{"id":5828,"date":"2011-03-10T14:03:54","date_gmt":"2011-03-10T11:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/10\/anti-duhring-ekonomi-politik-dogal-iktisat-yasalari-toprak-ranti-friedrich-engels\/"},"modified":"2011-03-10T14:03:54","modified_gmt":"2011-03-10T11:03:54","slug":"anti-duhring-ekonomi-politik-dogal-iktisat-yasalari-toprak-ranti-friedrich-engels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/anti-duhring-ekonomi-politik-dogal-iktisat-yasalari-toprak-ranti-friedrich-engels\/","title":{"rendered":"Anti-D\u00fchring – Ekonomi Politik | Do\u011fal \u0130ktisat Yasalar\u0131, Toprak Rant\u0131 – Friedrich Engels"},"content":{"rendered":"

DO\u011eAL \u0130KT\u0130SAT YASALARI ,TOPRAK RANTI
Bay D\u00fchring’in, iktisat alan\u0131na “\u00e7a\u011f i\u00e7in yeterli olmayan, ama bu \u00e7a\u011f \u00fczerinde yetkesi de olan yeni bir sistem” getirdi\u011fini nas\u0131l iddia edebildi\u011fini, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck iyi niyetiyle, \u015fimdiye de\u011fin ke\u015ffedemedik.
Ama zor, de\u011fer ve sermaye teorisi,dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz \u015fey, belki bay D\u00fchring taraf\u0131ndan konan “do\u011fal iktisat yasalar\u0131”ni irdeleyece\u011fimiz zaman g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7arpacak; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, onun, o kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yenilik be\u011fenisi ve canl\u0131l\u0131k ile s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, “y\u00fcksek bilimsel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n utkusu, \u00fcretimi ayd\u0131nlatan canl\u0131 fikirlere eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in, deyim yerindeyse, statik maddenin basit betimleme ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlemelerinin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse yasalar\u0131n bilgisi, bize, bir s\u00fcrecin bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine g\u00f6re, en yetkin bilgidir.”
T\u00fcm iktisad\u0131n ilk do\u011fal yasas\u0131, daha \u015fimdiden bay D\u00fchring (sayfa: 318) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.
Adam Smith “t\u00fcm iktisadi geli\u015fmenin en \u00f6nemli etkenini, ne tuhaft\u0131r, sadece ba\u015fa koymamakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca bunun \u00f6zel form\u00fclasyonunu da tamamen savsaklam\u0131\u015f, ve b\u00f6ylece, Avrupa’n\u0131n modern geli\u015fmesine damgas\u0131n\u0131 basm\u0131\u015f bulunan bu g\u00fcc\u00fc istemeyerek ikincil bir role d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015fa konmas\u0131 gereken [bu] temel yasa, teknik donat\u0131m yasas\u0131d\u0131r, hatta buna, insana do\u011fal olarak verilmi\u015f bulunan iktisadi g\u00fcc\u00fcn silahlanmas\u0131 yasas\u0131 da denilebilir.”
Bay D\u00fchring taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen bu “temel yasa” \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r:
Yasa n\u00b0 1.
“\u0130ktisadi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n ve insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretkenli\u011fi, icat ve ke\u015fiflerle artar.”
