitalistten \u00e7ok sahip oldu\u011fu kredi de, sabit sermayeden, yani hep elinde bulundurmas\u0131 gereken paradan bir o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tutumdur. Son olarak, s\u0131nai eme\u011fin y\u00fcksek bir geli\u015fme derecesine eri\u015fmi\u015f, demek ki hemen t\u00fcm el eme\u011finin fabrika eme\u011fi durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011fu yerlerde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalistin t\u00fcm sermayesinin, onun sadece zorunlu capital fixe’e sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bile yetmeyece\u011fini kendili\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. On sait que les travaux de la grande culturen’occupent habituellement qu’un petit nombre de bras. [ 62]
Genel olarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayelerin birikiminde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalistlere oranla capital fixe’te g\u00f6rece bir merkezle\u015fme ve bir yal\u0131nla\u015fma da olur. B\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist, kendisi i\u00e7in [XI] emek ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme tipini uygular.
“Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, sanayi alan\u0131nda, her yap\u0131mevi ve her fabrika, daha \u015fimdiden olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck maddi bir servetin, ortak bir \u00fcretim amac\u0131nda, entelekt\u00fcel yetenekler ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve \u00e7e\u015fitli (sayfa 125) teknik beceriler ile olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir birle\u015fmesidir… Yasalar\u0131n geni\u015f toprak m\u00fclklerinin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerine olanak verdikleri yerlerde, artan bir n\u00fcfusun art\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sanayilere \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve bunun sonucu, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da oldu\u011fu gibi, proleterlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc her \u015feyden \u00f6nce sanayi alan\u0131nda birikir. Ama yasalar\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrekli payla\u015fmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011fi yerlerde, s\u00fcrekli par\u00e7alanman\u0131n geli\u015fmesi sonucu, yoksullar ve ho\u015fnutsuzlar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7ine at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan bor\u00e7lu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahipleri say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, Fransa’da oldu\u011fu gibi, artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. E\u011fer sonunda bu par\u00e7alanma ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek bir dereceye var\u0131rsa, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayiin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayii y\u0131kmas\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetini yeniden yutar; ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclklerinin yeniden kurulmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine, topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok gerekli olmayan mals\u0131z m\u00fclks\u00fcz i\u015f\u00e7iler y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden sanayie do\u011fru itilir.” (Schulz, \u00dcretim Hareketi, s. [58]-59.)
“Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden metalar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve \u00f6zellikle makinelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, de\u011fi\u015fir. 3 \u015filin 8 peni de\u011ferindeki yar\u0131m kilo pamuktan, 167 \u0130ngiliz mili, yani 36 Alman mili bir uzunlukta ve 25 Ginelik bir tecimsel de\u011ferde 350 \u00e7ile, ancak insan g\u00fcc\u00fc yerine makine ge\u00e7irerek olanakl\u0131 bir duruma gelmi\u015ftir.” (Ibid., s. 62.)
“\u0130ngiltere’de pamuklu fiyatlar\u0131 45 y\u0131ldan beri ortalama olarak 11\/12 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve, Marshall’\u0131n hesaplar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1814’te 16 \u015filin \u00f6denen yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin e\u015fit niceli\u011fi, \u015fimdi 1 \u015filin 10 peniye veriliyor. Sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck ucuzlama, hem i\u00e7 t\u00fcketimi, hem de d\u0131\u015f pazar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da makinelerin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131ndan sonra i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sadece d\u00fc\u015fmemekle kalmamas\u0131, ama 40.000’den 1,5 milyona y\u00fckselmesi de buna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. [XII] \u015fimdi sanayi giri\u015fimci ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kazanc\u0131na gelince, fabrika sahipleri aras\u0131ndaki artan rekabet sonucu, bunlar\u0131n k\u00e2r\u0131, teslim ettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re zorunlu olarak azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1820-1833 aras\u0131nda, Manchester’deki bir fabrikac\u0131n\u0131n gayrisafi k\u00e2r\u0131, bir pamuklu par\u00e7as\u0131 i\u00e7in 4 \u015filin ll\/3 peniden, 1 \u015filin 9 peniye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ama, bu yiti\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in, imalat hacmi de bir o kadar art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucu … \u015fudur ki, \u00e7e\u015fitli sanayi kollar\u0131nda, zaman zaman bir a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretim g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr; kapitalistler ve i\u015f sahipleri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, m\u00fclkiyetin pek g\u00fcvenli olmayan bir karars\u0131zl\u0131k ve (sayfa 126) dalgalanmas\u0131 sonucunu veren bir\u00e7ok iflaslar olur, bu da iktisadi bak\u0131mdan y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bulunanlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc proletarya i\u00e7ine atar; s\u0131k s\u0131k ve hoyrat\u00e7a, i\u015fin, zarar\u0131n\u0131 hep \u00fccretliler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131 ac\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir durdurulma ya, da bir azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu duruma gelir.” (Ibid., s. 63.)
“Eme\u011fini kiralamak demek, k\u00f6lele\u015fmeye ba\u015flamak demektir; emek gerecini kiralamak demek, kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kurmak demektir… Emek, insand\u0131r;[63] gerecin ise, tersine, insanla hi\u00e7 bir ilgisi yoktur.” (Pecqueur, Th\u00e9orie sociale vb., s. 411-412.)[64]
“Emek \u00f6\u011fesi olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, zenginlik yaratma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey yapamayan gere\u00e7 \u00f6\u011fesi, onlar i\u00e7in, sanki onlar bu zorunlu \u00f6\u011feyi oraya kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile koymu\u015flar gibi, verimli olma b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc etkilili\u011fini kazan\u0131r.” (Ibid., l.c..)
“Bir i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00fcnl\u00fck eme\u011finin ona y\u0131lda ortalama 400 frank getirdi\u011fi ve bu tutar\u0131n her yeti\u015fkin insan\u0131n kabaca bir ya\u015fam ya\u015famas\u0131na yetti\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131rsa, 2.000 frankl\u0131k \u00e7iftlik kiras\u0131, kira vb. geliri olan her varl\u0131kl\u0131, demek ki dolayl\u0131 olarak be\u015f insan\u0131 kendisi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlar; 100.000 frankl\u0131k gelir ikiy\u00fczelli insan\u0131n eme\u011fini, 1.000.000 frankl\u0131k gelir 2.500 bireyin eme\u011fini (\u00f6yleyse 300 milyon (Louis-Philippe), 750.000 i\u015f\u00e7inin eme\u011fini)[65] orunlar.” (Ibid., s. 412-413).
“Varl\u0131kl\u0131lar, insanlar\u0131n yasas\u0131ndan, kullanma ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanma, yani t\u00fcm emek konusunda ne isterlerse onu yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r … yasa taraf\u0131ndan, varl\u0131ks\u0131zlara zaman\u0131nda ve her zaman ne i\u015f sa\u011flamaya, ne de onlara her zaman yeterli bir \u00fccret \u00f6demeye zorlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, vb…” (l.c., s. 413.) “\u00dcretimin \u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, niceli\u011fi, niteli\u011fi, yerindeli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, zenginliklerin kullan\u0131m\u0131, t\u00fcketimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, her t\u00fcr emek gerecinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tam bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck. Herkes sahip oldu\u011fu \u015feyi, kendi \u00f6z birey \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeksizin, istedi\u011fi gibi de\u011fi\u015fimde \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr.” (l.c., s. 413.)
