{"id":5835,"date":"2011-03-10T14:22:09","date_gmt":"2011-03-10T11:22:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/10\/anti-duhring-dipnotlari\/"},"modified":"2011-03-10T14:22:09","modified_gmt":"2011-03-10T11:22:09","slug":"anti-duhring-dipnotlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/anti-duhring-dipnotlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Anti-D\u00fchring Dipnotlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Felsefe K\u0131sm\u0131 Dipnotlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1*] Engels profes\u00f6r Michelet’yi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Hegel’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ilerletmeksizin oldu\u011fu gibi almaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, “hegelci okulun gezginci yahudisi” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yor. -Ed.
[2*] Bkz: “Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnyada Matematik Sonsuzlu\u011fun \u0130lk\u00f6rnekleri \u00dczerine”, Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1991, s. 291-298. -Ed.
[3*] Friedrich Wilhelm IV’\u00fcn 5 Aral\u0131k 1848’de uyruklar\u0131na bir anayasa ihsan etmesine an\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma. -Ed.
[4*] Hegel, Felsefi Bilimler Ansiklopedisi, \u00a7 188. -Ed.
[5*] Anti-D\u00fchring’in t\u00fcm birinci k\u0131s\u0131m g\u00f6ndermeleri, E. D\u00fchring’in Carsus der Philosophie adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 ile ilgilidir. -Ed.
[6*] I. Kant, Ar\u0131 Usun Ele\u015ftirisi (P. Archambault taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilip d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f J. Barni \u00e7evirisi, Critique de la raison pure, c. II, s. 17, Paris, Ernest Flammarion, 1934.), t. II, p. 17. -Ed.
[7*] Burada D\u00fchring’in Gauss’a ve onun \u00f6klidesci-olmayan bir geometri yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerindeki fikirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu ediliyor. -Ed.
[8*] Modern matemati\u011fin en dikkate de\u011fer kazan\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olan ensemble’lar teorisinde [setler teorisi], tam say\u0131lar sonsuz toplulu\u011fu (ensemble) say\u0131labilir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca topluluk \u00f6\u011felerinin ilkten ba\u015flayarak ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde numaralanabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finden, say\u0131labilir denilen topluluklar tipinin ta kendisidir. Engels’in kan\u0131t\u0131 hep ge\u00e7erli kal\u0131r: \u0130ster art\u0131 zamanlar, ister eksi zamanlar s\u00f6zkonusu olsun, y\u0131llar\u0131n bir say\u0131m\u0131na ancak g\u00fcncel \u00e7a\u011fdan ba\u015flanabilir ve bu da ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011fu gibi gelecekte de ancak sonsuzlu\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilir. -Ed.
[9*] Hegel, Mant\u0131k Bilimi, Kitap II, “\u00d6z”. -Ed.
[10*] Engels’in Kraft s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bu anlamda kulland\u0131g\u0131 her yerde, onu enerji olarak \u00e7evirdik. Yazar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (modern anlamda g\u00fcc\u00fc) de\u011fil, ama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f y\u00fcksekli\u011fini de g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutma gere\u011fi \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde (s. 131) a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi, s\u00f6zkonusu olan \u015fey, ger\u00e7ekten enerjidir. Ayr\u0131ca ikinci bask\u0131ya \u00f6ns\u00f6zde de (s. 57-59) Engels’in daha 1855’te bu enerji terimini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Engels, 1888’de Ludwig Feuerbach’ta (Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1992, s. 44) “enerjinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bulgulanmas\u0131”n\u0131, “do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, bilgimizi dev ad\u0131mlar\u0131yla ilerleten” ve materyalist diyalekti\u011fi kuran “\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck bulgu” aras\u0131nda sayar.
Bug\u00fcn bir terminoloji yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u015fey, 1876’da pek \u00f6yle de\u011fildi. Ger\u00e7ekten, enerji olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feye, yaln\u0131zca Descartes ve Leibniz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 denmekle kal\u0131nmad\u0131. Robert Mayer (1842) ve Helmholtz da (1847) ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde davrand\u0131lar. Fizik\u00e7ilere kendini ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda yava\u015f yava\u015f kabul ettiren enerji terimine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kazand\u0131ran ki\u015fi W. Thomson oldu. -Ed.
[11*] Hareketin bir cisimden bir ba\u015fka cisme ge\u00e7mesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda hareket miktar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ilkesi, Descartes taraf\u0131ndan Felsefenin \u0130lkeleri’nde (II. 36) dile getirildi. Bu ilke, ge\u00e7ekte enerjinin sak\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ilkesinin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tohumu olu\u015fturur. -Ed.
[12*] \u0130lerde Engels taraf\u0131ndan incelenen mekanik \u0131s\u0131 teorisine an\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma. -Ed.
[13*] Engels, s\u00f6zc\u00fck oyunu yap\u0131yor. E\u015fek k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc deyimi, pitagoras teoreminin grafik tan\u0131tlanmas\u0131na Bat\u0131 dillerinde verilen ad; bizde “e\u015fek davas\u0131” gibi. Bu deyi\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda, yaln\u0131zca bilisizleri durduran g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri belirtmek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. -\u00e7.
[14*] Evrendo\u011fum = Kozmogoni.
[15*] Bkz: s. 52, Kant ile ilgili dipnot.
[16*] Kant’in, bilindi\u011fi gibi Laplace taraf\u0131ndan parlak bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015ftirilen ilkel bulutsu teorisi, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ile g\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda bug\u00fcn, ama daha y\u00fcksek yeni bir bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda, yeniden ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Engels’in iki temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi her zaman ge\u00e7erlidir: Bilim, o zamandan beri, bir yandan evrenin, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n bir tarihi oldu\u011funu, \u00f6te yandan evrendo\u011fumcular taraf\u0131ndan bazen kullan\u0131lan evrenin ilkel durumu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin, hi\u00e7bir zaman evrensel maddenin evriminin \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir a\u015famas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rece bir anlamdan ba\u015fkas\u0131na sahip bulullamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamaktan geri kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilgilerimiz ger\u00e7ekten geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte gitgide daha geriye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yoruz. -Ed.
[17*] Bu, potansiyel enerjidir, \u00f6rne\u011fin belirli bir yiiksekli\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, gergin bir zembere\u011fin, ya da bir patlay\u0131c\u0131 yedekli\u011fin enerjisi, herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde korunmu\u015f enerji, durgunluk durumundaki cisimlerin enerjisi gibi. -Ed.
[18*] Engels, bu terimlerin Almancadaki benzerli\u011finden yararlanarak, “bay D\u00fchring’e g\u00f6re, her Widerspruch (geheki) Widersinn’dir (sa\u00e7ma)” bi\u00e7imde bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck oyunu yapm\u0131\u015f. Frans\u0131zcaya, bu, “her contradiction (\u00e7eli\u015fki) contreraison’dur (sa\u00e7ma)” bi\u00e7iminde aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fck oyununu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e terimlerden yararlanarak dilimize aktarman\u0131n bir yolunu bulamadik. -\u00e7.
[19*] Ph= \u00bdmv\u00b2. P: A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k; h: y\u00fckseklik; m: k\u00fctle; v: yere var\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131; Ph: potansiyel enerji; \u00bdmv\u00b2: kinetik enerji. -Ed.
[20*] Bug\u00fcn, belirli bir kinetik enerji miktar\u0131 denirdi. -Ed.
[21*] Daha belgin hesaplar, su buhar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki gizli \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 538,9 cal\/g. olarak saptam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. -Ed.
[22*] Kinetik teori, gazlar\u0131n genle\u015firli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in geri-itici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ama yaln\u0131zca molek\u00fcllerin bir s\u00fcredurum hareketini (mouvement d’inertie) g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutar. Molek\u00fcller, iki “iti\u015f” aras\u0131nda, e\u011fer gaz seyreltilmi\u015f ise birbirlerini etkilemeksizin, do\u011frusal bir y\u00f6r\u00fcnge ve tekd\u00fcze bir h\u0131z\u0131 korurlar. E\u011fer gaz s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, \u00e7ekici g\u00fc\u00e7ler harekete ge\u00e7er. Ama Engels’in gizli \u0131s\u0131 olay\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama bug\u00fcn de \u00f6z\u00fcnde do\u011fru olarak kal\u0131r. -Ed.
[23*] Mekanik \u0131s\u0131 teorisi \u00fczerindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn bu tart\u0131\u015fmada Engels, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 yal\u0131n bir mekanik yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme ile, m\u00fclek\u00fcllerin bir yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirdi\u011fi anlam\u0131nda, biraz “mekanik” g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ama mekanik do\u011fa anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki not (bkz: Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi, s. 319) ile o hayranl\u0131k verici “hareket maddenin varolu\u015f bi\u00e7imidir” par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, hi\u00e7 de \u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Engels, hareket s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, vermesi gerekti\u011fi gibi, aristotelesci diyalektik, de\u011fi\u015fiklik ve olu\u015f anlam\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. -Ed.
[24*] Kimyasal tepkiler s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6\u011felerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 yasas\u0131, bu yasay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak uygulayan Lavoisier bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a form\u00fcle etmi\u015f olmasa da, ger\u00e7ekte Lavoisier kimyas\u0131n\u0131n temelinde yatar. Engels’in s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi ve ilk yakla\u015f\u0131mda, insanal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte do\u011fru kalan \u00fc\u00e7 s\u00fcrerlik ilkesi, bununla birlikte otuz y\u0131l kadar sonra, daha genel bir yasa taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 zamanda hem yads\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve hem de a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten, Einstein ve Langevin, bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ve birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, hareketsiz cisimsel madde y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, (bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck en geni\u015f anlamda al\u0131nmak ko\u015fulu ile) maddenin bir ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imi olan \u0131\u015f\u0131ldama enerjisi durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn niceliksel kurallar\u0131n\u0131 veren e\u015fde\u011ferlik ilkesini bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu konu \u00fczerine, Engels’in yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Lenin’in, bu yeni bulgular\u0131 irdeleyip, zaman\u0131n idealist bilgin ve filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n bunlardan kendi e\u011filimlerine g\u00f6re yararlanmak istemelerini diyalektik materyalizm ac\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Materyalizm ve Ampiryokritisizm’in Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn “Madde Kayboldu” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 2. kesimine (s. 286 vd.) bak\u0131labilir.
