{"id":5842,"date":"2011-03-10T15:00:16","date_gmt":"2011-03-10T12:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/10\/koyluler-savasi-altinci-bolum-ve-dipnotlar-friedrich-engels\/"},"modified":"2011-03-10T15:00:16","modified_gmt":"2011-03-10T12:00:16","slug":"koyluler-savasi-altinci-bolum-ve-dipnotlar-friedrich-engels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/koyluler-savasi-altinci-bolum-ve-dipnotlar-friedrich-engels\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131 | Alt\u0131nc\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm ve Dipnotlar – Friedrich Engels"},"content":{"rendered":"

6
Daha Suab’daki ilk hareketlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, Thomas M\u00fcnzer hemen Th\u00fcringen’e gelmi\u015f, ve \u015eubat sonu ya da Mart ba\u015f\u0131nda, yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu \u00f6zg\u00fcr Mulhausen kentinde yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm hareketin iplerini elinde tutuyordu. G\u00fcney Almanya \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l bir genel f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n kopmak \u00fczere oldu\u011funu biliyor ve Th\u00fcringen’i Kuzey Almanya i\u00e7in hareket merkezi yapmay\u0131 da kendi \u00fcst\u00fcne alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. Son derece elveri\u015fli bir alan buldu. Reformun ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezi Th\u00fcringen bile son derece kayna\u015fmal\u0131 bir durumdayd\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin maddi sefaleti olsun, ortal\u0131ktaki devrimci, dinsel ve siyasal \u00f6\u011fretiler olsun, Hessen, Saksonya ve Hartz gibi kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgeleri de genel bir ayaklanmaya haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. [sayfa 130] \u00d6zellikle Mulhausen’de, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuvazinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00fcnzer’in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fikirlerine kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve kibirli ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki say\u0131sal \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmekte sab\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu. M\u00fcnzer, zamans\u0131z eyleme ge\u00e7memek i\u00e7in, kendini yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ate\u015flili\u011fini yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma zorunda g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ama, Mulhausen’de hareketli y\u00f6neten \u00e7\u00f6mezi Pfeifer, daha \u015fimdiden i\u015fin i\u00e7ine \u00f6ylesine girmi\u015fti ki, ayaklanmay\u0131 geciktirmekte olanaks\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7inde bulunuyordu, ve bu nedenle, daha 17 Mart 1525’te, hatta G\u00fcney Almanya’daki genel ayaklanmadan \u00f6nce, Mulhausen kendi devrimini yapt\u0131. Eski ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar konseyi devrildi ve kent y\u00f6netimi M\u00fcnzer’in ba\u015fkan atand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni “\u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz konseye verildi.
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir parti \u00f6nderinin ba\u015f\u0131na gelebilecek en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fey, hareketin hen\u00fcz temsil etti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n egemenli\u011fi, ve bu s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011finin gerektirdigi tedbirlerin uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131\u011fi bir zamanda, iktidar\u0131 ele alma zorunda kalmakt\u0131r. Yapabilece\u011fi \u015fey kendi iste\u011fine de\u011fil, ama \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011fda\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n eri\u015fti\u011fi a\u015famaya ve, her belirli anda, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme derecesini belirleyen maddi varl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fme derecesine ba\u011fl\u0131dir. Yapmas\u0131 gereken , kendi \u00f6z partisinin ondan istedi\u011fi \u015fey de, gene ona de\u011fil, daha \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme derecesi ve ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. O [parti \u00f6nderi -\u00e7.], o g\u00fcne kadar \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi \u00f6\u011fretilere ve ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc istemlere, kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunan toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n o andaki ili\u015fkilerinden ve \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ili\u015fkilerinin o andaki az \u00e7ok olumsal (contingent) durumundan de\u011fil, ama toplumsal ve siyasal geli\u015fmenin genel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki az \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan \u00f6\u011fretilere ve istemlere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, zorunlu olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmez bir ikilem kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na konmu\u015f bulunur: yapabilece\u011fi \u015fey, t\u00fcm ge\u00e7mi\u015f eylemine, ilkelerine ve partisinin yak\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fer, ve yapmas\u0131 gereken \u015fey de, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi olanaks\u0131z bir \u015feydir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, o kendi partisini, [sayfa 131] kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ama hareketin kendi egemenligi i\u00e7in olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 temsil etme zorundad\u0131r. T\u00fcm hareketin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ad\u0131na, kendisine yabanc\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak, ve kendi \u00f6z s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, bu yabanc\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 oldu\u011funa inand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu temelsiz duruma d\u00fc\u015fen biri, hap\u0131 yutmu\u015f demektir. Bunun \u00f6rneklerini daha yeni g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Sadece proletarya temsilcilerinin, kendileri proletaryan\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin \u00e7ok a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir evresinden ba\u015fka bir \u015feyi temsil etmeseler de, son Frans\u0131z ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde benimsedikleri konumu an\u0131msayal\u0131m. \u015eubat h\u00fck\u00fcmeti deneyinden sonra, bizim o soylu Alman ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerimiz ile h\u00fck\u00fcmdar naipliklerimizi bir yana b\u0131rakal\u0131m, resmi konumlar \u00fczerinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 spek\u00fclasyon yapabilen birinin, ya her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesinde bir mankafa olmas\u0131, ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 devrimci partiye sadece s\u00f6zle ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.