“Rekabet, kendisi de her t\u00fcr \u00fcretim aletlerinin bireysel kullanma ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n ve mant\u0131ksal sonucu (sayfa 127) olan istemli de\u011fi\u015fimden ba\u015fka bir \u015feyi d\u0131\u015favurmaz. Asl\u0131nda bir birlik olu\u015fturan \u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 iktisadi u\u011frak: kullanma ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanma hakk\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 rekabet, \u015fu sonu\u00e7lara yola\u00e7arlar: Herkes istedi\u011fi \u015feyi, istedi\u011fi gibi, istedi\u011fi zaman, istedi\u011fi yerde \u00fcretir, iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc, \u00e7ok ya da az, er ya da ge\u00e7, pahal\u0131 ya da ucuz fiyatla \u00fcretir; sat\u0131p satmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kime sataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131,[66] nas\u0131l sataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ne zaman sataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nerede sataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kimse bilmez; ve al\u0131mlar konusunda bu b\u00f6yledir. [XIII] \u00dcretici gereksinmeleri ve kaynaklar\u0131, talepleri ve arzlar\u0131 bilmez. istedi\u011fi zaman, satabildi\u011fi zaman, istedi\u011fi yerde, istedi\u011fi ki\u015fiye, istedi\u011fi fiyata satar. Ve ayni bi\u00e7imde sat\u0131n al\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu durumlarda, o hep raslant\u0131n\u0131n oyunca\u011f\u0131, en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn, en s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131z\u0131n, en zenginin koydu\u011fu yasan\u0131n k\u00f6lesidir. … Bir yerde bir zenginli\u011fin k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 varken, bir ba\u015fka yerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bollu\u011fu ve sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p savrulmas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bir \u00fcretici b\u00fcy\u00fck nicelikte, ya da y\u00fcksek fiyatla ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00e2rla satarken, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc ya hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey satmaz ya da zarar\u0131na satar. … Arz talebi bilmez, talep de arz\u0131. Siz t\u00fcketiciler toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde kendini g\u00f6steren bir zevk, bir moda inan\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcretirsiniz; ama daha siz mal\u0131 teslime haz\u0131r oldu\u011funuz zaman, heves ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve ba\u015fka t\u00fcr bir \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fczerinde karar k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… kesin sonu\u00e7lar, iflaslar\u0131n s\u00fcreklilik ve genelle\u015fmesi; k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f umutlar, apans\u0131z y\u0131k\u0131mlar ve beklenmedik servetler; tecimsel bunal\u0131mlar, i\u015fsizler, devirli t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131k ve k\u0131tl\u0131klar; \u00fccretler ile k\u00e2rlar\u0131n karars\u0131zl\u0131k ve de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015fmesi; amans\u0131z bir rekabet alan\u0131nda zenginlik, zaman ve \u00e7abalar\u0131n yitirilmesi ve sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p savrulmas\u0131.” (l.c. s. 414-416.)
Ricardo, kitab\u0131nda[67] (Toprak ranta): Uluslar, \u00fcretim atelyelerinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildirler. \u0130nsan bir \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim makinesidir; insan ya\u015fam\u0131 bir sermayedir; iktisadi yasalar d\u00fcnyay\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne y\u00f6netirler. Ricardo i\u00e7in, insanlar hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey, \u00fcretim her \u015feydir. Frans\u0131zca \u00e7evirinin 26. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde,[68] \u015f\u00f6yle der:[69]
“20.000 sterlinlik bir sermaye \u00fczerinden, y\u0131lda 2.000 sterlin k\u00e2r (sayfa 128) eden biri i\u00e7in, sermayesinin y\u00fcz insan\u0131 m\u0131, yoksa bir insan\u0131 m\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7 bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131mayacakt\u0131r. … Bir ulusun ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 de\u011fil mi? Safi ve ger\u00e7ek geliri, toprak kiralar\u0131 ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 olduktan sonra, n\u00fcfusunun on ya da oniki milyon olmas\u0131n\u0131n ne \u00f6nemi var?” (c. II, s. 194-195.) “Asl\u0131nda, der M. de Sismondi[70] (c. II, 331), adada tek ba\u015f\u0131na oturan kral\u0131n, bir kolu durmadan \u00e7evirerek, \u0130ngiltere’nin b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fini otomatlara yapt\u0131rtmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka isteyecek bir \u015fey yoktur.”
“\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin eme\u011fini, en zorunlu gereksinmelere ancak yetecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir fiyata sat\u0131n alan patron, ne \u00fccretlerin yetersizli\u011finden sorumludur, ne de i\u015fin \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcresinden: o kendi koydu\u011fu yasaya kendi de boyun e\u011fer. … Sefalet insanlardan \u00e7ok, nesnelerin erkinden gelir.’ ([Buret,] l.c., s. 82).[71]
“B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da, halk\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flemek, ve iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yeterli sermayelere sahip bulunmad\u0131klar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok yerler vard\u0131r. \u0130sko\u00e7ya’n\u0131n g\u00fcney illerinin y\u00fcn\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, yeti\u015fti\u011fi yerlerde i\u015flenmek i\u00e7in sermaye yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle, York Kontlu\u011funda i\u015flenmek \u00fczere, \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc yollar \u00fczerinde uzun bir kara yolculu\u011fu yapar. \u0130ngiltere’de, halk\u0131, kendi \u00f6z sanayilerinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn talep edilece\u011fi ve t\u00fcketiciler bulaca\u011f\u0131 o uzak pazarlara ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in yeterli sermayelerden yoksun bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fabrika kentleri vard\u0131r. Her ne kadar bu kentlerde baz\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131lar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse de, bundan [XIV] asl\u0131nda baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck tecimsel kentlerde oturan daha zengin sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revlilerinden (agents) ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildirler. (Smith, c. II, s. 381-382.) Toprak ve eme\u011fin y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011ferini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, ya \u00fcretici i\u015f\u00e7ileri say\u0131[72] bak\u0131m\u0131ndan art\u0131rmak, ya da daha \u00f6nce i\u015fe al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretici yetene\u011fini [72] erk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan art\u0131rmaktan ba\u015fka bir yol yoktur… Her iki durumda da, hemen her zaman bir sermaye art\u0131\u015f\u0131 gerekir.” (Smith, c. II, S. 338.)[73] (sayfa 129)
“Demek ki, i\u015flerin do\u011fas\u0131nda, bir sermaye birikimi[74] i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcmun\u00fcn zorunlu bir \u00f6nko\u015fuludur, i\u015f, ancak sermayelerin daha \u00f6nce gitgide birikmi\u015f bulunduklar\u0131 oranda daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir. \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, e\u015fit bir say\u0131da insan\u0131n i\u015fleyebilece\u011fi maddelerin niceli\u011fi b\u00fcyuk bir oran i\u00e7inde artar; ve her i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00f6revi giderek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yal\u0131nl\u0131k derecesine indirgenmi\u015f bulundu\u011fundan, bu g\u00f6revleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p k\u0131saltmak i\u00e7in bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n yeni makine t\u00fcretilir. Demek ki, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc geni\u015fledik\u00e7e, e\u015fit bir say\u0131daki i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, \u00f6nceden e\u015fit bir yiyecek yedekli\u011fi ile, daha az ilerlemi\u015f bir durumda gerekli olacaktan daha \u00e7ok bir gere\u00e7 ve alet yedekli\u011finin biriktirilmesi gerekir. Oysa, her i\u015fkolundaki i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131, i\u015fkolundaki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131 ile birlikte, genel olarak artar, ya da daha do\u011frusu onlar\u0131 bu bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131flan\u0131p b\u00f6l\u00fcnecek duruma getiren \u015fey, say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.” (Smith, c. II, s. 193-194.)
“Eme\u011fin, \u00fcretici erkin bu b\u00fcy\u00fck geni\u015flemesini, sermayelerin daha \u00f6nceki bir birikimi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kazanamamas\u0131 gibi, sermayelerin birikimi de do\u011fal olarak bu geni\u015flemeye yola\u00e7ar. Kapitalist, ger\u00e7ekte kendi sermayesi arac\u0131yla erden geldi\u011fince b\u00fcy\u00fck nicelikte yap\u0131t \u00fcretmek ister. \u00d6yleyse hem i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda en uygun i\u015f da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kurmaya, hem de onlara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebildi\u011fi ya da elde edebilecek durumda bulundu\u011fu en iyi makineleri sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu iki amaca da eri\u015febilme olanaklar\u0131 [XV] genel olarak sermayesinin geni\u015fli\u011fi ya da bu sermayenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi ki\u015filerin say\u0131s\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, bir \u00fclkedeki sanayiin niceli\u011fi, sadece onu devinime getiren sermaye[74] \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artmakla kalmaz, ama bir de, bu \u00e7o\u011falman\u0131n bir sonucu olarak, ayn\u0131 sanayi niceli\u011fi \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nicelikte yap\u0131t \u00fcretir.” (Smith, l.c., s. 194-195.)
\u00d6yleyse a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretim.