[25*] Evrendeki \u00f6\u011felerin s\u00fcrerli\u011fi yasas\u0131n\u0131n, D\u00fchring’in metafizik materyalizme \u00f6zg\u00fc dogmatik do\u011frulama bi\u00e7imini alaya almakta Engels \u00e7ok hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu yasa, daha 1896’da, radyoaktivitenin bulgulan\u0131nas\u0131yla (Berquerel, Curie) yalanlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hafif \u00f6\u011felerin, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan enerjinin k\u00f6keninde olan kayna\u015fmas\u0131, termon\u00fckleer bombalarda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Demek ki \u00f6\u011feler de\u011fi\u015fmez ve yok edilemez \u015feyler de\u011fildirler. Birbirlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilirler. Onlar\u0131n da, hatta ge\u00e7mi\u015fi saptamaya bile yarayabilecek bir tarihleri vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin tarih-\u00f6ncesi nesnelerin tarihi, radyoaktif bir karbon izotopunun, karbon 14’\u00fcn tan\u00f6r\u00fc irdelenerek saptanabilir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli yerbilimsel katmanlar\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131, uranyumun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak hesaplanabilir. -Ed.
[26*] Bkz: “‘Mekanik’ Do\u011fa Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00dczerine”, Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1992, s. 275-281. -Ed
[27*] Kamutanr\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, panteizm, evren ile tanr\u0131y\u0131 bir \u00f6zde\u015f tutanlar\u0131n; yaradanc\u0131l\u0131k, deizm, tanr\u0131n\u0131n insanlara, uslar\u0131n\u0131n bulamayaca\u011f\u0131i ger\u00e7ekleri \u00f6\u011freterek kendini a\u00e7\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 yads\u0131yan ve yaln\u0131zca tanr\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve do\u011fa dinine inananlar\u0131n sistemi. -\u00e7.
[28*] Biyolojinin geli\u015fmesi, Darwin’in bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne bir tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 getirdi: do\u011fal se\u00e7me sonucu olan uyma (intibak), yaln\u0131zca d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilere de\u011fil ama i\u00e7 ili\u015fkilere de ili\u015fkin bir uyumlanmad\u0131r. -Ed.
[29*] Engels, burada, \u015fu son y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fmi\u015f bulunan canl\u0131lar\u0131n n\u00fcfus yasalar\u0131n\u0131n matematik irdelenmesini \u00f6nerir: O, daha o zamandan bunun verimlili\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. -Ed.
[30*] Modern bilginler, Engels ile birlikte ve Darwin’in ki\u015fisel tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da dayanarak (bkz: Francis Darwin: Vie et correspondence de ch. Darwin, H.’de Warigny’nin Frans\u0131zca \u00e7evirisi, edition Reinwald, 1888, tome 1, p. 86). Darwin’i, ger\u00e7eklikte bilin\u00e7 ya da istencin kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015ftalayan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir nitelikteki ili\u015fkiler olmalar\u0131na kar\u015fn, b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri, okuru kapitalist toplumdaki insanal yar\u0131\u015fma (rekabet) \u00f6rne\u011fine g\u00f6re tasarlamaya s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ya\u015fama sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 terimini, zorunlu ele\u015ftirel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6stermeksizin, Malthus’tan alm\u0131\u015f olmakla ele\u015ftirirler.
[31*] Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species… 6. bask\u0131, Londra 1873, s. 428. (T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni, Onur Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1990, s. 392.) -Ed.
[32*] Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n Tarihi, s. 397. Ch. Letourneau \u00e7evirisi. Historie de la Cr\u00e9ation, s. 306-330. -Ed.
[33*] Nibelungenler Y\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fcnl\u00fc Alman besteci Richard Wagner’in (1813-1884) yap\u0131t\u0131. Engels, kendini be\u011fenmi\u015fli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc D\u00fchring’e, ba\u015fka nitelikleriyle birlikte kendini be\u011fenmi\u015fli\u011fi ile de \u00fcnl\u00fc Wagner yan\u0131nda yer veriyor. Ayr\u0131ca, bile\u015fim anlam\u0131na gelen kompozisyon s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile hem bile\u015ftiren, hem de besteci anlam\u0131na gelen kompozit\u00f6r s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiden yararlanarak, evrim (\u00e9volution) yerine bile\u015fim (composition) denmesi gerekti\u011fini \u00f6neren D\u00fchring ile “gelece\u011fin kompozit\u00f6r\u00fc” diye e\u011fleniyor. -\u00e7.
[34*] Thomas Huxley, Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy, Konferans V. London 1864. Engels burada \u015fu yap\u0131ttan yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A Manual of Zoology, London 1870. -Ed.
[35*] Engels bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, biyokimya ve molek\u00fcler biyoloji hen\u00fcz ilk ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u00e7abalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunuyorlard\u0131.
Proteinlerin ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131 i\u00e7inde oynad\u0131klar\u0131 rol\u00fcn \u00f6nemi t\u00fcm yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Canl\u0131 bir h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde olu\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcn kimyasal tepkiler, hala maya (enzyme) ad\u0131 verilen tikel bir proteinin i\u015fe kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirirler. Bunlar, \u00fcstelik, uzayda ardarda \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imler alma yolundaki erklikleri arac\u0131yla bu tepkilerin i\u00e7inde zincirlendikleri s\u0131ray\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen, allosterikler denilen mayalard\u0131r. Bunlar, \u00f6teki proteinler, benzer bi\u00e7imde, bo\u015falt\u0131m i\u015flevlerini d\u00fczenlerken, h\u00fccreye d\u0131\u015fsal baz\u0131 cisimler ile birle\u015ferek, bu cisimlerin zar\u0131 a\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan proteinlerdir de.
Bununla birlikte, Engels’in varolu\u015funu \u00f6nceden sezemeyece\u011fi ba\u015fka cisimler de, ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131nda temel \u00f6nemde bir rol oynarlar. Bunlar \u00f6zellikle canl\u0131 madde i\u00e7ine her t\u00fcrl\u00fc enerji aktar\u0131m\u0131nda i\u015fe kar\u0131\u015fan n\u00fckleotidler ile canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n niteliklerinin kal\u0131t\u0131msal korunmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerlerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00fckleik asitlerdir. -Ed.
[36*] Hadi can\u0131m sen de! anlam\u0131na gelen bu deyim, \u00f6zg\u00fcn metinde Frans\u0131zcad\u0131r. -\u00e7.
[37*] Bu sat\u0131rlar, ben onlar\u0131 yazd\u0131ktan bu yana, do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015fa benzerler. Mendeleyev ve Boguski (*) taraf\u0131ndan daha duyarl\u0131 ayg\u0131tlarla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re, b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00fcrekli gazlar, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ile hacim aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fken bir ili\u015fki g\u00f6sterirler; hidrojen bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u015fimdiye de\u011fin uygulanan b\u00fct\u00fcn bas\u0131n\u00e7larda, yay\u0131lma katsay\u0131s\u0131 pozitif kal\u0131yordu (hacim, bas\u0131nc\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan daha yava\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyordu); atmosferik hava ve incelenen \u00f6teki gazlar ile, herbiri i\u00e7in bir s\u0131f\u0131r bas\u0131n\u00e7 noktas\u0131 bulundu, \u00f6yleki daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7ta bu katsay\u0131 pozitif, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bas\u0131n\u00e7ta negatif oluyordu. \u015eimdiye de\u011fin her zaman pratik olarak yararlan\u0131labilir kalan Boyle yasas\u0131, demek ki b\u00fct\u00fcn bir dizi \u00f6zel yasalarla tamamlanma gereksinmesi duyacak. (\u015eimdi \u20141885’te\u2014 “s\u00fcrekli” gazlar\u0131n var olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da biliyoruz. Hepsi s\u0131v\u0131 duruma indirgenmi\u015f bulunuyor.) [F. E.]
(*) 16 Kas\u0131m 1876 g\u00fcnl\u00fc Nature (“Do\u011fa”) dergisi D.J. Mendeleyev’in, Rus do\u011fabilimci ve hekimlerinin Var\u015fova’daki V. Kongresinde 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1876 g\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma \u00fczerine bir haber veriyordu. Mendeleyev, bu konu\u015fmada, Mariotte yasas\u0131n\u0131n, J.J. Boguski ile birlikte iki y\u0131l \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frulama sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. -Ed.
[38*] Vicdan durumlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen tanr\u0131bilim kolu. -\u00e7.
[39*] T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n 1873 y\u0131l\u0131nda General Kaufmann’\u0131n komutas\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7ar ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan fethi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Rus ordular\u0131ndan General Golovagov taraf\u0131ndan komuta edilen bir birlik, T\u00fcrkmen Yamudlar a\u015firetine kar\u015f\u0131 son derece sert bir cezaland\u0131rma seferine giri\u015fti. Engels’in kayna\u011f\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, Amerikal\u0131 diplomat Eu\u00e8ne Schuyler’in \u015fu yap\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r: Turkestan Notes of a journey in Russian Turkestan, Kokhand, Bukhara and Kuldj, c. II. London 1876, s. 356-359. -Ed.
[40*] Modern e\u015fitlik fikirlerinin burjuva toplumun ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan bu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilk kez olarak Marks taraf\u0131ndan Kapital’de a\u00e7\u0131klanmi\u015ft\u0131r. [F.E.]
[41*] Frans\u0131z Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k Yasas\u0131 (Medeni Kanunu). -\u00e7.
[42*] Corpusjuris civilis, \u0130mparator Justinianus’un giri\u015fimi \u00fczerine Romal\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ular taraf\u0131ndan saptanm\u0131\u015f yasalar derlemesidir. -Ed.
[43*] Prusya’da n\u00fcfus k\u00fct\u00fcg\u00fc, Bismarck’\u0131n kimlik belgeleri d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131 Kiliseden geri alan 9 Mart 1874 g\u00fcnl\u00fc bir yasas\u0131 arac\u0131yla kabul edilmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[44*] 1815 antla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Prusya’n\u0131n olan Brandenburg, Do\u011fu Prusya, Bat\u0131 Prusya, Posnanya, Pomeranya ve Silezya eyaletleri s\u00f6zkonusu ediliyor. -Ed.
[45*] Hegel, Ansiklopedi, I, \u00a7 147, katma, s. 294, \u00e9dition Henning, Berlin 1843. -Ed.
[46*] D\u00fchring’in, Marks’\u0131n Kapital’i \u00fczerindeki makalesi 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Erg\u00e4nzungsbl\u00e4tter zur Kenntnis der Gegenwart, c. III, n\u00b0 3, s. 182-186 i\u00e7inde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.-Ed.
[47*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1993, s. 321. -Ed.
[48*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 322. -Ed.
[49*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 322. Not. -Ed.
[50*] Memoires pour servir a l’histoire de France, sous Napol\u00e9on, ecrits a Sainte-Helene, par les generaux qui ont partage sa captivite, et publies sur les manuscrits entierement corriges de la main de Napol\u00e9on, c.. I, general comte de Montholon taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Paris 1823, s. 262. -Ed.