\u0130\u015fte bir ya\u015f\u0131m\u0131za daha girdik. Bay D\u00fchring bize, tamamen Moli\u00e9re \u015fakac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca bilmeden nesir yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenili\u011fini kendisine haber verdi\u011fi kibarl\u0131k budalas\u0131na davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi davran\u0131yor. \u0130catlar\u0131n ve ke\u015fiflerin bir\u00e7ok durumlarda, eme\u011fin \u00fcretken g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (ama pek \u00e7ok durumlarda da, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn berat daireleri ar\u015fivlerindeki i\u015fe yaramaz bulu\u015flar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, art\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) uzun zamandan beri biliyorduk; ama bu d\u00fcnya kadar eski beylik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, b\u00fct\u00fcn iktisad\u0131n temel yasas\u0131 olsun, i\u015fte bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 bay D\u00fchring’e bor\u00e7luyuz! E\u011fer felsefede oldu\u011fu gibi iktisatta da “y\u00fcksek bilimsel anlay\u0131\u015f”\u0131n utkusu sadece raslanan ilk beylik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye tumturakl\u0131 bir ad vermeye, onu, davul zurna ile, do\u011fal, hatta temel yasa olarak il\u00e2n etmeye dayan\u0131yorsa, i\u015fte ger\u00e7ekten herkesin, hatta Berlin’deki Volkszeitung[38*] yaz\u0131 kurulunun bile yetene\u011finde olan bilimin “derin temel”i ve alt\u00fcst edilmesi. \u00d6yleyse, bay D\u00fchring’in Platon \u00fczerindeki yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, “b\u00fct\u00fcn sertli\u011fi ile”, bay D\u00fchring’in kendisine uygulama zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131z: “E\u011fer gene de bu, ekonomi politik bilgeli\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131yorsa, o zaman, (sayfa: 319) “ele\u015ftirel temeller”in yazar\u0131, bu bilgeli\u011fi, \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca apa\u00e7\u0131k bir konu \u00fczerine bir fikir dile getirebilmi\u015f \u2014ya da sadece gevezelik etmi\u015f\u2014 herhangi biri ile payla\u015f\u0131r.” E\u011fer \u00f6rne\u011fin: hayvanlar yer diyorsak, t\u00fcm su\u00e7suzluk ve dinginlik i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00f6z s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz demektir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm hayvansal ya\u015fam\u0131n temel yasas\u0131, yemektir demekten ba\u015fka s\u00f6yleyecek s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz yoktur, ve b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm zooloji de alt\u00fcst olur.
Yasa n\u00b0 2. \u0130\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc:
“Meslek kollar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve faaliyetlerin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, emek \u00fcretkenli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r.”
Do\u011fru oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, bu da Adam Smith’ten beri bir beylik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. Hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde do\u011fru, bunu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131mda g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.
nbsp; Yasa n\u00b0 3.
“Uzakl\u0131k ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma ara\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin elbirli\u011fini engelleyen ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli nedenlerdir.”
Yasa n\u00b0 4.
“S\u0131nai devletin n\u00fcfus kapas\u0131tesi, tar\u0131msal devletin n\u00fcfus kapas\u0131tesinden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez derecede y\u00fcksektir.”
Yasa n\u00b0 5.
“\u0130ktisatta, maddi bir \u00e7\u0131kar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey olmaz.”
Bay D\u00fchring’in yeni iktisad\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerlerine kurdu\u011fu”do\u011fal yasalar”, i\u015fte bunlard\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce felsefesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fumuz y\u00f6ntemine ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131yor. En cans\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 baya\u011f\u0131l\u0131kta, \u00fcstelik \u00e7o\u011fu kez ters ifade edilmi\u015f baz\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar, iktisatta da, hi\u00e7 bir kan\u0131t gerektirmeyen belitleri, temel tezleri, do\u011fal yasalar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi olmayan bu yasalar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini geli\u015ftirme bahanesiyle, adlar\u0131na, bu s\u00f6zde yasalarda raslanan \u00e7e\u015fitli konular, yani icatlar, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131, n\u00fcfus, faiz, rekabet, vb. \u00fczerine u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z iktisadi gevezeliklere, yavan baya\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bir cafcaf ve \u015furada burada her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kaz\u00fcistik incelikler \u00fczerine yanl\u0131\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015f ya da kendini be\u011fenmi\u015flik dolu bir k\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131rka yarma ile \u00e7e\u015fnilendirilmi\u015f sa\u00e7ma-sapan gevezeliklere dalmak i\u00e7in, firsattan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra, en sonunda toprak (sayfa: 320) rant\u0131, kapitalist kazan\u00e7 ve \u00fccrete geliriz, ve bundan \u00f6nce sadece bu son iki sahiplenilme (temell\u00fck) bi\u00e7imini incelemi\u015f bulundu\u011fumuz i\u00e7in, burada, bitirirken, bir de bay D\u00fchring’in toprak rant\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca irdelemek isteriz.