“Sanayi ve tecimde, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte i\u015fletmeler ere\u011fiyle, daha \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve daha \u00e7e\u015fitli insanal g\u00fc\u00e7lerle dogal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin biraraya getirilmesi arac\u0131yla … daha geni\u015f \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131. \u015eurada burada da … daha \u015fimdiden belliba\u015fl\u0131 \u00fcretim kollar\u0131n\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkiler. B\u00f6ylece b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikac\u0131lar, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse kendi sanayilerine gerekli hammaddelerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ilkin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc elden edinme zorunda kalmamak i\u00e7in, ayn\u0131 (sayfa 130) zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkleri edinmeye de \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar; ya da, sadece kendi \u00f6z \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini satmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ama ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnler sat\u0131n almak ve bunlar\u0131 kendi i\u015f\u00e7ilerine satmak i\u00e7in de, kendi sanayi i\u015fletmeleri ile tecim aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f kuracaklard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 fabrika patronlar\u0131n\u0131n bazan 10.000-12.000 i\u015f\u00e7inin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunduklari \u0130ngiltere’de … \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcretim kollar\u0131n\u0131n bir tek y\u00f6netici kafan\u0131n y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc birle\u015fmeleri, devlet i\u00e7inde bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc devlet ve eyaletler ender de\u011fil. B\u00f6ylece son zamanlarda Birmingham maden ocaklar\u0131 sahipleri, eskiden \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimci ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ocak sahipleri aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lan t\u00fcm demir \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini kendi ellerine alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bkz: Birmingham maden b\u00f6lgesi, Deutsche Viertelj[ahresschrift] 3, 1838.[75] Son olarak say\u0131lar\u0131 o kadar artm\u0131\u015f bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck hisse senetli i\u015fletmelerde, mali g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, bilimsel ve teknik bilgi ve deney sahibi bir\u00e7ok hisse sahibinin, i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi kendilerine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka ki\u015filerin geni\u015f ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. B\u00f6ylece, kapitalistler i\u00e7in art\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 (tasarruflar\u0131n\u0131) daha \u00e7esitli ve ayr\u0131ca tar\u0131msal, sinai ve tecimsel \u00fcretimde e\u015fzamanl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kullanabilme olana\u011f\u0131 do\u011far, bu da ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7evrelerini geni\u015fletir, [XVI] tar\u0131m, sanayi ve tecim \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc yumu\u015fat\u0131p birle\u015ftirir. Ama sermayeyi bu en \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imde \u00fcretici k\u0131lma artan olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bile, varl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar ile varl\u0131ks\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekir.” (Schulz, l.c., s. 40-41.)
Konut sahiplerinin sefaletten elde ettikleri engin k\u00e2r. Ev kiras\u0131, sinai sefalet ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.
Y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f proleterlerin kusurlar\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan kazan\u00e7lar da b\u00f6yle. (Fuhu\u015f, sarho\u015fluk, prat\u00eaur sur gages.[76])
Sermaye ile toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin tek bir elde bulunmalar\u0131 sonucu, ve bir de sermayenin, geni\u015fli\u011fi arac\u0131yla, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcretim kollar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rma olana\u011f\u0131na sahip bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle, sermayelerin birikimi artar ve rekabetleri azal\u0131r. (sayfa 131)
\u0130nsanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k. Smith’in yirmi piyango bileti.[77]
Say’\u0131n revenu net et brut’\u00fc.[78] (sayfa 132)<\/p>\n

TOPRAK RANTI<\/p>\n

[I] Toprak sahibinin hakk\u0131, k\u00f6kenini soygundan al\u0131r. (Say, [l.c.,] c. I, s. 136, not.) Toprak sahipleri, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6b\u00fcr insanlar gibi, ekmedikleri yeri bi\u00e7meyi sever, ve hatta topra\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in bile bir rant isterler. (Smith, c. I, s. 99.)
“Toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011fu kez toprak sahibinin, topra\u011f\u0131n iyile\u015fmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sermayenin […] k\u00e2r\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. … Ranta biraz da b\u00f6yle bak\u0131labilece\u011fi durumlar vard\u0131r … ama toprak sahibi: l\u00b0 iyile\u015ftirilmemi\u015f toprak i\u00e7in bile bir rant ister, ve iyile\u015ftirme harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n faiz ya da k\u00e2r\u0131 varsay\u0131labilecek \u015fey, genel olarak bu ilk ranta bir katmadan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir; 2\u00b0 \u00f6te yandan bu iyile\u015ftirmeler her zaman toprak sahibinin fonlar\u0131 ile de\u011fil, ama bazan \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fonlar\u0131 ile yap\u0131l\u0131rlar; gene de, kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini yenileme s\u00f6zkonusu oldu\u011fu (sayfa 133) zaman, toprak sahibi, genellikle, sanki b\u00fct\u00fcn bu iyile\u015ftirmeler kendi \u00f6z fonlar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar gibi, ayn\u0131 rant art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ister; 3\u00b0 bazan insanlar\u0131n eli ile kesenkes d\u00fczeltilemeyecek \u015feyler i\u00e7in de bir rant ister.” (Smith, c. I, s. 300-301.)
Smith bu son duruma \u00f6rnek olarak, yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman sabun, cam, vb. yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir alkali tuzu veren bir deniz bitkisi olan \u00e7\u00f6\u011fen otunu verir. Bu bitki B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da, \u00f6zellikle \u0130sko\u00e7ya’n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde, ama sadece g\u00fcnde deniz sular\u0131 ile iki kez \u00f6rt\u00fclen, ve bunun sonucu \u00fcretimi insanlar\u0131n ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile hi\u00e7 bir zaman art\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f bulunan, y\u00fcksek gelgit alt\u0131nda bulunan kayalar \u00fczerinde biter. Gene de, bu t\u00fcr bir bitkinin bitti\u011fi bir topra\u011f\u0131n sahibi, t\u0131pk\u0131 kendi bu\u011fday tarlalar\u0131 gibi, bu toprak i\u00e7in de bir rant ister. Shetland adalar\u0131n\u0131n dolaylar\u0131nda, deniz, bal\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc zengindir… Adalarda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc [II] bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inir.
Ama deniz \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in, kom\u015fu toprak \u00fczerinde bir konut sahibi olmak gerekir. Toprak sahibinin rant\u0131, sadece \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n toprakla yapabilece\u011fi \u015feyle de\u011fil, ama hem toprak hem de denizle, birarada yapabilece\u011fi \u015feyle orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. (Smith, c. I, s. 301-302.)
“Bu rant, toprak sahibinin \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131na kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 verdi\u011fi bu do\u011fa erkinin[79] \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc say\u0131labilir. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn, bu erkin az ya da \u00e7ok geni\u015f varsay\u0131lmas\u0131na, ya da ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, topra\u011f\u0131n az ya da \u00e7ok do\u011fal ya da yapay verimlilikte varsay\u0131lmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, az ya da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130nsan yap\u0131t\u0131 olarak bak\u0131labilecek \u015feyler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra geride kalan \u015fey, do\u011fan\u0131n yap\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.” (Smith, c. II, s. 377-378.)
“Topra\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6denmi\u015f fiyat olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen toprak rant\u0131,[80] demek ki do\u011fal olarak bir tekel fiyat\u0131d\u0131r.[80] Toprak sahibinin topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yat\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bulunabilece\u011fi, ya da zarara u\u011framamak i\u00e7in almas\u0131 gerekeri \u015feyle de\u011fil, ama \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zarara u\u011framaks\u0131z\u0131n verebilece\u011fi \u015feyle orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.” (Smith, c. I, s. 302.)
\u0130lk[81] \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131nda, bu s\u0131n\u0131f (toprak sahipleri), “geliri ona (sayfa 134) ne emek, ne de kayg\u0131ya malolan, ama deyim yerindeyse kendili\u011finden, onun hi\u00e7 bir tasar\u0131s\u0131,[82] hi\u00e7 bir plan\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n gelen tek s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.” (Smith, c. II, s. 161.)
Bize daha \u00f6nce, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n, topra\u011f\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 verimlili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti.
Toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinin bir ba\u015fka etkeni de, topra\u011f\u0131n konumudur.