[51*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 783. -Ed.
[52*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 93. -Ed.
[53*] \u0130bid., s. 94; \u0130talikler Engels’in. -Ed.
[54*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 780 vd. -Ed.
[55*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 782. -Ed.
[56*] lbid, s. 782-783. -Ed.
[57*] Bkz: s. 226. -Ed.
[58*] Engels, burada limite ge\u00e7i\u015f kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcyor. O s\u0131ralarda yeni bulunmu\u015f olan bu kavram (Cauchy) t\u00fcrev, entegral ve diziler hesab\u0131n\u0131n temelinde yatmakta devam eder. -Ed.
[59*] Haeckel: Nat\u00fcrliche Sch\u00f6pfungsgeschichte…, 4. bask\u0131, Berlin 1873, s. 590-591. Haeckel’in varsay\u0131m\u0131, Eug\u00e8ne Dubois taraf\u0131ndan 1894’de Pithecanthropus erectus’un bulgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceliyordu. -Ed.
[60*] Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’in\u00e9galitt\u00e9…. Editions Sociales, 1971, s. 118. -Ed.
[61*] \u0130bid., s. 129.
[62*] \u0130bid., s. 142. -Ed.
[63*] \u0130bid., s. 142-143. -Ed
[64*] Form\u00fcl, 2 Haziran 1674 g\u00fcnl\u00fc, bilinmeyen birine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir mektupta bulunur. Bkz: Correspondance de Baruch de Spinoza, mektup 50. -Ed<\/p>\n

Ekonomi politik k\u0131sm\u0131 Dipnotlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1*] Engels’in Anti-D\u00fchring’de yapmak istedi\u011fi iki de\u011fi\u015fiklikten biri, insanl\u0131\u011fin ilkel tarihine ili\u015fkindi (ikinci bask\u0131n\u0131n, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1885 g\u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcne bak\u0131n\u0131z). Engels bu i\u015fi, Morgan’\u0131n 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda verdi\u011fi “anahtar”\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla, devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ni ilkel tarihin buradakinden \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir irdelemesine dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ailenin, Ozel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni yap\u0131t\u0131nda, 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131. -\u00e7.
[2*] Fanfar. \u2014 Nefesli maden \u00e7alg\u0131lar arac\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131nan m\u00fczik par\u00e7as\u0131. -\u00e7.
[3*] Aristokrat, soylu. -Ed.
[4*] D\u00fchring’in Cursus der National-und Sozial\u00f6konomie’s\u0131n\u0131n ikinci bask\u0131s\u0131 1876’da yay\u0131nland\u0131. -Ed.
[5*] W. Wachsmuth, Hellenische Altertumskunde aus dem Gesichtspunkte des Staates, 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, 1. Kesim, Halle 1829, s. 44. Wachsmuth’un kayna\u011f\u0131, Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e. Banquet des sophistes, kitap VI’d\u0131r. -Ed.
[6*] Bkz: G. Hanssen, Die Geh\u00f6ferschaften (Erbgenossenschaften) im Regierungsbezirk Trier, Berlin 1863. -Ed.
[7*] Bkz: Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 599-600. -Ed.
[8*] 1870 sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Fransa taraf\u0131ndan Almanya’ya \u00f6denmi\u015f bulunan be\u015f milyarl\u0131k zarar \u00f6dentisi (sava\u015f tazminat\u0131) s\u00f6zkonusu ediliyor. -Ed.
[9*] Arkeb\u00fcz. – 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar kullan\u0131lan bir \u00e7e\u015fit t\u00fcfek. -\u00e7.
[10*] Genellikle Gravelotte sava\u015f\u0131 ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan sava\u015f. -Ed.
[11*] Prusya genelkurmay\u0131nda bu da \u00e7ok iyi bilinir. Genelkurmayda y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 bay Max J\u00e4hns bir bilimsel konferansta: “Sava\u015f i\u015flerinin temeli, her\u015feyden \u00f6nce, genel olarak halklar\u0131n ekonomik ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imidir.” der. (K\u00f6lnische Zeitung, 20 Nisan 1876, s. 3.) [F. E. ]
[12*] B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin deniz sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in son \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn, kendili\u011finden hareketli torpilin yetkinle\u015fmesi, bu sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor: Bu ko\u015fullarda en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck torpidobot, en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc z\u0131rhl\u0131dan daha \u00fcst\u00fcn olacak. (Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n 1878’de yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmas\u0131n.) [F.E.] ( Engels’in bu ayrac\u0131 1885’te 3. bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.)
[13*] D\u00fchring, “Alman felsefesinin yolunu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k belirtileri ile her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yads\u0131mak i\u00e7in”, hegelci diyalekti\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131t olarak, kendi diyalekti\u011fini “do\u011fal” diye nitelendiriyordu. -Ed.
[14*] Pline l’ancien, Histoire naturelle, kitap XVIII, 35. -Ed.
[15*] Acre. – Elliiki ar (1 ar = 100 metrekare) kadar olan eski bir yer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi. -\u00e7.
[16*] Friedrich Wilhelm IV taraf\u0131ndan, 1 Ocak 1849 g\u00fcn\u00fc Prusya ordusuna g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi kutlama mesaj\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan deyim. -Ed.
[17*] Assignat. – Frans\u0131z Devrimi d\u00f6neminde, ulusal emlak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan ka\u011f\u0131t para. -\u00e7.
[18*] David Ricardo, On the Principles of National Economy, and Taxation, 3. bask\u0131, London 1821, s. 1. -Ed.
[19*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 66-67. -Ed.
[20*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 67, dipnot. -Ed.
[21*] Lassalle taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen istemlerden biri. Gotha Program\u0131n\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi’nde, bu istemin Marks taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan ele\u015ftirisine bak\u0131n\u0131z. -Ed.
[22*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 160-161. \u0130talikler Engels’in. -Ed.
[23*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 178. -Ed.
[24*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 183. \u0130talikler Engels’in. -Ed.
[25*] Kapital, s. 186. -Ed.
[26*] Kapital, Birinci cilt, s. 184. \u0130talikler Engels’in. -Ed.
[27*] Kapital, s. 185. -Ed.
[28*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 249. -Ed.
[29*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 220, dipnot. -Ed.
[30*] Kapital, s. 235. (\u0130ngilizce ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bask\u0131da, 71 \u015filinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak 3 sterlin 11 peni yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.) -Ed.
[31*] Kapital, s. 535. -Ed.
[32*] Kapital, s. 580. -Ed.
[33*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 330, dipnot. -Ed.
[34*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 249. -Ed.
[35*] Hatta onu bile yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rodbertus \u015f\u00f6yle der (Soziale Briefe, 2. mektup, s. 159): “Rant, bu teoriye [kendi teorisi] g\u00f6re, kendi eme\u011fi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir m\u00fclkiyet nedeniyle elde edilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gelirdir.” [F. E.]
[36*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, Onyedinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, s. 531 vd.. -Ed.
[37*] Engels s\u00f6zc\u00fck oyunu yap\u0131yor. Ven\u00fcs, hem Yunan mitolojisindeki g\u00fczellik tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131, hem de yenilmesi sak\u0131ncal\u0131 bir deniz yumu\u015fak\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. -\u00e7.
[38*] Volkszeitung, Engels’in Marks’a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 15 Eyl\u00fcl 1860 tarihli bir mektupta kendisi i\u00e7in “usand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yineleme ve her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan budalal\u0131klar:” deyimlerini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, Berlin’de yay\u0131mlanan demokrat bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazete idi. -Ed.
[39*] Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, c. I, London 1776, s. 63-65. -Ed.
[40*] Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Marks taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Engels’in, Anti-D\u00fchring’in, \u00e7e\u015fitli bask\u0131lar\u0131na uyarlamak i\u00e7in onu g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir (ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00f6ns\u00f6zlere bak\u0131n\u0131z). Ne var ki “Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirel Tarihi \u00dczerine Marjinal Notlar”\u0131n, Marks’\u0131n kendisi taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imiyle, \u00f6zg\u00fcn elyazmas\u0131 da elimizde bulunuyor. Bu elyazmas\u0131, ilk kez olarak Marks-Engels-Lenin Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan, Engels’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 40. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Moskova’da, 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir cilt i\u00e7inde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O metin, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn metni ile bir\u00e7ok noktada tam bir t\u0131pk\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc o metni, tam olarak vermekten vazge\u00e7iyor ve “Marjinal Notlar” metninin ba\u015fl\u0131ca de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imlerini dipnot olarak eklemekle yetiniyoruz.
“Marjinal Notlar”\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 versiyonu var: Marks’\u0131n karalamalar\u0131 olan iki not defteri ile Marks taraf\u0131ndan Engels’e aktar\u0131lan metin olan ve “Ele\u015ftirel Tarih \u00dczerine” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kesin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na temel hizmeti g\u00f6ren temize \u00e7ekilmi\u015f kopya. Dipnotlar\u0131m\u0131zdan her birine, e\u011fer Marks’\u0131n temize \u00e7ekti\u011fi “Marjinal Notlar”\u0131n kendinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flarsa (MN), birinci not defterinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flarsa (M1) ve ikinci not defterinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flarsa (M2) i\u015faretini koyuyoruz.
[41*] Marks’\u0131n “Yunan \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131yan elyazmas\u0131 i\u015fte burada ba\u015flar.
[42*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 379. -Ed.
[43*] Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1993, s. 67. -Ed.
[44*] Ml’de bundan sonra \u015funlar okunur:
Ama D\u00fchring bize, hemen kendi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir bilgelikmi\u015f gibi “bilimin biraz ciddi bir kurulu\u015funun Hume ve Adam Smith’ten sonra ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” s\u00f6yler (s.15 ). Bu bulu\u015fun ne oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.
Kutz ve Roscher \u00dczerine D\u00fchring’in Haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 (s. 14). Bu vesileyle Roscher’in \u0130ngiliz Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Tarihine Katk\u0131’s\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 anmaktan \u00f6zellikle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r; “hakl\u0131 nedenler”i olan bir davran\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc orada bilgisizli\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc not bulmu\u015ftur.
(Gene bu vesileyle, List’in “\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemez derecede \u00fcst\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc” s. 16.)
\u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 (ilk\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ekonomik ili\u015fkilerini) irdelemek i\u00e7in, onun “her \u015feyden \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir zaman yalanlanmayan ili\u015fkiler ve yasalar \u00fczerine sa\u011flam bir teoriye gereksinmesi var” (16).
[45*] Stirner’in \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131na an\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma. -\u00e7.