Bay D\u00fchring’in \u00f6nceli Carey’yi kopya etmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn konular\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131yoruz; ne Carey ile bir i\u015fimiz var, ne de Carey’nin kat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ricardo’nun toprak rant\u0131 \u00fczerindeki anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 savunmakla. Bizim i\u00e7in sadece bay D\u00fchring \u00f6nemli; ve o da, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131, “toprak sahibinin, toprak sahibi olarak, topraktan elde etti\u011fi gelir” diye tan\u0131mlar. Bay D\u00fchring’in a\u00e7\u0131klayacak oldu\u011fu iktisadi toprak rant\u0131 kavram\u0131, onun taraf\u0131ndan hemen hukuksal d\u00fczey \u00fczerine aktar\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6yle ki, \u00f6ncekinden daha ileri gitmi\u015f olmay\u0131z. Demek ki, bizim derin kurucumuz, ister istemez, ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131klamalara tenezz\u00fcl zorunda. O \u015fimdi, bir \u00e7iftli\u011fin bir \u00e7iftlik kira\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na kiralanmas\u0131n\u0131 bir patrona bor\u00e7 olarak bir sermaye verilmesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, ama ba\u015fka bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 gibi, bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n da kusurlu oldu\u011funu hemen g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, “e\u011fer and\u0131r\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmek istenirse, der, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesinden sonra \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131na kalan kazanc\u0131n, faizleri \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131ktan sonra, sermayeyi de\u011ferlendiren patrona d\u00fc\u015fen o kapitalist kazan\u00e7 kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fmesi gerekir. Ama \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ana gelirler, ve toprak rant\u0131n\u0131 bir kal\u0131nt\u0131 olarak kabul etmek al\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131 yoktur. … Toprak rant\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretisinde, dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirme durumunun ay\u0131rdedilmemesi ve \u00e7iftlik kiras\u0131 bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131ndaki bir rant ile do\u011frudan do\u011fruya \u00fcretilmi\u015f bir rant\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck fark\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle vurgulanmamas\u0131 olgusu, bu anlay\u0131\u015f fark\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirmeden elde edilen rant\u0131n, \u00f6\u011felerinden birinin deyim yerindeyse \u00e7iftli\u011fin faizini ve \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de i\u015fletmenin bunu a\u015fan kazanc\u0131n\u0131 temsil edecek bi\u00e7imde ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse, zorunluluk duyulmad\u0131. \u00c7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z sermaye bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, \u00e7o\u011fu kez onun \u00f6zg\u00fcl kazanc\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fccret olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ama bu nokta \u00fczerinde bir \u015fey ileri s\u00fcrmek istemek tehlikeli olur, (sayfa: 321) \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sorun, hi\u00e7 de bu belginlik ile konmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin s\u00f6zkonusu oldu\u011fu her yerde, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl kazanc\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00fccret olarak g\u00f6stermenin ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kolayca saptanabilecektir. Ger\u00e7ekten, bu kazanc\u0131n kendisi, ancak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc gelirleri olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lan tar\u0131msal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc (main-d’\u0153uvre) ile kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131r. \u00c7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elinde kalan ve toprak sahibinin dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirmesinde elde edilecek olan tamranttan yap\u0131lan \u00e7\u0131karmadan gelen \u015fey, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a rant\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.”