“Rant, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ne olursa olsun topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fine,[83] ve verimlili\u011fi ne olursa olsun konumuna[83] g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 306)
“E\u015fit bir verimlilikteki topraklar, maden ocaklar\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n verecekleri \u00fcr\u00fcn, ekim ya da i\u015fletmelerinde kullan\u0131lacak sermayelerin geni\u015fli\u011fine, ve bu sermayelerin [III] kullanilacaklar\u0131 az ya da \u00e7ok uygun bi\u00e7imle orant\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Sermayelerin e\u015fit ve ayn\u0131 derecede iyi kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu \u00fcr\u00fcn, topraklar\u0131n, maden ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal verimlili\u011fi ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.” ([Smith], c. II, s. 210.)
Smith’in bu t\u00fcmceleri \u00f6nemlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u015fit \u00fcretim harcamalar\u0131 ve e\u015fit geni\u015flikte, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131n az ya da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck verimlili\u011fine indirgerler. B\u00f6ylece de, topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fini toprak sahibinin bir niteli\u011fi durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ekonomi politikteki kavramlar\u0131n devrikli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterirler.
Ama \u015fimdi toprak rant\u0131n\u0131, insanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flerinde b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda g\u00f6relim.
Toprak rant\u0131, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 ile toprak sahibi aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131m taraf\u0131ndan saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ktisatta, her yerde, toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin temeli say\u0131man a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131mlar, sava\u015flar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.
\u015eimdi toprak sahipleri ile \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin ne oldu\u011funu g\u00f6relim.
“Toprak sahibi, kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00fcr\u00fcnden [\u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131na], elinden geldi\u011fince, tohumlu\u011fu (sayfa 135) sa\u011flayan, eme\u011fi \u00f6deyen, hayvanlar\u0131 ve \u00f6b\u00fcr toprak i\u015fleme aletlerini sat\u0131n al\u0131p ya\u015fatan sermayeyi kar\u015f\u0131lamak, ve ayr\u0131ca da ona kantondaki \u00f6b\u00fcr \u00e7iftliklerin verdikleri ola\u011fan k\u00e2rlar\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in gerekli olandan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir par\u00e7a b\u0131rakmamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu par\u00e7a elbette \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zarara u\u011framaks\u0131z\u0131n yetinebilece\u011fi en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ad\u0131r ve toprak sahibi de ona daha \u00e7o\u011funu b\u0131rakmay\u0131 \u00e7ok ender d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kendinden ya da fiyat\u0131ndan […] bu par\u00e7an\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde t\u00fcm geri kalan\u0131, bu art\u0131 ne olursa olsun, toprak sahibi topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n rant\u0131 olarak kendine al\u0131koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; bu rant, elbette, topra\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunda, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6deyebilece\u011fi en y\u00fcksek [IV] rantt\u0131r. […] Bu art\u0131ya her zaman topra\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal rant\u0131, ya da topraklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun do\u011fal olarak kendisi \u00fczerinden kiraland\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilen rant olarak bak\u0131labilir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 299-300.)
“Toprak sahipleri, der Say, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir t\u00fcr tekel […] uygularlar. Onlar\u0131n, toprak olan mallar\u0131n\u0131n talebi, durmadan geni\u015fleyebilir: ama mallar\u0131n\u0131n niceli\u011fi ancak belli bir noktaya kadar geni\u015fler… Toprak sahibi ile \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan pazarl\u0131k, her zaman toprak sahibi i\u00e7in olabildi\u011fince yararl\u0131d\u0131r. … Toprak sahibi, i\u015flerin do\u011fas\u0131ndan sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckten ba\u015fka, ona \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir servetin, ve bazan da sayg\u0131nl\u0131k ve toplumdaki yerin s\u00f6z dinletme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc veren konumun bir ba\u015fka \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha yararlan\u0131r; ama bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerden birincisi, toprak yarar\u0131na elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullardan her zaman tek ba\u015f\u0131na onun yararlanacak durumda bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeter. Bir kanal\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, bir yol, bir kantondaki n\u00fcfus ve g\u00f6nen\u00e7 (refah) art\u0131\u015f\u0131, her zaman \u00e7iftlik kiralar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltirler. … \u00c7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kendisi de ger\u00e7i[84] kendi harcamalar\u0131 ile fonu (topra\u011f\u0131) iyile\u015ftirebilir; ama bu, onun ancak s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00fcresince \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi, ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00fcresi sonunda, g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in,[85] toprak sahibine kalan bir sermayeden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir, s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00fcresi bittikten sonra, toprak sahibi, hi\u00e7 bir yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, bunun faizlerinden yararlan\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toprak kiras\u0131 bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fckselir.” (Say, c. II, s. 142-143.) (sayfa 136)
“Topra\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6denmi\u015f fiyat olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen rant, topra\u011f\u0131n \u015fimdilik i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda, elbette \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131ri \u00f6deyebilecek durumda oldu\u011fu en y\u00fcksek fiyatt\u0131r.” (Smith, c. I, s. 299.)
“Toprak \u00fcst\u00fcndeki bir m\u00fclk\u00fcn rant\u0131, genel olarak toplam \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7te-biri oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan d\u00fczeye y\u00fckselir, ve bu, normal olarak, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ilineksel de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve de\u011fi\u015fmez bir [V] rantt\u0131r (Smith, c. I, s. 351). Bu, toplam \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn […] d\u00f6rtte-birinden, ender olarak b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.” (Ibid., c. II, s. 378.)[86]
Toprak rant\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar i\u00e7in \u00f6denmi\u015f olamaz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgelerde ta\u015flar i\u00e7in toprak rant\u0131 \u00f6denmez.
“Genel olarak pazara, sadece toprak \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, ola\u011fan fiyat\u0131 onlar\u0131 oraya getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken sermaye ile, bu sermayenin ola\u011fan k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yeterli olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri getirilebilir. E\u011fer ola\u011fan fiyat yeterli olmaktan da y\u00fcksekse, art\u0131, (surplus), do\u011fal olarak toprak rant\u0131na gidecektir. E\u011fer tastamam yeterli olacak kadarsa, meta pazara getirilebilecektir, ama toprak sahibine \u00f6denecek bir rant sa\u011flayamaz. Fiyat yeterli olandan y\u00fcksek olacak m\u0131, olmayacak m\u0131? \u0130\u015fte bu, talebe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.” (Smith, c. I. s. 302-303.)
“Rant, metalar\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimine, \u00fccret ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n girdi\u011finden bir ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imde girer. \u00dccret ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oran\u0131, y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emtia fiyat\u0131n\u0131n nedenidir: rant\u0131n y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oran\u0131 ise, fiyat\u0131n sonucudur.”[87] (Smith, c. I. s. 303.)
Her zaman bir toprak rant\u0131 getiren \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda, yiyecek maddeleri bulunur.
“\u0130nsanlar, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6b\u00fcr hayvan t\u00fcrleri gibi, do\u011fal olarak ge\u00e7im araclar\u0131na oranla \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131klar\u0131ndan, her zaman az ya da \u00e7ok yiyecek maddesi talebi vard\u0131r. Yiyecek maddesi her zaman [VI] az ya da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck nicelikte bir emek […] sat\u0131n alabilecek, ve onu kazanmak i\u00e7in bir \u015feyler yapmaya haz\u0131r biri her zaman bulunacakt\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda, sat\u0131n alabilece\u011fi emek, e\u011fer en iktisadi bir bi\u00e7imde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (sayfa 137) olayd\u0131, besleyebilece\u011fi eme\u011fe her zaman e\u015fit[88] de\u011fildir ve bunun nedeni de, bazan eme\u011fe verilen y\u00fcksek \u00fccretlerdir. Ama her zaman besleyebilece\u011fi kadar eme\u011fi, bu t\u00fcr eme\u011fin \u00fclkede genellikle beslendi\u011fi oran \u00fczerinden sat\u0131n alabilir. Oysa toprak, hemen hemen olanakl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn durumlarda, \u00fcretti\u011fi yiyecek maddelerinin pazara sunulmas\u0131nda elbirli\u011fi eden t\u00fcm eme\u011fi beslemek i\u00e7in gerekli olandan daha \u00e7ok yiyecek maddesi \u00fcretir. […] Bu yiyecek maddeleri art\u0131\u011f\u0131 da, bu eme\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran sermayeyi k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde yenilemek i\u00e7in gerekli olandan her zaman daha \u00e7oktur. B\u00f6ylece, toprak sahibine bir rant vermek i\u00e7in her zaman bir \u015feyler kal\u0131r.” (Smith, c. I, s. 305-306.) “Rant ilk kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sadece besin maddelerinden almakla kalmaz, ama toprak \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fer herhangi bir ba\u015fka b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de sonradan bir rant getirmeye ba\u015flarsa, o bu de\u011fer kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n ekim ve i\u015flenmesi arac\u0131yla, yiyecek maddeleri \u00fcretmek \u00fczere eme\u011fin kazanm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu erk art\u0131\u015f\u0131na bor\u00e7ludur.” (Smith, c. I, s. 345.) “\u0130nsan yiyece\u011fi, toprak sahibine her zaman [ve zorunlu olarak] \u00f6denecek bir rant sa\u011flayan [tek toprak \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr].”[89] (c. I, s. 337.) “\u00dclkelerin n\u00fcfusu, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin giydirip bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilece\u011fi say\u0131 oran\u0131nda de\u011fil, ama bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn besleyebilece\u011fi say\u0131 oran\u0131nda artar.” (Smith, c. I, s. .342.)