[46*] MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Aristoteles’in, “her Kthma”n\u0131n, biri, \u00f6me\u011fin kunduran\u0131n giyilme yararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u015fey olarak ona \u00f6zg\u00fc, \u00f6teki \u015fey olarak ona \u00f6zg\u00fc olmayan, de\u011fi\u015filebilir olma gibi “ikili bir yararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu” yolundaki tezi olan [h (\u00f6zellikle gjhsz) metablpch … allaghz enecen] par\u00e7aya kendin bak, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc rus\u00e7a nedeniyle yunancay\u0131 do\u011fru yazmas\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorum, (Ele\u015ftiriye Katk\u0131, s. 3, n\u00b0 1.) \u2014 Bu tez yaln\u0131zca “\u00e7ok baya\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuk\u00e7a” bir bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131lmakla kalmaz (s. 18) ama bu tezde “kullan\u0131m-de\u011feri ile de\u011fi\u015fim-de\u011feri aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m” bulanlar, kendilerini ayr\u0131ca, “hemen \u015fu son zamanlarda” ve “yaln\u0131zca en ileri sistem \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde”, yani bay D\u00fchring’in sisteminin ta kendisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, kullan\u0131m-de\u011feri ile de\u011fi\u015fim-de\u011ferinin h\u00fck\u00fcmden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc unutma “d\u00fc\u015flem”ine de kapt\u0131r\u0131rlar.
[47*] Aristote, De republica, Kitap I, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 9. -Ed.
[48*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, Ond\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm, s. 379-382. -Ed.
[49*] Platon, R\u00e9publique, Kitap II. -Ed.
[50*] Xenophon, Cyrop\u00e9die, Kitap VIII, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2. -Ed.
[51*] Wilhelm Roscher, Die Grundlagen der National\u00f6konomie, 3. bask\u0131, Stuttgart ve Augsbourg 1858, s. 86. -Ed.
[52*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 763-767. -Ed.
[53*] Aristote, De republica, Kitap I. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 8-10. -Ed.
[54*] Aristote, Ethique \u00e0 Nicomaque, Kitap V, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 8. -Ed.
[55*] Friedrich List, Das nationale System der politischen \u00d6konomie, c. I. Stutgart ve T\u00fcbingen 1841, s. 451 ve 456. -Ed.
[56*] MN’de yukarda “Bay D\u00fchring’in merkantilizm \u00fczerindeki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne gelince” diye ba\u015flayan paragraftan \u00f6nce \u015fu par\u00e7a gelir:
II. MERKANT\u0130L\u0130ZM
“Demek ki kesinlikle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bilim olarak merkantil sistem yoktur. … \u00d6yleyse, sistemlerin bilinen \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde (merkantil sistem, fizyokrasi ve s\u0131nai sistem) an\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131namak gerek” (27). \u00d6te yandan: “Sistemler [\u00fc\u00e7 sistem) … ger\u00e7ekten vard\u0131r ve engellenmesi gereken tek \u015fey … merkantil sistemin sundu\u011fu bi\u00e7imdeki pratik davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131n\u0131 yorumlama ya da form\u00fcle etme bi\u00e7imindeki virt\u00fc\u00f6zl\u00fcklerin … fizyokratlardaki … ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z teorik saptamalar ile tek bir t\u00fcrde\u015f birlik i\u00e7inde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131d\u0131r” (29)!?!(a)
(a) M1’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Y\u00fcksekten atan sa\u00e7mal\u0131k!
Peki ama 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bay D\u00fchring’e benzer birka\u00e7 gizli merkantilisti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda , b\u00f6yle bir su\u00e7 kim i\u015fledi? Ama hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6zde ekonomi politik sistemi, ger\u00e7ek anlamda “bilim olarak kesinlikle” mevcut de\u011fildir.
Ekonomi politik tarihi bak\u0131mdan hepsinin, sistemin ya da burjuva iktisad\u0131, daha do\u011fusu kapitalist iktisat sistemindeki \u015fu ya da bu halkan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek teorik d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6reli bir de\u011feri vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca bay D\u00fchring t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir metafizik\u00e7i, bu \u00e7e\u015fitli u\u011fraklar\u0131 “tek bir t\u00fcrde\u015f birlik i\u00e7inde” birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir.
[57*] MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle izler:
III. DAHA USSAL B\u0130R \u0130KT\u0130SAT \u00d6\u011eRET\u0130S\u0130N\u0130N GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015e
\u00d6RNEKLER\u0130 VE G\u00d6STERGELER\u0130.
PETTY.
Parlak \u00fcsluplu tarih yazma bi\u00e7iminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck “i\u00e7” yanlar\u0131ndan biri (ve beyaz ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 karalamak i\u00e7in, bu yan “d\u0131\u015ftan” \u00e7ok \u00fcretkendir) \u015funa dayan\u0131r ki D\u00fchring, daha sonra o portre sayesinde yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rdedici \u00f6zelli\u011fini yeniden kurmak \u00fczere, herkesin bildi\u011fi biyografik notlar yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bir portre tasla\u011f\u0131r\u0131 yapar. B\u00f6ylece, Petty’nin \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ya\u015fam\u0131ndan, kolayca “bol say\u0131da bo\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce i\u00e7eren ve ger\u00e7ekte ciddiyet olarak ciddi i\u015fadam\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey tan\u0131mayan bir kafa yap\u0131s\u0131” (64) \u00e7\u0131kar. (Ger\u00e7ekte hakiki ciddiyet olarak … ciddi i\u015fadam\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l tan\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak g\u00fc\u00e7.) “Petty’nin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz yan\u0131, kendini … kavramlar\u0131n i\u00e7 ve biraz da ince ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan duyarl\u0131k yoksunlu\u011funda g\u00f6sterir” (53). “Petty’e kar\u015f\u0131, kendi \u00f6z i\u015flerini sonunda 1.500 sterlinlik bir y\u0131ll\u0131k gelire sahip olacak bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in sayg\u0131 besleyecek kimseler bulunacakt\u0131r.” Ayr\u0131ca Petty, “\u0130ngiliz papaz s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcrl\u00fc oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 son derece g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan bir bi\u00e7imde” kopya etme “virt\u00fc\u00f6zite”sine de sahipti, vb..
[58*] William Petty, A Treatise on Taxes and Contributions…. London 1662, s. 24-25. -Ed.
[59*] “Ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015feylerden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015feylere inmek gerekirse…”den ba\u015flayarak bu par\u00e7a MN’de yoktur. -Ed.
[60*] Petty, Quantulumcumque…’unu 1682’de yazd\u0131 ve 1695’te Londra’da yay\u0131mlad\u0131. The Political Anatomy of Ireland 1672’de yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 1691’de Londra’da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -Ed.
[61*] Lavoisier, De la richesse territoriale du Royaume de France (Paris 1791), Essai de la population de la Ville de Paris…. ve matematik\u00e7i Lagrange ile birlikte, Essai d’arithm\u00e9tique politique… (Paris 1791) adl\u0131 iktisadi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -Ed.
[62*] MN’de bundan sonra \u015fu ba\u015fl\u0131k gelir: BOISGIULLEBERT VE LAW.
[63*] Pierre Boisguillebert, “Dissertation sur la nature des richesses, de l’argent et des tributs…” B\u00f6l\u00fcm II, \u00c9conomistes financiers du XVIII. si\u00e8cle i\u00e7inde, Paris 1843, s. 397. -Ed.
[64*] M1’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor: D\u00fchring eski yazarlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hep privat-dozent rol\u00fc oynar ve onlara s\u0131nav notlar\u0131 vererek yetkilerini a\u015far. Bizzat bay D\u00fchring hakk\u0131nda onun hi\u00e7bir zaman “ince” olmasa da, “merkantilizmin modern de\u011fi\u015fimini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131” s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ger\u00e7ekten bay D\u00fchring, \u00fcretim meta \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi i\u00e7inde yap\u0131l\u0131r olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman bile, paran\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynamaya devam edece\u011fini varsayar.
D\u00fchring, Boisguillebert’ten Law’a ge\u00e7er.
Law: \u0130sko\u00e7ya bankalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen Adam Smith, kitap II, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 2, (bu arada denk d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e Law’u da ele\u015ftirir), \u2014\u00f6tekiler aras\u0131nda, ulusal kredi bankalar\u0131 da kurulmu\u015ftu\u2014 \u015fu g\u00f6zlemi yapar:
“Kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ile \u00e7eli\u015fkiye d\u00fc\u015fmemek i\u00e7in bir banka, i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dola\u015fan sermayenin hepsini ya da hatta \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bir t\u00fcccara bor\u00e7 veremez; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her ne denli bu sermaye ona s\u00fcrekli olarak para bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda gelse de ondan ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131ksa da, giri\u015flerin t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnden gene de \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r ve bir bankanm rahat\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na uygun, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc \u00f6neller i\u00e7inde, t\u00fcccar\u0131n \u00f6demelerinin toplam\u0131 bankan\u0131n avanslar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131na e\u015fit olmaz. Bir banka, i\u015f adam\u0131na sabit sermayesinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin topra\u011f\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye giri\u015fen birinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sermayeyi \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 verme olana\u011f\u0131na daha da az sahiptir. … Sabit sermaye giri\u015fleri, hemen her zaman dola\u015fan sermaye giri\u015flerinden \u00e7ok daha yava\u015ft\u0131r ve … bunlar i\u015fadam\u0131na, uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren ve bir bankan\u0131n rahat\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in gere\u011finden uzun olan bir d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7meden, \u00e7ok seyrek olarak geri gelirler.”
Law ele\u015ftirisinde bay D\u00fchring, bunu \u015fu bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftirir: “Bir para sisteminin temeli, ger\u00e7ekte … hi\u00e7bir zaman yaln\u0131zca gelece\u011fi geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6ncelemeleri ve somut olarak \u015fimdiki zaman i\u00e7in do\u011fal \u00fcretimlerin ancak \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeleri nedeniyle, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tutar meydana getiren sermaye de\u011ferlerinden bile\u015femez. \u0130\u00e7i\u00e7e ge\u00e7en ekonomik \u00fcretimlerin i\u015fleyi\u015finde, zaman ve deyim yerindeyse uyum ba\u015frol\u00fc oynar. Ama as\u0131l anlamda para, bir anl\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131ma ve o anda verilmi\u015f ili\u015fkilerin dengelenmesine hizmet edecek bir \u015feydir… Y\u00fczeysel olmamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n yal\u0131n olan bu fikirler, para sistemeni de\u011ferli madenler temelinden ay\u0131rma yolundaki her giri\u015fimin ele\u015ftirisini i\u00e7erir.” (s. 94)
\u0130lkin A. Smith’in kendini be\u011fenmi\u015f yava\u015fla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, de\u011ferli fikirlerinin ar\u0131 s\u00f6z ebeli\u011fi durumuna \u00e7evrilmesi; ama e\u015fe\u011fin kulaklar\u0131, paragraf\u0131n sonunda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Para sisteminin “de\u011ferli madenler temelinden” ayr\u0131lamama nedeni, bu “y\u00fczeyde olmayan” fikirden \u00e7ok ba\u015fka bir yerdedir. “Metay\u0131 isteyen ama paray\u0131 istemeyen, \u00f6zel de\u011fi\u015fime dayanan \u00fcretimi isteyen ama bu \u00fcretimin zorunlu ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen \u00fctopyac\u0131lar demek ki paray\u0131 yaln\u0131zca elle tululur bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda de\u011fil, ama sa\u00e7malaman\u0131n gazsal bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda da de\u011ferlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak ‘ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131’ zaman, mant\u0131\u011fa ters d\u00fc\u015fmezler.” (Contribution \u00e0 la critique de l’economie politique, s. 47.) Ama bay Duhring’in para \u00fczerindeki fikirlerini ayd\u0131nlatmay\u0131 Kapital bile ba\u015faramad\u0131.