Toprak rant\u0131 teorisi, iktisad\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl olarak \u0130ngiliz k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00f6yle de olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u00e7inde, rant\u0131n, k\u00e2r ve faizden ger\u00e7ekten ayr\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi, sadece \u0130ngiltere’de bulunuyordu. \u0130ngiltere’de b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ile b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131m\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bilinir. Toprak sahipleri, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu kez engin, geni\u015f \u00e7iftlikler bi\u00e7iminde, bu topraklar\u0131 i\u015fletmek i\u00e7in yeterli bir sermayeye sahip bulunan, ve bizim k\u00f6yl\u00fclerimiz gibi kendileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131p, ger\u00e7ek kapitalist patronlar gibi, \u00e7iftlik u\u015faklar\u0131 ve g\u00fcndelik\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan yararlanan \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131lar\u0131na kiralarlar. Demek ki, burada, kapitalist toplumun \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve bunlardan herbirinin, \u00f6zg\u00fcn geliri ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunuyoruz: toprak rant\u0131n\u0131 alan toprak sahibi, k\u00e2r\u0131 alan kapitalist ve \u00fccreti alan i\u015f\u00e7i. \u00c7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kazanc\u0131n\u0131, bay D\u00fchring’e g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fccret olarak almak, bir \u0130ngiliz iktisat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n akl\u0131na hi\u00e7 bir zaman gelmemi\u015ftir. Fazla olarak, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kazanc\u0131n\u0131n ne ise o, yani kapitalist k\u00e2r oldu\u011funu, tart\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez, a\u00e7\u0131k ve elle tutulabilir bir bi\u00e7imde ileri s\u00fcrmek, onun i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha az tehlikeli olabilirdi. Burada, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kazanc\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte ne oldu\u011funu bilme sorusunun hi\u00e7 de bu belginlik ile sorulmam\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011funu okumak g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 de\u011fil mi? \u0130ngiltere’de, bu sorunun sorulmas\u0131na gereksinme yok, soru da, yan\u0131t\u0131 da uzun zamandan beri olaylar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunmaktad\u0131r, ve Adam Smith’ten bu yana, bu konuda hi\u00e7 bir ku\u015fku kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Bay D\u00fchring’in adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirme, ya da daha do\u011frusu Almanya’da ger\u00e7eklikte \u00e7o\u011fu kez oldu\u011fu (sayfa: 322) gibi toprak sahibi hesab\u0131na kahyalar yard\u0131m\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirme durumu, bu konuda hi\u00e7 bir \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmez. E\u011fer toprak sahibi, sermayeyi de sa\u011flar ve topra\u011f\u0131 kendi hesab\u0131na i\u015fletirse, kendili\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminde ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc de olamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, toprak rant\u0131ndan ba\u015fka, kapitalist k\u00e2r\u0131n ta kendisini de cebine indirir. Ve e\u011fer bay D\u00fchring, \u015fimdiye kadar, dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirmeden elde edilen rant\u0131n (gelirin demek gerekirdi) ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesine zorunluluk duyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa, bu d\u00fcped\u00fcz yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ve en iyi durumda bize olsa olsa bay D\u00fchring’in bilgisizli\u011fini bir kez daha tan\u0131tlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin:
“Emekten elde edilen gelire \u00fccret denir; herhangi birinin sermaye kullanmaktan elde etti\u011fi gelire k\u00e2r denir. …. Sadece topraktan do\u011fan gelire rant denir ve toprak sahibine aittir. … Bu \u00e7e\u015fitli gelirler \u00e7e\u015fitli kimselere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman, bunlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rdetmek kolayd\u0131r; ama e\u011fer ayn\u0131 ki\u015fiye d\u00fc\u015ferlerse, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse g\u00fcnl\u00fck dilde, s\u0131k s\u0131k birbirleri ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kendi topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na de\u011ferlendiren bir toprak sahibi, i\u015fletme giderleri \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, toprak sahibinin rant\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 da alacakt\u0131r. Ama, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse g\u00fcnl\u00fck dilde, o b\u00fct\u00fcn kazanc\u0131n\u0131 kolayca k\u00e2r olarak adland\u0131racak, ve b\u00f6ylece rant\u0131, k\u00e2r ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Kuzey Amerika ve Bat\u0131 Hindistan’daki tar\u0131m i\u015fletmecilerimizin \u00e7o\u011fu bu durumdad\u0131r; \u00e7o\u011fu kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flerler, ve i\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131d\u0131r ki, bir plantasyonun rant\u0131ndan s\u00f6zedildi\u011fini pek duymamakla birlikte, getirdi\u011fi k\u00e2rdan s\u00f6zedildi\u011fini s\u0131k s\u0131k i\u015fitiriz. … Kendi bah\u00e7esini kendi eliyle i\u015fleyen bir bah\u00e7\u0131van, bir tek ki\u015fide hem toprak sahibi, hem toprak kirac\u0131s\u0131, hem de i\u015f\u00e7idir. Bunun sonucu, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, ona, birincinin rant\u0131n\u0131, ikincinin k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcn\u00fcn de \u00fccretini \u00f6deyecektir. Ama \u00e7o\u011fu kez, hepsi, eme\u011finin kazanc\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr; yani burada rant ve k\u00e2r, \u00fccret ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.”[39*]
Bu par\u00e7a, Adam Smith’in birinci kitab\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde (sayfa: 323) bulunur. Demek ki, dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirme durumu, bundan y\u00fczy\u0131ldan daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nce incelenmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r, ve bay D\u00fchring’e o kadar kayg\u0131 veren ku\u015fku ve belirsizlikler sadece onun bilgisizli\u011finden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.