“\u0130nsan\u0131n beslenmekten sonra gelen iki en b\u00fcy\u00fck gereksinmesi giysi, konut, \u0131s\u0131nmad\u0131r. Bunlar da \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, ama her zaman zorunlu olarak de\u011fil, bir rant getirirler.” (Ibid., c. I, s. 337-338).[90]
[VIII] \u015eimdi toprak sahibinin, toplumun t\u00fcm yararlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6relim.
1\u00b0 Toprak rant\u0131 n\u00fcfus ile birlikte artar (Smith, c. I, s. 335).
2\u00b0 Say, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n, demiryollar\u0131 vb. ile, g\u00fcvenli\u011fin iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 ile birlikte (sayfa 138) nas\u0131l artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bize daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.
3\u00b0 “Toplum durumunda yap\u0131lan her iyile\u015ftirme, dolayl\u0131 ya da dolays\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde,[91] topra\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ek rant\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmeye, toprak sahibinin ger\u00e7ek zenginli\u011fini, yani onun ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fini ya da ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n emek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131n alma erkli\u011fi art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelir. … Topraklar\u0131n ve ekimin iyile\u015ftirilmesindeki geni\u015fleme buna dolays\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6nelir. \u00dcr\u00fcn artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, toprak sahibinin \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 da zorunlu olarak artar. Bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc gayrisafi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ger\u00e7ek fiyat\u0131nda ba\u015fg\u00f6steren y\u00fckselme, […] \u00f6rne\u011fin hayvan fiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi de, toprak sahibinin rant\u0131n\u0131, dolays\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde ve daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oranda art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelir. \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri ile birlikte, sadece toprak sahibinin pay\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri, bu pay\u0131n ona ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fi \u00fczerinde verdi\u011fi erklik artmakla kalmaz, ama bu pay\u0131n toplam \u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re oran\u0131 da, bu de\u011fer ile birlikte artar. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn, kendi ger\u00e7ek fiyat\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fckseldikten sonra, toplanmak […] ve bu eme\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran sermayeyi, bu sermayenin ola\u011fan k\u00e2rlar\u0131 ile birlikte yenileyebilmek i\u00e7in, daha \u00e7ok emek istemez. \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geri kalan ve toprak sahibinin olan par\u00e7as\u0131, demek ki b\u00fct\u00fcne oranla, eskiden oldu\u011fundan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olacakt\u0131r.” (Smith, c. II, s. 157-159.)
[IX] Hammaddeler talebinin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011ferinin y\u00fckselmesi, k\u0131smen, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve n\u00fcfusun gereksinmelerindeki art\u0131\u015f sonucu olabilir. Ama her yeni t\u00fcretim, eskiden kullan\u0131lmayan ya da az kullan\u0131lan bir hammaddeden sanayiin her yeni kullan\u0131m\u0131, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6rne\u011fin k\u00f6m\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n rant\u0131, demiryollar\u0131, buharl\u0131 vapurlar vb. ile birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.
Toprak sahibinin yap\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131ktan, t\u00fcretimlerden, emekten sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yarardan ba\u015fka, hemen bir ba\u015fka yarar daha g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.
4\u00b0 “Eme\u011fin \u00fcretici erkinde, yap\u0131mevi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ger\u00e7ek fiyat\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya indirmeye y\u00f6nelen bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc iyile\u015ftirmeler, topra\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ek rant\u0131n\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak y\u00fckseltmeye y\u00f6nelirler. Toprak sahibi, kendi gayrisafi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi ki\u015fisel t\u00fcketimini a\u015fan (sayfa 139) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, ya da […] bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn fiyat\u0131n\u0131, yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnle de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu ikinci t\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek fiyat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren her \u015fey, birincinin ger\u00e7ek fiyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltir; bu gayrisafi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u015fit bir niceli\u011fi, bundan b\u00f6yle bu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir niceli\u011fine e\u015fit olur, ve toprak sahibi, edinmek istedi\u011fi konfor, s\u00fcs ya da l\u00fcks nesnelerinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nicelikte sat\u0131n alabilecek bir durumda bulunur.” (Smith, c. 11, s. 159.)
Ama, e\u011fer toprak sahibinin toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn yararlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olgusundan, Smith [X] toprak sahibinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n toplum \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ile her zaman \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rsa (c. II, s. 161), bu bir al\u0131kl\u0131kt\u0131r. Ekonomi politikte, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet rejimi alt\u0131nda, herhangi birinin toplumdan sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi \u00e7\u0131kar, toplumun ondan sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi \u00e7\u0131karla tam bir ters orant\u0131 i\u00e7indedir, t\u0131pk\u0131 tefecinin savurgan birinden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karla (faizle), savurganin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n kesenkes \u00f6zde\u015f olmamas\u0131 gibi.
Toprak sahibinin, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerin toprak m\u00fclkiyeti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki, \u00f6rne\u011fin bu\u011fday yasalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan tekel susuzlu\u011funun s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc, ancak \u015f\u00f6yle edip ge\u00e7ece\u011fiz.[92] Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, orta\u00e7a\u011f toprakbentli\u011fine (servage), s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdeki k\u00f6leli\u011fe, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya k\u0131r g\u00fcndelik\u00e7ilerinin sefaletine de burada de\u011finmeyece\u011fiz. Sadece ekonomi politi\u011fin kendi tezleri ile yetinelim.
1\u00b0 Toprak sahibinin, toplumun iyili\u011finde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek, iktisat ilkelerine g\u00f6re, toplum n\u00fcfusunun, sanayi \u00fcretiminin geli\u015fmesinden, gereksinmelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinden, k\u0131sacas\u0131 zenginlik art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek demektir; ve buraya kadar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bulunduklar\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re, bu art\u0131\u015f, sefalet ve k\u00f6lelik art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile elele gider. Ev kiras\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile sefalet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, toprak sahibinin (sayfa 140) toplumdan sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kara bir \u00f6rnektir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ev kiras\u0131 ile birlikte, toprak rant\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f bulundu\u011fu topra\u011f\u0131n kazan\u00e7 pay\u0131 da artar.
2\u00b0 \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerine g\u00f6re bile, toprak sahibinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r; demek ki, daha \u015fimdiden toplumun \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131.
[XI] 3\u00b0 \u00c7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 ne kadar az \u00fccret \u00f6derse, toprak sahibi \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131ndan o kadar \u00e7ok rant isteyebilece\u011fine ve toprak sahibi ne kadar \u00e7ok toprak rant\u0131 isterse \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 \u00fccreti o kadar \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrece\u011fine g\u00f6re, yap\u0131mevi patronlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 kendi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ne kadar kar\u015f\u0131tsa, toprak sahibinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 da tar\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na o kadar ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.
4\u00b0 Mamul \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ger\u00e7ek fiyat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc toprak rant\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltti\u011fine g\u00f6re, yap\u0131mevi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00fccret d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, kapitalistler aras\u0131 rekabette, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretimde, yap\u0131mevinin yola\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm sefalette, toprak sahibinin dolays\u0131z bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
5\u00b0 Demek ki toprak sahibinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131, toplum \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ile \u00f6zde\u015f olmak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, tar\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerinin, yap\u0131mevleri i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve kapitalistlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n dolays\u0131z kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r, hatta \u015fimdi g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irece\u011fimiz rekabet sonucu, bir toprak sahibinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 bir ba\u015fka taprak sahibinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ile bile \u00f6zde\u015f de\u011fildir.