[65*] Bundan sonra MNde \u015fu ba\u015fl\u0131k gelir:
YEN\u0130DEN PETTY, YUKARDA ADI GE\u00c7EN LOCKE VE NORTH VE
1691 ILE 1752 ARASINDA D\u00dcHR\u0130NG’DE OLUP B\u0130TENLER
[66*] M1’de s\u00f6yle izler:
Locke: Petty’den, D\u00fchring, Locke’a ge\u00e7er. Ama, Locke’un Treaty Concerning Government’\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yanl\u0131\u015f olarak ele\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir par\u00e7a bir yana, onun (Barbon’un Locke’a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda [1696] k\u0131nad\u0131\u011f\u0131) merkantilist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri \u00fczerindeki birka\u00e7 bo\u015f s\u00f6z bir yana, Locke’un en \u00f6nemli iktisat yap\u0131t\u0131: Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and Rasing of Money (1661) \u00fczerine \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz \u015fey i\u015fte \u015fu.
[67*] W. Petty, A Treatise on Taxes and Contributions…, London 1662, s. 28-29. -Ed.
[68*] Dudley North, Discourses upon Trade…, London 1691, s. 4. -Ed.
[69*] Bundan sonra MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
” … yoksa onlar\u0131n arkasma de\u011fil, ama \u00f6te yandan, bizden bilgeli\u011finin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyarak, bir yazar\u0131n “ay\u0131rdedici \u00f6zg\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc”ne zarar vermememizi isteyen bay D\u00fchring’in \u00e7ok \u00e7\u0131kar g\u00f6zetir yasaklamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n (bkz: s. 50), Hume ile birlikte o polis y\u00f6netmeliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 gelen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. (a)
DAVID HUME
(a) Bunu M1’de \u015fu izler:
Valckenaer, bundan otuz y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce, Hume’u modern ekonomi politi\u011fin temelini atan adam olarak g\u00f6stermeye kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ama bu i\u015f, D\u00fchring’deki gibi “kalle\u015f\u00e7e” bir niyetle yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bu konu \u00fczerinde birazdan gene konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.
[70*] David Hume, Essays, Moral and Political, and Dialoques Concerning Natural Religion, vol. 4, Political discourses, Edinburgh, 1752. -Ed.
[71*] Montesquieu, De I’Esprit des lois, Cenevre 1748. -Ed.
[72*] David Hume, Essays and Treatises on Several Subject, vol. I, London 1777, s. 303-304. -Ed.
[73*] Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131, s. 208-212. -Ed.
[74*] M2’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
\u00d6te yandan, bay D\u00fchring’in Hume’un On Interest denemesi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sunu\u015f, son derece y\u00fczeysel ve k\u0131smen de yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
[75*] M2’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri Hollanda, \u0130ngiliz iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcne \u00f6rnek bir \u00fclke olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu \u00fclkenin zenginli\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faiz oran\u0131 da onlar\u0131 etkiliyordu. Culpeper ve Child’dan bu yana, faiz oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne verilen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemin nedeni budur.
Hume, beylik bir fikir durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bir kan\u0131y\u0131 kendine malederek, \u00f6nemli bir fikir durumuna getirme sav\u0131nda bulunacak bir D\u00fchring de\u011fildir. Faiz \u00fczerindeki denemesine, daha ilk anda E. D\u00fchring’in \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini i\u00e7eren \u015fu t\u00fcmce ile ba\u015flar:
“Her ne denli ben…”
[76*] David Hume, op. cit., s. 313. -Ed.
[77*] MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Bu ayn\u0131 “ki\u015fi”nin davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi \u00fczerine, paralar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n an\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda o denli ince bir ho\u015fnutsuzluk duymas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerini de g\u00f6sterecek bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek! (a)
Faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 para miktar\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi yolundaki “halk yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka nedeni” der Hume, “d\u0131\u015f fetih sonucu ellerine birdenbire para ve de\u011ferli madenler ge\u00e7mesi \u00fczerine, paran\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve her k\u00f6\u015feye s\u0131zmas\u0131ndan sonra, yaln\u0131zca kendilerinde de\u011fil ama b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u015fu devletlerde de faizin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslar \u00f6rne\u011fi olsa gerekir”. Fatih ulusta para, toprak sat\u0131n alarak ya da faize vererek onu de\u011ferlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ku\u015fun eline ge\u00e7er ve b\u00f6ylece “k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7in sanki sanayi ve ticarette b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme olmu\u015f gibi bir sonu\u00e7 meydana gelir [yani faiz oran\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015fme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr]”.(b) Ama bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f uzun s\u00fcre devam etmez, hatta devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclse bile, fatih ulusa kalan ganimet para sonucu, meta fiyatlar\u0131nda buna uygun d\u00fc\u015fen bir y\u00fckselme olur, faiz oran\u0131 yeniden eski d\u00fczeyine d\u00f6ner. (c)
Ama fatih ulus ile tecimsel ili\u015fkilerde bulunan kom\u015fu uluslara gelince, faiz oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, bunlarda fatih ulus ile bilan\u00e7olar\u0131nda dengenin kurulmas\u0131ndan, yani fatih ulusun soydu\u011fu hazinenin “ticaret yoluyla \u00f6tekiler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan” sonra ba\u015flar (yoksa “ki\u015fi”nin onu koyaca\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6nce de\u011fil). “Ama faiz oran\u0131n\u0131n bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc”, salt kendi ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f paran\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan de\u011fil, bu art\u0131\u015f emek ve gerekli ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 fiyat\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce, para art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal sonucu olan sanayideki geli\u015fmeden ileri gelir. Sanayideki bu geli\u015fme, diye devam eder Hume, “para miktar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f (sayfa: 344) mi\u015f olmasma kar\u015f\u0131n”, “ba\u015fka nedenler”e de dayanabilirdi. Daha \u00f6nce Of Money denemesinde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011fumuz gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn etki, b\u00fct\u00fcn meta fiyatlar\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede \u00fccret de buna uygun y\u00fckseli\u015flere u\u011framadan \u00f6nce, burada yeni ba\u015ftan de\u011ferli madenlerdeki de\u011fer d\u00fc\u015fmesine y\u00fcklenir. Hume i\u00e7in, de\u011ferli madenlerin art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 durumunda de\u011fer yitirmeleri ya da azal\u0131\u015flar\u0131 durumunda de\u011fer kazanmalar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015fka para miktar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yoktur. (d)
Hume’un yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zetini verdi\u011fimiz ve kesin olarak para miktar\u0131n\u0131n faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6zde belirleyece\u011fi yolundaki “halk yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131”n\u0131n nedenlerinden birini, para soyan vb. uluslar \u00f6rne\u011finden al\u0131nan nedeni, b\u00fct\u00fcn hi\u00e7li\u011fi i\u00e7inde g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in giri\u015fti\u011fi bu a\u00e7\u0131klama, bay “Ki\u015fi”de \u015fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcmcede g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr:
“B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6rne\u011fin yukarda s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen denge kurulmadan \u00f6nce, para miktar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011fine i\u015faret edilir [Hume taraf\u0131ndan]” (s. 171).
Do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bu bi\u00e7im alt\u0131nda tek do\u011fru s\u00f6z i\u00e7ermeyen ve Hume’un asl\u0131nda ne dedi\u011fini okura tahmin ettirmekten bile uzak olan bu t\u00fcmce, bay D\u00fchring’i bir solukta \u015f\u00f6yle devam etmekten al\u0131koymaz:
“B\u00f6ylece bir Hume’un, kendi darg\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ya da ideolojilerini savunmak i\u00e7in ondan yana olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen kimselerden daha bir dikkatlice d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor” (s. 131).
Ger\u00e7ekte bay D\u00fchring’in sevgili Hume’unun, ger\u00e7i biraz p\u0131s\u0131r\u0131k bir \u00f6zg\u00fcr-de\u011fi\u015fim havarisi olmas\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcr-de\u011fi\u015fim doktrinerlerinin bile ondan yana olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemekte hakl\u0131 bulunmalar\u0131, oysa “ki\u015fi”nin, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n “biraz ince” merkantilistlerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f “kendi darg\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve ideolojilerini savunmak” i\u00e7in biraz \u00f6nce g\u00f6stermi\u015f bulundu\u011fumuz bi\u00e7imde onu \u00e7arp\u0131tma zorunda kalmas\u0131 gibi bir \u015fanss\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 var.
(a) M2’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
“B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6rne\u011fin para miktar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yukarda s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en denge kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce faiz haddini etkileyebilece\u011fi [Hume taraf\u0131ndan] kabul edilir” (130, 131).
\u0130lkin bay D\u00fchring, “yukarda s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en denge” s\u00f6z\u00fc ile, sanki bu s\u00f6z \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslar aras\u0131ndaki bilan\u00e7olar\u0131n “denge”si ile ilgiliymi\u015f gibi, ikinci olarak da Hume’a g\u00f6re para miktar\u0131ndaki bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin faiz haddine “zararl\u0131 olabilece\u011fi” \u00e7ok \u00f6zel ko\u015fullar\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etmeyerek, okurunu iki nedenle \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131r.
(b) M2’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Ne var ki faiz oran\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn fatih \u00fclke ile kom\u015fu devletlerde farkl\u0131 nedenleri vard\u0131 ama ne birinde, ne de \u00f6tekilerde bu sonucu yaln\u0131zca alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f art\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00fckleyebiliriz.
(c) M2’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Demek ki burada Hume taraf\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nan olay\u0131n, kendi \u00f6z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re, faiz oran\u0131n\u0131n normal hareketi ile hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktur.