Sonunda, c\u00fcretli bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fla kendini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131dan kurtar\u0131r: \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kazanc\u0131 “tar\u0131msal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc”n\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne dayan\u0131r, ve bunun sonucu, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, toprak sahibinin cebine girmesi gereken “tam rant”tan yap\u0131lan “\u00e7\u0131karmadan gelen” bir “rant par\u00e7as\u0131”d\u0131r. Bu, bizim, iki \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenmemizi sa\u011flar: 1\u00b0 \u00c7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131, toprak sahibinin rant\u0131n\u0131 “azalt\u0131r”, \u00f6yle ki, bay D\u00fchring’de, \u015fimdiye kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, toprak sahibine bir rant \u00f6deyen \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil ama \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131na bir rant \u00f6deyen toprak sahibidir, “ku\u015fkusuz, tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir anlay\u0131\u015f”. Ve 2\u00b0 ensonu bay D\u00fchring’in toprak rant\u0131ndan ne anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniriz: tar\u0131msal eme\u011fin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc arac\u0131yla tar\u0131mda elde edilen art\u0131-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131. Ama bu art\u0131-\u00fcr\u00fcn bundan \u00f6nceki iktisatta \u2014belki birka\u00e7 y\u00fczeysel iktisat\u00e7\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\u2014 toprak rant\u0131 ile kapitalist k\u00e2r bi\u00e7iminde b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, bay D\u00fchring’in, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n da “ge\u00e7erli anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kendisine i\u015f edinmedi\u011fini” saptamal\u0131y\u0131z.
\u00d6yleyse, toprak rant\u0131 ile kapitalist kazan\u00e7, bay D\u00fchring’de, birbirlerinden sadece birincinin tar\u0131mda ve ikincinin de sanayi ya da ticarette elde edilmesi ile ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bay D\u00fchring’in ne kadar kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ksa ele\u015ftirel olmaktan o kadar uzak bulunan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye gelmesi, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir \u015feydi. Onun, toprak \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fin ancak insan \u00fczerindeki egemenlik sayesinde kuruldu\u011fu yolundaki “ger\u00e7ek tarihsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f”ten hareket etti\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Bunun sonucu, toprak, herhangi bir k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f emekle i\u015flendi\u011fi andan sonra, toprak sahibi i\u00e7in bir art\u0131k do\u011far, ve eme\u011fin, emek kazanc\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00fcr\u00fcn fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sanayide kapitalist kazan\u00e7 olmas\u0131 gibi, bu fazlal\u0131k da rant\u0131n ta kendisidir.