\u015eimdiden, genel bir bi\u00e7imde, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermaye aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki gibidir. Ama buna, zorunlu bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyetin birikimine, ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bunun taraf\u0131ndan yutulmas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcren \u00f6zel ko\u015fullar da eklenir.
[XII] l\u00b0 \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve aletlerin g\u00f6rece say\u0131s\u0131, fonun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile birlikte, hi\u00e7 bir yerde toprak m\u00fclkiyetinde oldu\u011fu kadar azalmaz. Bunun gibi, b\u00fct\u00fcn bi\u00e7imleri alt\u0131ndaki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olana\u011f\u0131, \u00fcretim harcamalar\u0131 tutumu (tasarrufu) ve (sayfa 141) becerikli i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, fonun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile birlikte, hi\u00e7 bir yerde toprak m\u00fclkiyetinde oldu\u011fu kadar artmaz. Bir tarla ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olursa olsun, istedi\u011fi saban, b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131 vb. gibi aletlerin alt\u0131na inilemeyece\u011fi belli bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r, oysa m\u00fclk\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00e7ok alt\u0131na inebilir.
2\u00b0 B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 sermayesinin topra\u011f\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in uygulam\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 kendi yarar\u0131na biriktirir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin kendi \u00f6z sermayesini kullanmas\u0131 gerekir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu k\u00e2r, demek ki, onun i\u00e7in yitirilmi\u015ftir.
3\u00b0 T\u00fcm toplumsal iyile\u015ftirme b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetine yararken, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetine zarar verir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ondan daima daha \u00e7ok nakit para ister.
4\u00b0 Bu rekabet i\u00e7in daha incelenecek iki \u00f6nemli yasa var:
a) \u0130nsanlar\u0131n yiyecek maddelerinin \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in ekilmi\u015f topraklar\u0131n rant\u0131, \u00f6b\u00fcr ekilmi\u015f topraklardan \u00e7o\u011funun rant\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. (Smith, c. I, s. 331.)
S\u00fcr\u00fc hayvanlari vb. gibi ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131, son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede, ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilebilirler. \u00d6yleyse \u00f6b\u00fcr topraklar\u0131n rant\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczenler ve onu bir asgariye indirebilir.
Kendi ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi, o zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahibi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kendi \u00f6z aletlerine sahip bir zanaat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n fabrika patronu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki durumunda bulunur. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclkiyet yal\u0131n bir emek aleti durumuna gelmi\u015ftir. [XVI] K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi i\u00e7in rant b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn yok olur, ona olsa olsa, sermayesinin faizi ile \u00fccreti kal\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc rekabet rant\u0131n, art\u0131k toprak sahibinin kendi yat\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sermayenin faizinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmamas\u0131na yola\u00e7ar.
b) \u00d6te yandan, topraklar\u0131n, maden ocaklar\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit verimlilik ve e\u015fit i\u015fletme ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, sermayelerin geni\u015fli\u011fi ile orant\u0131l\u0131 durumda bulundu\u011funu daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Demek ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin (sayfa 142) utkusu (zaferi). Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, sermayelerin e\u015fitli\u011finde, verimlilik ile orant\u0131l\u0131 durumda. Demek ki, sermayelerin e\u015fitli\u011finde, kazanan en verimli topra\u011f\u0131n sahibidir.
c) “Genel olarak bir maden oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verimli ya da verimsiz oldu\u011fu, belli nicelikte bir eme\u011fin o ocaktan \u00e7\u0131lkarabildi\u011fi maden niceli\u011finin, e\u015fit nicelikte bir eme\u011fin ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden \u00f6b\u00fcr maden ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fundan \u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011fi maden niceli\u011finden az ya da \u00e7ok olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 345-346.) “En verimli k\u00f6m\u00fcr oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131, \u00e7evresindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6b\u00fcr maden ocaklan i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr fiyat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Ocak sahibi ile giri\u015fimci, her ikisi de, b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u015fular\u0131ndan biraz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck satarak, biri daha y\u00fcksek bir rant, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc daha y\u00fcksek bir k\u00e2r yapabileceklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Kom\u015fular, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden, bununla yetinecek durumda bulunmamalar\u0131na, ve bu fiyat\u0131n durmadan azal\u0131p hatta bazan rant ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 ellerinden almas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ayn\u0131 fiyatla satma zorunda kal\u0131rlar. Baz\u0131 ocaklar o zaman b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r, ba\u015fka baz\u0131lar\u0131 art\u0131k rant getirmez olur ve ancak ocak sahibi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilebilirler.” (Smith, c. 1, s. 350.) “Peru madenlerinin bulunmas\u0131ndan sonra, Avrupa g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. … Potosi ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131ndan sonra da, K\u00fcba ve Saint-Domingo madenlerinin, hatta eski Peru madenlerinin ba\u015f\u0131na ayn\u0131 \u015fey geldi.” (c. I, s. 353.)
Smith’in burada maden ocaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine t\u00fcm s\u00f6yledikleri, genel olarak toprak m\u00fclkiyeti i\u00e7in de az\u00e7ok ge\u00e7erlidir.
d) “Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan (cari) toprak fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n her yerde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan faiz oran\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunmasi ilgin\u00e7tir. … E\u011fer toprak rant\u0131 para faizinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fseydi, kimse toprak sat\u0131n almak istemez, bu da \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan toprak fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tersine, rant, faizin olduk\u00e7a \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131, herkes toprak sat\u0131n almak ister, ve bu da \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan toprak fiyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltirdi.” ([Smith], c. II, s. 367-368.)
Toprak rant\u0131 ile para [faiz -\u00e7.] oran\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bu ili\u015fkiden, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n gitgide d\u00fc\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar; \u00f6yle ki, sonunda sadece en zengin insanlar toprak rant\u0131 ile ya\u015fayabileceklerdir. Demek ki, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kiraya vermeyen toprak sahipleri aras\u0131nda durmadan b\u00fcy\u00fcyen rekabet. (sayfa 143) Aralar\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131. \u2014 B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinde yeni birikim.
[XVII] Bu rekabetin bir de toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kapitalistlerin eline ge\u00e7mesi ve kapitalistlerin b\u00f6ylece ayn\u0131 zamanda toprak sahibi de olmalar\u0131 gibi bir sonucu var; t\u0131pk\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin, eninde sonunda art\u0131k kapitalistten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmamalar\u0131 gibi. T\u0131pk\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, ayn\u0131 zamanda sanayici olmas\u0131 gibi.
Son sonu\u00e7, demek ki, kapitalist ile toprak sahibi aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n kalkmas\u0131d\u0131r; \u00f6yle ki, genel olarak, n\u00fcfusun art\u0131k sadece iki s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 var: i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131. Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin bu al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f konusu olmas\u0131, toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin bu meta durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, eski soylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kesin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve para soylular\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n da kesin y\u00fckseli\u015fidir.
1\u00b0 Romantizmin bu konuda d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc duygusal g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fm\u0131yoruz. O, topraktan kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flama al\u00e7akl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zelm\u00fclkiyetinin al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f konusu olmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde son derece ussal, istenir ve zorunlu mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130lkin, feodal toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi, zaten kazan\u00e7 konusu edilmi\u015f, insana yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ve bunun sonucu onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck toprakbeyi ki\u015fili\u011finde \u00e7\u0131kan topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetidir.