(d) M2’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Bay D\u00fchring, sars\u0131c\u0131 “a\u00e7\u0131klama”s\u0131nda, ilkin bir yandan Hume’un fetih yoluyla elde edilen para ile ticaret yoluyla elde edilen paran\u0131n etkileri aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7 etmeyerek, \u00f6te yandan Hume’a, fatih ulus ile kom\u015fu uluslar aras\u0131nda yukarda soz\u00fc edilen dengenin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra, yani birincinin paras\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n, faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek bi\u00e7imde, bu sonuncular\u0131n \u00fclkesine akmas\u0131ndan sonra dedirtecek yerde, “yukarda” s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen denge [yani \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslar aras\u0131ndaki parasal bilan\u00e7o dengesi, D\u00fchring’de “yukarda” s\u00f6zkonusu olan yaln\u0131zca ve yaln\u0131zca bu dengedir, ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fil] kurulmadan \u00f6nce dedirterek \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131r. Ve e\u011fer faiz oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ferse bu, paran\u0131n artt\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil ama para art\u0131\u015f\u0131, fiyatlarda ve \u00f6zellikle \u00fccrette genel bir y\u00fckselmeye neden olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, sanayiyi geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u00e7indir.
[78*] David Hume, op. cit., s. 314. -Ed.
[79*] R. Cantillon’un Essai sur la natura du commerce en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 1752’de de\u011fil 1755’te yay\u0131mland\u0131. Adam Smith bu yap\u0131ttan, An Inquiry into the Nature…’de s\u00f6z eder. -Ed.
[80*] David Hume, op. cit., s. 367. -Ed.
[81*] Ibid., s. 379. -Ed.
[82*] Bismarck, dostu Wagener’in arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bay D\u00fchring’ten toplumsal sorun \u00fczerine bir inceleme istemi\u015f ve bay D\u00fchring de bu incelemeyi yazmakta \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[83*] F. C. Schlosser, Weltgeschichte f\u00fcr das deutsche Volk, c. 17, Frankfurt-am-Main 1855, s. 76. -Ed.
[84*] William Cobbet, A History of the Protestant “Reformation” in England and Ireland…, London 1824, s. 149, 116 ve 130. -Ed.
[85*] MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
V. F\u0130ZYOKRAS\u0130
“Quesnay hi\u00e7 olmazsa ekonomik kavramlarla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fiir denebilecek bir \u015fey vermi\u015ftir.” (s.131.) Bay D\u00fchring de fizyokrasi \u00fczerindeki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6zel bir ba\u015far\u0131yla irdelenebilecek kendi \u015fiir ya da daha do\u011frusu yap\u0131nt\u0131 (fiction) t\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip bulunmakla birlikte, ayn\u0131 \u015fey, bay D\u00fchring i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenemez.
\u00d6nce Quesnay’nin ki\u015fili\u011fi vb. ‘fizyokrasi” ad\u0131 vb. \u00fczerine sekiz tats\u0131z tuzsuz yineleme sayfas\u0131. Bu sekiz sayfal\u0131k giri\u015ften sonra, bay D\u00fchring \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
“\u00dcretim ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ili\u015fkilerinin bu ekonomik kopyas\u0131n\u0131n Quesnay’de ne anlama gelece\u011fi, ancak e\u011fer daha \u00f6nce zenginliklerin \u00fcretimi \u00fczerine ona \u00f6zg\u00fc bulunan y\u00f6netici kavramlar adamak\u0131ll\u0131 irdelenirse g\u00f6sterilebilir. Bu konudaki fikirler, hatta en iyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemelerde, \u00f6rne\u011fin A. Smith’in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesinde bile belliba\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7izgileri gere\u011fince \u00f6\u011frenilemeyecek denli karars\u0131z bir belirsizlikle g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu irdeleme i\u015fi zorunludur. … \u00d6yleyse, bu temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7in geleneksel kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemelerle yetinmek, amaca k\u00f6t\u00fc hizmet etmek olacakt\u0131r.” (105).
Sonra tam be\u015f sayfa, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc cafcafl\u0131 s\u00f6zler, s\u00fcrekli yinelemeler ve hesapl\u0131 bir d\u00fczensizlikle dolu be\u015f sayfa gelir; Quesnay’nin Tableau \u00e9conomique’in temelinde yatan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00fczerine \u015fimdiye de\u011fin g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bulunanlar\u0131n hepsinden \u00fcst\u00fcn olan bu “\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme”nin, \u015fu \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi burnunda a\u00e7\u0131klamalan i\u00e7erdi\u011fini g\u00f6zlerden saklamak i\u00e7in: Quesnay “bir tek \u00fcretken s\u0131n\u0131f kabul eder, yani tar\u0131msal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayi y\u00fcr\u00fctenlerin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131”, bunlar yaln\u0131zca “etkinlikleri boyunca t\u00fckettiklerinden daha \u00e7o\u011funu \u00fcrettikleri i\u00e7in \u00fcretkendirler”, bu “art\u0131k, bu net \u00fcr\u00fcn” (109), “topra\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda do\u011fan\u0131n insan eme\u011fini kendi ki\u015fisel t\u00fcketiminden, bu emek i\u00e7in zorunlu t\u00fcketiminden daha \u00e7ok \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmesi” sonucudur (107). Bu \u00fcretken s\u0131n\u0131f yan\u0131nda, ” \u00e7iftlik kiras\u0131n\u0131 alan … toprak sahipleri” (105) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve son olarak da “k\u0131s\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131f”, “\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine ancak [tar\u0131m\u0131n] bu net \u00fcr\u00fcn[\u00fcn]den t\u00fcketti\u011fi kadar de\u011fer ge\u00e7iren” “bir sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kimselerin” (106, 107) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bulunur. Adam Smith \u00fczerindeki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bay D\u00fchring, fizyokrasinin “temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri”nden anlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zetini \u015fu terimlerle verir: “Fizyokratlar do\u011faya tar\u0131msal alanda [!] y\u00fcksek anlamda \u00fcretken g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak bakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131, ayr\u0131ca tar\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketimi \u00fczerindeki art\u0131\u011f\u0131 [!] g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmu\u015flar [!] ve bu nedenle, do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, tar\u0131msal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayi, tar\u0131msal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma niteli\u011fiyle hareket noktas\u0131 olarak almam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.” (148,149).
\u0130nsan\u0131n “en basit okul kitaplar\u0131ndan” (109) bile daha \u00e7o\u011funu \u00e7\u0131karmamak i\u00e7in kal\u0131n kafal\u0131n\u0131n biri, bir potache (lise \u00f6\u011frencisi) olmas\u0131 gerekirdi.
“\u00d6zel olarak kurulmu\u015f bir sistemin y\u00fcksekli\u011finden” yap\u0131lan “tarihsel ele\u015ftiri” (s. 9): n\u00b0 I, Quesnay’nin “temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri”nin, “geleneksel kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeler”den son derece y\u00fcksek olacak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesini vaat ediyor ve b\u00f6ylece bizi n\u00b0 II’ye: Tableau \u00e9conomique’in “Quesnay’de ne anlama gelece\u011fi”nin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131yordu. Prel\u00fcd n\u00b0 I’in “en nazik y\u00f6nlerinden biri” \u015fudur ki hen\u00fcz ad\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015feyi bilinmeyen Tableau \u00e9conomique, konu d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak ve gizlice, ge\u00e7erken \u015f\u00f6yle bir koklanm\u0131\u015f ve homurtularla selamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bundan sonra s\u0131v\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve \u015funun ya da bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne, \u00f6rne\u011fin “i\u015fe ba\u015flama ve sonu\u00e7” \u00fcst\u00fcne “derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler”e dal\u0131n\u0131r (s. 109). Ger\u00e7ekte bay D\u00fchring , sonunda, kendini n\u00b0 I geni\u015f i\u015fe ba\u015flamasmdan n\u00b0 II k\u0131sa soluklu sonucuna ge\u00e7mekten al\u0131koyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an bu ayr\u0131m, sonderece a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015feydir. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, Tableau \u00e9conomique konusunda n\u00b0 I alt\u0131nda gizlice ve n\u00b0 II alt\u0131nda kesin bir bi\u00e7imde kendini g\u00f6steren \u015feyin hepsini, ama hepsini s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne verece\u011fiz.
N\u00b0 I. TABLEAU \u00c9CONOMIQUE \u00dcZER\u0130NE ARA VE AYRINTI
HAZIRLIK \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI.
[86*] Quesnay’nin “I’Analyse du tableau \u00e9conomique”i ilk kez olarak 1766’da fizyokratlar\u0131n dergisi olan Journal de l’agriculture, commerce, arts et finances’da yay\u0131mland\u0131. Tablonun metni, Eug\u00e8ne Daire’in Physiocrates…’\u0131nda yeniden yay\u0131mland\u0131, 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, Paris 1846,s. 57-66. -Ed.
[87*] Abb\u00e9 Baudeau’nun “Explication du tableau \u00e9conomique”i 1767’de Eph\u00e9m\u00e9rides du Citoyen ou Chronique de l’esprit national dergisinde yay\u0131mland\u0131. Bkz: Daire, Physiocrates, 2. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, Paris 1846, s. 864-867. -Ed.
[88*] MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Ama kendi pay\u0131na bay D\u00fchring, deyim yerindeyse, burada yaln\u0131zca ge\u00e7erken \u015f\u00f6yle bir koklam\u0131\u015f bulunan Tableau \u00e9conomique’e yeniden s\u0131rt \u00e7evirir ve bir\u00e7ok kez Quesnay’ye g\u00f6re “\u00fcretkenli\u011fin do\u011fadan geldi\u011fini” yineler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc repetitio mater studiorum, buna “fizyokrasi” teriminin yeni bir irdelemesini ba\u011flar, “Quesnay’nin k\u0131rda yeti\u015fti\u011fini ve k\u0131rsal ya\u015fam i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir sevgi besledi\u011fini” an\u0131msat\u0131r, Quesnay’nin “temel kavramlar”i \u00fczerine Tableau’nun yorumlanmas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayacak “ince d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler”inden bir s\u00f6z\u00fc yeniden ele al\u0131r ve “i\u015fe ba\u015flama ile sonu\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek” onlar\u0131 tamamlar.
N\u00b0 II. TABLE \u00c9CONOMIQUE \u00dcZER\u0130NE KES\u0130N D\u00dc\u015e\u00dcNCELER
[89*] MN’de bundan sonra \u015fu ba\u015fl\u0131k gelir:
TABLEAU \u00c9CONOMIQUE’IN QUESNAY’DE NE ANLAMA GELD\u0130\u011e\u0130
\u00dcZER\u0130NE KISA A\u00c7IKLAMA
[90*] Bunu izleyen paragraf MN’de ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa eksiktir.