“B\u00f6ylece, tar\u0131m\u0131n, eme\u011fin k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi bi\u00e7imlerinden herhangi biri arac\u0131yla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yerde ve her zaman toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde varoldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.”(sayfa: 324)
Rant\u0131n, bu, tar\u0131mda elde edilen art\u0131-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fc bi\u00e7imindeki sunulu\u015funda, bay D\u00fchring, bir yandan \u0130ngiltere’deki \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 k\u00e2r\u0131, ve \u00f6te yandan da bu art\u0131-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, toprak rant\u0131 ve \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2r\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde, b\u00fct\u00fcn klasik iktisatta kabul edilen b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile, yani ar\u0131, belgin rant kavram\u0131 ile, bodoslama \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r. O zaman bay D\u00fchring ne yapar? Sanki tar\u0131msal art\u0131-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2r\u0131 ile toprak rant\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerine, yani klasik iktisad\u0131n t\u00fcm rant teorisi \u00fczerine bir tek s\u00f6zc\u00fck bilmiyormu\u015f; sanki t\u00fcm iktisatta, ger\u00e7ek anlamdaki \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 kazanc\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu bilme sorunu hen\u00fcz “bu belginlik ile” konmam\u0131\u015f gibi; sanki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve belirsizliklerinden ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir \u015feyi bilinmeyen salt ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f bir \u015fey s\u00f6zkonusuymu\u015f gibi davran\u0131r. Ve, tar\u0131msal art\u0131-\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, hi\u00e7 bir teorik okulun en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yard\u0131m\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, toprak rant\u0131 ve kapitalist k\u00e2r bi\u00e7imindeki \u00f6\u011felerine \u00f6ylesine ac\u0131mas\u0131zca ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 o u\u011fursuz \u0130ngiltere’den, dolays\u0131z de\u011ferlendirmenin ataerkil geli\u015fmesinin doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, “toprak sahibinin, ranttan, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n gelirini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131”, toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n rant \u00fczerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin, h\u00e2l\u00e2 bilime bir \u00e7ekid\u00fczen verme sav\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bay D\u00fchring’in rant ve k\u00e2r kavramlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ustaca sokulup en yeni bulgusu olan: \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan toprak sahibine de\u011fil, ama toprak sahibi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7iftlik kirac\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6denen toprak rant\u0131 nedeniyle kendisine inanacak kimseler bulmay\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 umabildi\u011fi kendi Prusya hukukunun sevgili uygulama alan\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. (sayfa: 325)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DO\u011eAL \u0130KT\u0130SAT YASALARI ,TOPRAK RANTI Bay D\u00fchring’in, iktisat alan\u0131na “\u00e7a\u011f i\u00e7in yeterli olmayan, ama bu \u00e7a\u011f \u00fczerinde yetkesi de olan yeni bir sistem” getirdi\u011fini nas\u0131l iddia edebildi\u011fini, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck iyi niyetiyle, \u015fimdiye de\u011fin ke\u015ffedemedik. Ama zor, de\u011fer ve sermaye teorisi,dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz \u015fey, belki bay D\u00fchring taraf\u0131ndan konan “do\u011fal iktisat yasalar\u0131”ni irdeleyece\u011fimiz zaman g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7arpacak; […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5828","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-anti-duhring-friedrich-engels"},"yoast_head":"\nAnti-D\u00fchring - Ekonomi Politik | Do\u011fal \u0130ktisat Yasalar\u0131, Toprak Rant\u0131 - Friedrich Engels - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/anti-duhring-ekonomi-politik-dogal-iktisat-yasalari-toprak-ranti-friedrich-engels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anti-D\u00fchring - Ekonomi Politik | Do\u011fal \u0130ktisat Yasalar\u0131, Toprak Rant\u0131 - Friedrich Engels\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"DO\u011eAL \u0130KT\u0130SAT YASALARI ,TOPRAK RANTI Bay D\u00fchring’in, iktisat alan\u0131na “\u00e7a\u011f i\u00e7in yeterli olmayan, ama bu \u00e7a\u011f \u00fczerinde yetkesi de olan yeni bir sistem” getirdi\u011fini nas\u0131l iddia edebildi\u011fini, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck iyi niyetiyle, \u015fimdiye de\u011fin ke\u015ffedemedik. 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