Feodal m\u00fclkiyet, topra\u011f\u0131n insanlar \u00fczerindeki, onlara yabanc\u0131 bir erk bi\u00e7imindeki egemenli\u011fini i\u00e7erir. Serf, topra\u011f\u0131n ekidir. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, me\u015fruta sahibi (majorataire), b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011ful da topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Onu miras olarak alan, toprakt\u0131r. Genel olarak, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet egemenli\u011fi toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ile ba\u015flar, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin temeli toprak m\u00fclkiyetidir, Ama feodal toprak m\u00fclkiyetinde, bey hi\u00e7 de\u011filse m\u00fclk\u00fcn kral\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, hen\u00fcz m\u00fclk sahibi ile toprak aras\u0131nda yal\u0131n bir maddi zenginlik ili\u015fkisinden daha i\u00e7li (sayfa 144) d\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir ili\u015fki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc vard\u0131r. Toprak, sahibi ile bireyselle\u015fir, sahibinin d\u00fczeyindedir, onunla birlikte baronluk ya da kontluktur, onun ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131na, yarg\u0131lama yetkisine, siyasal ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131na vb. sahiptir. Beyinin \u00f6rgensel-olmayan bedeni olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Toprakbeyli\u011fi ile toprak m\u00fclkiyeti aras\u0131ndaki kayna\u015fmay\u0131 dile getiren “nulte terre sans ma\u00eetre”[93] atas\u00f6z\u00fc de buradan gelir. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin egemenli\u011fi, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya yal\u0131n sermayenin egemenli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez. Uyruklar\u0131 onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, daha \u00e7ok kendi yurtlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaym\u0131\u015f gibidirler. S\u0131k\u0131 bir ulusll\u0131k (nationalit\u00e9) tipidir bu.
[XVIII] Bir krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n kral\u0131na kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 vermesi gibi, feodal toprak m\u00fclkiyeti de beyine kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. Ailesinin tarihi, evinin tarihi, vb., b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, toprak m\u00fclkiyetini onun i\u00e7in bireyselle\u015ftirir ve onu bi\u00e7imsel olarak kendi evi durumuna, bir ki\u015fi durumuna getirirler. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, beyin toprak m\u00fclkiyetini i\u015fleyen kimseler \u00fccretli g\u00fcndelik\u00e7iler durumunda de\u011fil, ama ya serfler gibi onun m\u00fclk\u00fcd\u00fcrler, ya da onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, uyrukluk ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indedirler. Demek ki, beyin onlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki durumu do\u011frudan do\u011fruya siyasald\u0131r, ama duygusal bir yan\u0131 da vard\u0131r. T\u00f6reler, \u00f6zl\u00fck, vb. bir topraktan \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne de\u011fi\u015fir ve toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 \u015feymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler, oysa daha sonra insan\u0131 topra\u011fa ba\u011flayan \u015fey, onun \u00f6zl\u00fck ya da bireyselli\u011fi de\u011fil, sadece ve sadece para kesesidir. Son olarak, bey kendi toprak m\u00fclkiyetinden olabilecek en b\u00fcy\u00fck yarar\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Tersine, ortada ne varsa onu t\u00fcketir ve gerekli olan\u0131 sa\u011flama i\u015fini serfe ya da kirac\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131r. Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin, beyine romantik bir h\u00e2le kazand\u0131ran soylu durumu i\u015fte budur.
Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ortadan kalkmas\u0131; \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin k\u00f6k\u00fc olan toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet hareketi i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklenip bir meta durumuna gelmesi; m\u00fclk sahibinin (sayfa 145) \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, t\u00fcm siyasal renkten ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, salt \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, salt sermaye \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi; m\u00fclk sahibi ile i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin, s\u00f6m\u00fcren ile s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen aras\u0131ndaki iktisadi ili\u015fkiye indirgenmesi; m\u00fclk sahibinin m\u00fclkiyeti ile t\u00fcm ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkisinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ve bu m\u00fclkiyetin sadece somut maddi zenginlik durumuna gelmesi; toprakla onur birle\u015fmesinin yerini, toprakla \u00e7\u0131kar birle\u015fmesinin almas\u0131 ve insan\u0131n oldu\u011fu gibi topra\u011f\u0131n da tecimsel bir de\u011fere indirgenmesi zorunludur. Toprak miilkiyetinin k\u00f6k\u00fc olan \u015feyin, pis a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn de, kendi kinik bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi zorunludur. Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz tekelin, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve tedirgin edilmi\u015f tekel durumuna, rekabet durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi; ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n kan ter i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131ndan aylak\u00e7a yararlanman\u0131n, bundan yap\u0131lan bir tecim i\u015fi bi\u00e7imini almas\u0131 zorunludur. Son olarak, sermaye bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda, m\u00fclkiyetin bu rekabet i\u00e7inde kendi egemenli\u011fini, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu kadar, sermayenin hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131n onlar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131p y\u00fckselttiklerine g\u00f6re, m\u00fclk sahiplerinin kendileri \u00fczerinde de g\u00f6stermesi zorunludur. O zaman, “nulle terre sans seigneur” orta\u00e7a\u011fsal atas\u00f6z\u00fc yerine, cans\u0131z maddenin insanlar \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm egemenli\u011fini dile getiren “l’argent n’a pas de ma\u00eetre”[94] modern atas\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7ecektir.
[XIX] 2\u00b0 Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ya da b\u00f6l\u00fcnmemesi tarto\u015fmas\u0131na gelince, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki g\u00f6zlemleri yapmak gerek.
M\u00fclkiyetin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti tekelini yads\u0131r, onu kald\u0131r\u0131r, ama ancak onu genelle\u015ftirerek. Tekelin temelini, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Tekelin varolu\u015funa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar, ama \u00f6z\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Bunun sonucu, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yasalar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, ger\u00e7ekte s\u0131nai alandaki rekabet hareketine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fer. Aletlerin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve herkesin (sayfa 146) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bu yal\u0131t\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n iktisadi sak\u0131ncalar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka (herkesin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bu yal\u0131t\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden iyice ayr\u0131lmal\u0131: i\u015f, bir\u00e7ok birey aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ama ayn\u0131 i\u015fi herkes kendisi i\u00e7in yapar, ayn\u0131 i\u015fin bir \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r bu), bu par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131lma, rekabetin tekele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi, zorunlu olarak yeni ba\u015ftan birikime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\u00d6yleyse toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerde, ya daha da k\u00f6t\u00fc bir birim alt\u0131ndaki tekele geri d\u00f6nmek, ya da m\u00fclkiyetin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini yads\u0131maktan, kald\u0131rmaktan ba\u015fka yapacak hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey kalmaz. Ama bu, feodal m\u00fclkiyete geri d\u00f6nme anlam\u0131na de\u011fil, tersine, genel olarak topra\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Tekelin ilk kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, her zaman onun genelle\u015ftirilmesi, varolu\u015funun geni\u015fletilmesidir. Olanakl\u0131 en geni\u015f ve en kapsay\u0131c\u0131 varolu\u015funa eri\u015fmi\u015f bulunan tekelin kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, onun eksiksiz yok edili\u015fidir. Topra\u011fa uygulanm\u0131\u015f ortakl\u0131k (association), iktisadi bak\u0131mdan, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini payla\u015f\u0131r, ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin ilk e\u011filimini, yani e\u015fitli\u011fi ilk o ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir, \u2014 t\u0131pk\u0131 insan ile toprak aras\u0131ndaki duygusal il!\u015fkiyi, art\u0131k k\u00f6lelik, egemenlik ve sa\u00e7ma bir m\u00fclkiyet gizemseli dolay\u0131m\u0131 ile de\u011fil, ama ussal bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden kurdu\u011fu gibi: ger\u00e7ekte, toprak bir al\u0131m sat\u0131m konusu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, ve emek ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr yararlanma arac\u0131yla, yeniden insan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek ve ki\u015fisel bir m\u00fclkiyeti olur. B\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin bir b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fudur ki, art\u0131k k\u00f6leli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femeyen y\u0131\u011f\u0131n, burada, m\u00fclkiyetten, sanayide oldu\u011fundan bir ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imde bezer.
B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetine gelince, onun savunucular\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck-\u00f6l\u00e7ekli tar\u0131m\u0131n sundu\u011fu iktisadi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri, her zaman yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir \u2014 sanki bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklere hem en b\u00fcy\u00fck geni\u015fliklerini, hem de toplumsal yararl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 vermeye ba\u015flayan \u015fey, m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ta kendisi [XX] de\u011filmi\u015f gibi. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, onlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin (sayfa 147) bezirg\u00e2nca (mercantile) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na da sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r \u2014 sanki b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyet, hatta daha feodal bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda bile, \u00e7\u0131kar d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fck bir bi\u00e7imde i\u00e7ermiyormu\u015f gibi. M\u00fclk sahibinin feodalizmi ile \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bezirg\u00e2nca anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sanayiinin ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 modern \u0130ngiliz bi\u00e7imi \u00fczerine hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemiyorum.