[91*] Eugene Daire, Physiocrates, 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, s. 68. -Ed.
[92*] Bundan sonraki paragraf MN’de tamamen eksiktir, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, onun yerine \u015fu ba\u015fl\u0131k bulunur: G\u00dc\u00c7L\u00dc D\u00dcHRING’E D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e.
[93*] James Steuart, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, London 1767. -Ed.
[94*] MN’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder: VI. ADAM SMITH
Bay D\u00fchring’in baya\u011f\u0131y\u0131 ciddiye alma yetene\u011fi, yaln\u0131zca \u00f6nemli \u015feylerden baya\u011f\u0131ca s\u00f6zetme yetene\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan geride b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun sonucu, Adam Smith \u00fczerindeki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki t\u00fcmceden ba\u015fka, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilme \u00e7abas\u0131na de\u011fer hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bulunmaz.
“Salt ekonomik nedenlerden ba\u015fka, fiyatlar\u0131n belirlenmesinin toplumsal nedenleri de oldu\u011fu ya da bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z sahiplenmenin (temell\u00fck\u00fcn) ekonomik olaylar\u0131n zorunlu bir \u00f6\u011fesi olmas\u0131 sonucunu veren toplumsal bir hara\u00e7 bulundu\u011fu fikri, ancak iktisat \u00f6\u011fretisinin en yeni ele\u015ftirel form\u00fcllerinde, yani benim sistemimin de\u011fer \u00f6\u011fretisinde tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k bir duruma geldi.” (152) (a)
Bundan, “tam bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ile”, bay D\u00fchring’in Adam Smith ve hatta ard\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 fizyokrasiden daha \u00e7ok anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve o halde Malthus, Ricardo vb. konusundaki a\u011f\u0131z kalabal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde uzun boylu durman\u0131n (b) zaman yitirmekten ba\u015fka bir\u015fey olmayaca\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar.
VII. B\u00dcY\u00dcK \u00dcRK\u00dcNT\u00dc \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE SON
(a) Ml’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
(Yani aslan, bu sistem temeli \u00fczerinde, toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n sonucu de\u011fil, nedeni oldu\u011fu yolundaki bayatlam\u0131\u015f fikri yeni ba\u015ftan sahipleniyor. Bu t\u00fcmceden apa\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur ki, de\u011ferin ve art\u0131-de\u011ferin i\u00e7y\u00fcz\u00fc, bay D\u00fchring i\u00e7in Quesnay’nin Tableau \u00e9onomique’inden daha az anla\u015f\u0131lmaz kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
(b) M l’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
… ve e\u011fer iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcn kaynaklar\u0131, onlar\u0131 karikat\u00fcrize ederek, \u2014hatta ger\u00e7ekte, Goethe anlam\u0131nda \u00f6yle olsa bile\u2014, “kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir budala” g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kazanmak i\u00e7in nas\u0131l yeniden \u00fcretti\u011fini g\u00f6stermek gibi \u00e7ok ikincil bir erek yoksa, bay D\u00fchring’in Malthus, Ortes, Ricardo, Sismondi vb. konusunda getirdi\u011fi \u015feyle u\u011fra\u015fman\u0131n…
[95*] Henry Charles Carey, The Past, the Present, and the Future, Philadelphia 1848, s. 74-75. -Ed.
[96*] Ml’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder:
Kendini bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ve gelece\u011fin \u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7an iktisa\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 diye adland\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra bay D\u00fchring’in, ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7an iktisa\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n da ad\u0131n\u0131 anmas\u0131ndan daha do\u011fru ve daha normal ne var!
MM’de de \u015f\u00f6yle:
Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, bay D\u00fchring’in Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirel Tarihi’nin kendilerine y\u00f6neldi\u011fi olgunluktan yoksun \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri, gizlice, bay D\u00fchring taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131nanan “yavanl\u0131k ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce eksikli\u011fi”ne kar\u015f\u0131n, “Budape\u015fteli bir profes\u00f6r\u00fcn, bay Kautz’un 1860’taki tats\u0131z yap\u0131t\u0131” (s. 14) ile ve bir o denli de profes\u00f6r Roscher’in \u0130ngiliz Ekonomi Politi\u011fi Tarihine Katk\u0131’s\u0131 ve \u00f6teki yazarlar\u0131 ile ve bay D\u00fchring’in s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en “Bay Kautz’un bay Roscher’in sofras\u0131ndan d\u00f6k\u00fclen k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, onlardan yavan bir yemek yapmak \u00fczere suland\u0131rarak, sofra sahibinin ba\u015f yeme\u011finin niteli\u011fi \u00fczerine hayale kap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f bulundu\u011fu” yolundaki uyar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fcrk\u00fcnt\u00fcye kap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, biraz a\u015final\u0131k etmekle k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fey yapm\u0131\u015f olmazlar. (a)
(a) Ml’de \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder.
S\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en olgunluktan yoksun \u00f6\u011frenciler, biri i\u00e7in uygun olan\u0131n bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 i\u00e7in de uygun oldu\u011funu, yani t\u0131pk\u0131 bir privat-dozentin kendini profes\u00f6rden kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bir \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisinin de, ger\u00e7i daha nazik bir bi\u00e7imde kendini \u00fcniversite privat-dozentinden kurtarmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcneceklerdir.
(Marjinal Notlar burada biter.)<\/p>\n

Sosyalizm K\u0131sm\u0131 Dipnotlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1*] Bkz: Birinci K\u0131s\u0131m, Felsefe. -Ed.
[2*] Saint-Simon, Lettres d’un Habitant de Gen\u00e9ve \u00e0 ses Contemporains, s. 55, Paris 1868. -Ed.
[3*] \u0130bid., s. 41-42.-Ed.
[4*] Saint-Simon’uti bir mektubuna an\u0131\u015ftirma: “Correspondance politique et philosophique. Lettres de H. Saint-Simon \u00e0 un Am\u00e9ricain”, \u015fu derlemenin i\u00e7inde: L’Industrie, ou discussions politiques morales et philosophiques dans l’int\u00e9r\u00e9t de tous les hommes livr\u00e9s \u00e0 des travaux utiles et ind\u00e9pendants, e. 2, Paris 1817, s. 83-87. -Ed.
[5*] Engels burada Saint-Simon ile \u00f6\u011frencisi Augustin Thierry taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6ndermede bulunur: De la r\u00e9organisation de La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne ou de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 et des moyens de rassembler les peuples d’Europe en un seul corps politique, en conservant \u00e0 chacun son ind\u00e9pendance nationale, Paris 1814, ve Opinion sur les mesures \u00e0 prendre contre la coalition de 1815, Paris 1815. Nicolas Gustave Hubbard, Saint-Simon, Ya\u015fam ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, Paris 1857, ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan bir par\u00e7a, s. 149-154 ve her iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n tahlili, s. 68-76, bulunur. -Ed.
[6*] La t\u00e9orie des quatre mouvements i\u00e7inde. Bkz: Charles Fourier, \u0152uvres comp\u00e8tes, t. I, Paris 1841, p. 195-196. -Ed.
[7*] Charles Fourier, Le Nouveau Monde Industriel et Soci\u00e9taire, p. 35, Paris 1870. -Ed.
[8*] Bkz: Charles Fourier, \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, t. 2, p. 78-79 ve t. 5, p. 214. -Ed.
[9*] Charles Fourier, op. cit., t. 1, s. 50, vd.. -Ed.
[10*] Owen, The Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race…s. 21-22, Londra 1849. -Ed
[11*] Robert Owen, Report of the proceeding at the several public meetings, held in Dublin… On the 18th March; 12th April; 12th April and 3rd May. Dublin 1823 s. 110 vd.. -Ed.
[12*] Owen, 1812’de, Glasgow’da bir mitingde, pamuk iplik fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuk ve erginlerin durumunu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in bir dizi \u00f6nlemler \u00f6nerdi. Owen’\u0131n giri\u015fimi \u00fczerine 1815’te sunulan yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131, parlamento taraf\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rmalarla birlikte, ancak 1819’da kabul edildi. -Ed.
[13*] Ekim 1833’te, Owen’in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kooperatif \u015firketler ve sendikalar\u0131n (trade-unionlar) bir kongresi oldu, ve program ve t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015eubat 1834’te kabul edilen B\u00fcy\u00fck UIusal Sendikalar Birli\u011fi (Consolidated Trades-Union) bu kongrede kuruldu. Bu kurulu\u015f ancak alt\u0131 ay s\u00fcrecekti. -Ed.
[14*] William Lucas Sargant, Robert Owen and His Social Philosophy, Londra 1860.
[15*] Madenleri alt\u0131na \u00e7eviren ta\u015f. -\u00e7.
[16*] Her ne denli sahiplenme bi\u00e7imi ayn\u0131 kald\u0131ysa da, yukarda betimlenen s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucu, sahiplenmenin niteli\u011finin \u00fcretimden daha az devrim ge\u00e7irmedi\u011fini burada a\u00e7\u0131klamak gereksiz. Benim kendi \u00f6z \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc ya da bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sahiplenmem, elbette birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 iki sahiplenme t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu arada \u015funu da ekleyelim: T\u00fcm kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin tohum durumunda i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00fccretli emek \u00e7ok eskidir; yer yer ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k durumda, k\u00f6lelik ile y\u00fczy\u0131llarca yanyana ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu tohum, ancak tarihsel \u00f6nko\u015fullar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00fcnd\u00fcr ki kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi durumuna gelmek \u00fczere geli\u015febildi. [F.E.]
[17*] La Situation de la classe laborieuses en Angleterre, Editions Sociales, 1961, s. 128 vd., -Ed.
[18*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 663. \u0130talikler Engels’in. -Ed.
[19*] Engelli yar\u0131\u015f. -\u00e7.
[20*] \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin bunal\u0131mlardaki yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na gelince, 21 \u015eubat 1878’de Berlin’de toplanan II. Alman Sanayicileri Kongresi, yaln\u0131zca Alman demir-\u00e7elik sanayisinin son \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc (krach) s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki toplam zarar\u0131n\u0131 455 milyon mark olarak saptad\u0131. [F.E.]
[21*] Charles Fourier, \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes., t. 6, Paris, 1845, p. 393-394. -Ed.
[22*] Gerekir diyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ancak \u00fcretim ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten hisse senetli \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilemeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olduklar\u0131, bunun sonucu devletle\u015ftirme ekonomik bir zorunluluk durumuna geldi\u011fi durumda, ancak bu durumda, hatta bu i\u015fi yapan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc devlet de olsa, devletle\u015ftirme ekonomik bir ilerleme anlam\u0131na, t\u00fcm \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lere toplum taraf\u0131ndan elkonulmas\u0131na \u00f6ngelen yeni bir a\u015famaya eri\u015fildi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Ama son zamanlarda Bismarck, kendini devletle\u015ftirmelere verdi\u011finden bu yana ortaya, hatta \u015furada burada bir ruh d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7iminde yozla\u015fan ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc devletle\u015ftirmeyi, hatta Bismarck’\u0131n bile sosyalist [devletle\u015ftirme] olarak ilan eden d\u00fczmece bir sosyalizmin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ku\u015fkusuz, e\u011fer t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn devletle\u015ftirilmesi sosyalist [devletle\u015ftirme] olsayd\u0131, Napol\u00e9on ile Metternich sosyalizmin kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131. E\u011fer Bel\u00e7ika devleti, \u00e7ok yal\u0131n siyasal ve mali nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, ba\u015fl\u0131ca demiryollar\u0131n\u0131 kendisi yapt\u0131ysa; e\u011fer Bismarck hi\u00e7bir ekonomik zorunluluk olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, Prusya’n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca demiryolu hatlar\u0131n\u0131, yaln\u0131zca onlar\u0131 daha iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctleyebilmek ve sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda yararlanabilmek, demiryolu g\u00f6revlilerini h\u00fck\u00fcmet hizmetinde bir se\u00e7im s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc durumuna getirmek ve \u00f6zellikle parlamento kararlar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yeni bir gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 edinmek i\u00e7in devletle\u015ftirdiyse, bunlar hi\u00e7 de dolays\u0131z ya da dolayl\u0131, bilin\u00e7Ii ya da bilin\u00e7siz sosyalist \u00f6nlemler de\u011fildi. Yoksa, Krall\u0131k Deniz Ticareti \u015eirketi, (a) Krall\u0131k Porselen Yap\u0131mevi ve orduda b\u00f6l\u00fck terzisi, hatta 30 y\u0131llar\u0131na do\u011fru, Friedrich Wilhelm III \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir muzip taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ciddiyetle \u00f6nerilen devletle\u015ftirme, \u2014genelevlerin devletle\u015ftirilmesi\u2014 sosyalist kurumlar olurdu. [F.E.]
(a) Krall\u0131k Deniz Ticareti \u015eirketi, Friedrich II taraf\u0131ndan 1772’de kuruldu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 ile donat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u015firket pratik olarak Prusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetine banka hizmeti g\u00f6rd\u00fc, 1820’de Prusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin mali ve tecimsel enstit\u00fcs\u00fc durumuna geldi ve 1904’te de devlet bankas\u0131 oldu. -Ed.
[23*] Lassalle’den esinlenmi\u015f ve Gotha birle\u015fme kongresinde kabul edilmi\u015f bir istem olan \u00f6zg\u00fcr halk devleti, Gotha Program\u0131n\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi’nde, Marks’\u0131n temel bir ele\u015ftiri konusu olmu\u015ftur. -Ed.
[24*] Birka\u00e7 rakam, modern \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, hatta kapitalist bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda bile, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck geni\u015fleme g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fczerine yakla\u015f\u0131k bir fikir verebilecektir. Giffen’in (a) son hesaplar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n toplam zenginli\u011fi, yuvarlak rakamlarla \u015f\u00f6yle:
1814’te – 2.200 milyon \u0130ngiliz liras\u0131 = 44 milyar mark
1865’te – 6.100 – = 122 –
1875’te – 8.500 – = 170 –
(a) Burada verilen rakamlar, Robert Giffen’in 15 Ocak 1877’de Statistical Soeiety’de verdi\u011fi ve Mart 1878’de Londra’da Journal of the Statistical Society’de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bulunan konferans\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [F.E.]
[25*] Bunal\u0131mlar\u0131n eksik-t\u00fcketim ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 Sismondi’den gelir ve onda hen\u00fcz belli bir anlama sahiptir. Rodbertus bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ondan alm\u0131\u015f ve bay D\u00fchring de o bilinen her \u015feyi yavanla\u015ft\u0131rma bi\u00e7imi ile bunu Rodbertus’tan kopya etmi\u015ftir. [F.E.]
[26*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 373-374. -Ed.
[27*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 434. -Ed.
[28*] Charler Fourier, Le nouveau monde industriel et soci\u00e9taire …, b\u00f6l\u00fcm II, V ve VI, \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes i\u00e7inde, c. 6, Paris 1845. -Ed.
[29*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 433. -Ed.
[30*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 497-498. -Ed.
[31*] Bismarck, 20 Mart 1852 g\u00fcn\u00fc, Prusya Landtag\u0131n\u0131n (Parlamentosunun) ikinci meclisinde verdi\u011fi bir s\u00f6ylevde, ger\u00e7ek Prusya halk\u0131n\u0131n kentlerde ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek, yunkerlerin devrimci hareket ocaklar\u0131 olan kentlere kar\u015f\u0131 duyduklar\u0131 nefreti dile getirmi\u015fti. “E\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck kentler yeniden ayaklan\u0131rsa, ger\u00e7ek Prusya halk\u0131 onlar\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silmek zorunda da kalsa, onlara boyun e\u011fdirmesini bilecektir.” -Ed.
[32*] Fabrikac\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fckkanlar a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerini bu d\u00fckkanlardan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yapmaya zorlad\u0131klar\u0131 Almanya’da da iyi bilinen sisteme, \u0130ngiltere’de truck-system denir. [F.E.]
[33*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 1 10, dipnot. -Ed.
[34*] Wilhelm Weitling, Garantien der Harnwnie und Freiheit, Kesim II. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 10, Vivis 1842, s. 155 vd.. -Ed.
[35*] “Onun [paran\u0131n] kokusu yoktur.” anlam\u0131ndaki bu s\u00f6zler, Roma \u0130mparatoru Vespasianur’un (MS 69-79), tuvaletlere vergi koydu\u011fu i\u00e7in onu su\u00e7layan o\u011fluna verdi\u011fi yan\u0131t\u0131nda ge\u00e7mektedir. -Ed.
[36*] S\u00f6z aras\u0131nda, Owen’\u0131n kom\u00fcnist toplumunda emek jetonlan taraf\u0131ndan oynanan rol\u00fcn, bay D\u00fchring i\u00e7in tamamen bilinmez oldu\u011funu da belirtelim. O bu jetonlar\u0131, \u2014Sargant arac\u0131yla,\u2014 yaln\u0131zca do\u011fal olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve dolays\u0131z emek de\u011fi\u015fimi arac\u0131yla bug\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumdan kom\u00fcnist topluma ge\u00e7i\u015f giri\u015fimi olan emek de\u011fi\u015fim pazarlar\u0131 giri\u015fiminde ald\u0131klar\u0131 yer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde bilir. [F.E.]
[37*] \u00dcretimle ilgili kararda, yararl\u0131 etki ile emek harcamas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bu de\u011ferlendirmenin, kom\u00fcnist bir toplumda ekonomi politi\u011fin de\u011fer kavram\u0131ndan kalacak tek \u015fey oldu\u011funu, ben daha 1844′ te s\u00f6yledim (Fras\u0131z-Alman Y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131, s. 95). (a) Ama g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bu tezin bilimsel tan\u0131tlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ancak Marks’\u0131n Kapital’i ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. [F.E.]
(a) Engels burada Frans\u0131z-Alman Y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131’nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bulunan “Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Bir Ele\u015ftiri Denemesi” adl\u0131 makalesine iletmede bulunuyor.
[38*] Mambrino’nun z\u0131rhl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, l’armet de Mambrin, \u015f\u00f6valye romanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc Magrip Kral\u0131n\u0131n, onu silah i\u015flemez yapan t\u0131ls\u0131ml\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Renauld, Mambrino’yu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131r. Bu t\u0131ls\u0131ml\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k, \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6zellikle Don Quijote yazan Miguel de Cervantes’in onu anm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na bor\u00e7ludur.
[39*] Almanca “Zarucker”, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya giren g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k duyulan “zur\u00fcck” (geriye!) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck. -Ed.
[40*] Prusya’da kilise okullar\u0131 sorunu \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir rapor konusunda Friedrich II’nin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fc not. -Ed.
[41*] Tanr\u0131sal ki\u015filiklerin bu daha sonraki ikili niteli\u011fi, zamanla mitologyalara giren kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n niteli\u011fini yaln\u0131zca do\u011fal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yans\u0131malar\u0131 olarak kabul eden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 mitologyan\u0131n g\u00f6remedi\u011fi bir nedenidir. B\u00f6ylece baz\u0131 Germen a\u015firetlerinde sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131, \u0130skandinavlar\u0131n eski dilinde Tyr, eski Almancada Zio ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve Yunanca Zeus ile Latince Diu piter yerine Jupiter’e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fer; ba\u015fka baz\u0131lar\u0131nda Er, Eor ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve Yunanca Ares ile Latince Mars’a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fer. [F.E.]\/a>
[42*] 1873 May\u0131s yasalar\u0131, Bismarck’\u0131n katoliklere kar\u015f\u0131 “Kulturkampf” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk yasalard\u0131r. -Ed.
[43*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 500. -Ed.
[44*] Alexandrin, on iki heceli Frans\u0131z dizesi.-\u00e7.
[45*] Kapital, Birinci Cilt, s. 492-501. -Ed.
[46*] Kapital, s. 494. -Ed.
[47*] Sihirli Fl\u00fct, Mozart’\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc operas\u0131. Liebeskind’in Wieland taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan bir do\u011fu masallar\u0131 derlemesinde yer alan Lulu adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131ndan hareketle, Schikaneder’in yazd\u0131\u011fi libretto \u00fczerine 1791’de Viyana’da bestelendi. -\u00e7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Felsefe K\u0131sm\u0131 Dipnotlar\u0131 [1*] Engels profes\u00f6r Michelet’yi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Hegel’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ilerletmeksizin oldu\u011fu gibi almaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, “hegelci okulun gezginci yahudisi” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yor. -Ed.[2*] Bkz: “Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnyada Matematik Sonsuzlu\u011fun \u0130lk\u00f6rnekleri \u00dczerine”, Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1991, s. 291-298. -Ed.[3*] Friedrich Wilhelm IV’\u00fcn 5 Aral\u0131k 1848’de uyruklar\u0131na bir anayasa ihsan etmesine an\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma. -Ed.[4*] […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5835","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-anti-duhring-friedrich-engels"},"yoast_head":"\nAnti-D\u00fchring Dipnotlar\u0131 - 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