B\u00f6l\u00fcnme de \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet tekeli \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, nas\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, m\u00fclkiyetin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin kendisine y\u00f6neltti\u011fi tekel ele\u015ftirisini ona kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evirebilirse, toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi de, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ele\u015ftirisini t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6yle, b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evirebilir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc orada da b\u00f6l\u00fcnme egemendir, ama sert, donmu\u015f bir bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda. genel olarak, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye dayan\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, nas\u0131l kapitalist zenginlik bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyete yola\u00e7\u0131yorsa, feodal m\u00fclkiyetin de t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6yle, ne yaparsa yaps\u0131n, zorunlu olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye kadar gitmesi, ya da hi\u00e7 olmazsa kapitalistlerin ellerine d\u00fc\u015fmesi gerekir.
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, \u0130ngiltere’de oldu\u011fu gibi, n\u00fcfusun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu sanayiin kollar\u0131na iter ve kendi \u00f6z i\u015f\u00e7ilerini tam bir sefalete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Yoksullar\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm etkinli\u011fini \u00f6b\u00fcr kampa atarak b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti demek ki d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n, sermayenin, sanayiin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yarat\u0131p art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dclke \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu sanayicile\u015ftirir, demek ki b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 durumuna getirir. E\u011fer sanayi, bug\u00fcn \u0130ngiltere’de oldu\u011fu gibi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir erke eri\u015fmi\u015f bulunursa, b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkiyetin elinden, yabanc\u0131 [tekeller] kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tekellerini yava\u015f yava\u015f s\u00f6k\u00fcp al\u0131r ve onlar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ile rekabetin i\u00e7ine atar. Sanayi egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda, toprak m\u00fclkiyeti kendi feodal b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, ger\u00e7ekte ancak, tecimin kendi feodal do\u011fas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 genel yasalar\u0131ndan kendini korumak \u00fczere, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 tekeller arac\u0131yla sa\u011flayabilirdi. Bir kez rekabet i\u00e7ine at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, rekabete uyruk ba\u015fka her meta gibi, (sayfa 148) onun yasalar\u0131na uyar. Ayn\u0131 dalgalanmalara, ayn\u0131 art\u0131\u015f ve azal\u0131\u015flara, ayn\u0131 bir elden \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7melere boyun e\u011fer, ve hi\u00e7 bir yasa onu art\u0131k birka\u00e7 cennetlik elde tutamaz. [XXI] Dolays\u0131z sonu\u00e7, bir\u00e7ok ellerdeki da\u011f\u0131lmad\u0131r; toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, eninde sonunda, sanayi sermayelerinin erkli\u011fi alt\u0131na girer.
Son olarak, b\u00f6ylece zorla korunup s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve kendi yan\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 bir sanayi yaratm\u0131\u015f bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, sanayiin erkinin onun yan\u0131nda hep ikinci s\u0131rada kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden de h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde bunal\u0131ma yola\u00e7ar.
B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti, \u0130ngiltere’de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, feodal \u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7oktan yitirmi\u015f, ve elden geldi\u011fince \u00e7ok para kazanmak istedi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, bireysel bir \u00f6zl\u00fck kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fclk sahibine olanakl\u0131 en y\u00fcksek rant\u0131, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131na sermayesinin olanakl\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2r\u0131[n\u0131 verir]. Tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri, demek ki, \u00e7oktan en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccrete indirgenmi\u015flerdir ve, toprak m\u00fclkiyeti i\u00e7inde, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 daha \u015fimdiden sanayi ve sermayenin erkini orunlar. Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeler ile rekabet sonucu, toprak rant\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir gelir olu\u015fturabilmekten \u00e7\u0131kar. Toprak sahiplerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, zorunlu olarak, bu bi\u00e7imde proletarya durumuna d\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yerini al\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, bir\u00e7ok \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 da toprak m\u00fclkiyetini ellerine ge\u00e7ireceklerdir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kolay gelirler ile birlikte, \u00e7o\u011fu kendini sa\u00e7\u0131p savurmaya vermi\u015f ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tar\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6netecek durumda olmayan b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclk sahiplerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmek i\u00e7in ne gerekli sermayesi, ne de gerekli yetenekleri vard\u0131r. Demek ki, aralar\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc adamak\u0131ll\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son olarak, zaten en aza indirgenmi\u015f bulunan \u00fccretin, rekabete kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmek i\u00e7in daha da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekir. Bu da o zaman zorunlu olarak devrime yola\u00e7ar.
Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin, her ikisinde de kendi zorunlu (sayfa 149) \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmesi i\u00e7in, iki bi\u00e7imin ikisinde de geli\u015fmesi gerekiyordu \u2014 t\u0131pk\u0131 sanayiin de, insana inanmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in, tekel bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda da, rekabet bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda da, y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fi gibi. (sayfa 150)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

4\u00b0 SERMAYELER\u0130N B\u0130R\u0130K\u0130M\u0130 VEKAP\u0130TAL\u0130STLER ARASINDAK\u0130 REKABET“Sermayelerin, \u00fccretleri y\u00fckselten birikimi, aralar\u0131ndaki rekabet arac\u0131yla kapitalistlerin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 179.)“\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kentin bakkall\u0131k tecimi i\u00e7in gerekli sermaye iki ayr\u0131 bakkal aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011fu zaman, rekabet sonucu, bunlardan herbiri, sermayenin sadece birinin elinde bulunaca\u011f\u0131 duruma g\u00f6re daha ucuza satacakt\u0131r; ve e\u011fer bu sermaye yirmi ki\u015fi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5774","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-elyazmalari-1844-karl-marx"},"yoast_head":"\nKarl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"4\u00b0 SERMAYELER\u0130N B\u0130R\u0130K\u0130M\u0130 VEKAP\u0130TAL\u0130STLER ARASINDAK\u0130 REKABET“Sermayelerin, \u00fccretleri y\u00fckselten birikimi, aralar\u0131ndaki rekabet arac\u0131yla kapitalistlerin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 179.)“\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kentin bakkall\u0131k tecimi i\u00e7in gerekli sermaye iki ayr\u0131 bakkal aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011fu zaman, rekabet sonucu, bunlardan herbiri, sermayenin sadece birinin elinde bulunaca\u011f\u0131 duruma g\u00f6re daha ucuza satacakt\u0131r; ve e\u011fer bu sermaye yirmi ki\u015fi […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-03-08T11:37:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"90\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"53 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)\",\"datePublished\":\"2011-03-08T11:37:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\"},\"wordCount\":10524,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 - Karl Marx\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\",\"name\":\"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) - narteks.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2011-03-08T11:37:35+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"description\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":90,\"caption\":\"narteks.net\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/narteks\",\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\",\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Tar\u0131k\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/narteks.net\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)","og_description":"4\u00b0 SERMAYELER\u0130N B\u0130R\u0130K\u0130M\u0130 VEKAP\u0130TAL\u0130STLER ARASINDAK\u0130 REKABET“Sermayelerin, \u00fccretleri y\u00fckselten birikimi, aralar\u0131ndaki rekabet arac\u0131yla kapitalistlerin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelir.” (Smith, c. I, s. 179.)“\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kentin bakkall\u0131k tecimi i\u00e7in gerekli sermaye iki ayr\u0131 bakkal aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011fu zaman, rekabet sonucu, bunlardan herbiri, sermayenin sadece birinin elinde bulunaca\u011f\u0131 duruma g\u00f6re daha ucuza satacakt\u0131r; ve e\u011fer bu sermaye yirmi ki\u015fi […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2011-03-08T11:37:35+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":90,"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"53 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)","datePublished":"2011-03-08T11:37:35+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/"},"wordCount":10524,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 - Karl Marx"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/","name":"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) - narteks.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"2011-03-08T11:37:35+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/08\/karl-marks-elyazmalari-1844-birinci-el-yazmasi-2bolum\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Karl Marks Elyazmalar\u0131 1844 | Birinci El Yazmas\u0131 (2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","name":"narteks.net","description":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization","name":"narteks.net","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","width":300,"height":90,"caption":"narteks.net"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/narteks","https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca","name":"Tar\u0131k","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tar\u0131k"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/narteks.net"],"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5774"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5774\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}