Gene de, M\u00fcnzer’in Mulhausen “\u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz konseyi ba\u015f\u0131ndaki konumu, herhangi bir modern devrimci y\u00f6neticinin konumundan \u00e7ok daha at\u0131lgand\u0131. Sadece o g\u00fcn\u00fcn hareketi de\u011fil, ama ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kendisi de, onun ancak bulan\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde sezmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikirlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi. Temsil etti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f, tamamen geli\u015fmi\u015f olmak ve t\u00fcm toplumu egemenlik alt\u0131na almak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, daha yeni do\u011fuyordu. Kafas\u0131na musallat olan toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde hen\u00fcz o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz bir temele dayan\u0131yordu ki, bu ko\u015fullar hatta onun kurmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fledi\u011fi toplumsal d\u00fczenin tam tersi olan bir toplumsal d\u00fczeni haz\u0131rl\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00dcstelik, M\u00fcnzer h\u0131ristiyan e\u015fitli\u011fi ve mallar\u0131n \u0130ncile uygun ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki eski vaazlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6yleyse, en az\u0131ndan, bunlar\u0131 uygulamay\u0131 denemeliydi. \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle, rnallar\u0131n,ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, herkes i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yetkenin (autorit\u00e9) kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etti. Ama, ger\u00e7eklikte, Mulhausen, biraz demokratla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir anayasa, genel oyla se\u00e7ilmi\u015f, yurtta\u015flar meclisi denetimine [sayfa 132] ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bir Senato ve \u00e7abucak kotar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yoksullar\u0131 az\u0131kland\u0131rma sistemi ile, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir cumhuriyet\u00e7i kent olarak kald\u0131. O \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n protestan burjuvalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ylesine \u00fcrk\u00fcten toplumsal devrim, ger\u00e7ekte, gelecekteki burjuva toplumu zaman\u0131ndan \u00f6nce kurmak i\u00e7in giri\u015filmi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz ve bilin\u00e7siz bir giri\u015fim olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine hi\u00e7 bir zaman gidemedi.
M\u00fcnzer’in kendisi de, teorileri ile \u00f6n\u00fcndeki ger\u00e7eklik aras\u0131nda varolan u\u00e7urumu dahice g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fitilmemi\u015f kafalar\u0131nda ne kadar bozuk bir bi\u00e7imde yans\u0131rsa, ona o kadar az gizli kalabilecek olan u\u00e7urumu, sezmi\u015fe benzer. Kendini, hatta onda bile o zamana kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u00e7abayla, hareketin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine verdi. Bildiriler yaz\u0131yor ve d\u00f6rt bir yana haberci ve \u00f6zel g\u00f6revliler g\u00f6nderiyordu. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ve vaazlar\u0131, hatta daha \u00f6nceki yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan sonra bile, \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir devrimci ba\u011fnazl\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu. \u0130lk devrimci yergilerinin saf gen\u00e7 mizah\u0131 tamamen yok olmu\u015ftu. Onda o g\u00fcne kadar eksik olmayan o dingin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr dili, art\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu. M\u00fcnzer s\u0131n\u0131flara kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan nefreti durmadan k\u00f6r\u00fckler, en ate\u015fli tutkular\u0131 kam\u00e7\u0131lar ve art\u0131k Eski Ahit yalva\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n dinsel ve ulusal co\u015fkular\u0131n\u0131n diline getirdi\u011fi en zorlu deyimlerden ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaz. Bundan b\u00f6yle benimseyece\u011fi \u00fcsluba bak\u0131nca, \u00fczerinde etkili olmak istedi\u011fi y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n entelekt\u00fcel geli\u015fme derecesinin ne oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
Mulhausen \u00f6rne\u011fi ve M\u00fcnzer’in ajitasyonu, \u00e7abucak uzaklara yans\u0131d\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, Th\u00fcringen’de, Eichsfeld, Hartz, Saksonya d\u00fckal\u0131klar\u0131nda, Hessen veFulda’da, Yukar\u0131 Frankonya ve Vogtland’ da, her yerde ayakland\u0131lar, \u00e7eteler halinde topland\u0131lar ve \u015fato ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131 ate\u015fe verdiler. M\u00fcnzer az \u00e7ok t\u00fcm hareketin \u00f6nderi olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Mulhausen hareketin merkezi olarak kald\u0131, oysa Erfurt’da salt burjuva bir hareket zafer kazan\u0131yordu ve egemen parti orada k\u00f6yl\u00fclere kar\u015f\u0131 hep ikircil bir tutum g\u00f6sterdi.
Prensler, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, Th\u00fcringen’de, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, [sayfa 133] t\u0131pk\u0131 Frankonya ve Suab’da oldu\u011fu kadar elleri b\u00f6\u011fr\u00fcnde ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz kald\u0131lar. Ancak Nisan\u0131n son g\u00fcnlerindedir ki, Hessen landgrav\u0131, bir ordu toplamay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131 Protestan ve burjuva reform tarih\u00e7ilerinin, dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vecek s\u00f6z bulamad\u0131klar\u0131 landgrav Philippe. Onun taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6yl\u00fclere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan al\u00e7akl\u0131klar \u00fczerine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00f6zet verece\u011fiz. Landgrav Philippe, birka\u00e7 h\u0131zl\u0131 askeri hareket ve enerjik bir eylem arac\u0131yla, \u00fclkesinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7abucak egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na ald\u0131, yeni asker toplad\u0131 ve daha sonra da eski metbuu (suzerain) Fulda ba\u015fpapaz\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131na girdi. 3 May\u0131sta, Frauenberg \u00fczerinde Fulda k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri \u00e7etesini yendi, t\u00fcm \u00fclkeye boyun e\u011fdirdi ve sadece ba\u015fpapaz\u0131n metbulu\u011fundan kurtulmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ama Fulda manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fal olarak ileride laikle\u015ftirme ko\u015fuluyla, bir Hessen yurtlu\u011fu durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in de, f\u0131rsattan yararland\u0131. Sonra Eisenach ve Langensalza’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi, ve Saksonya d\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn birliklerine kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, ayaklanman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezi olan Mulhausen’e kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. M\u00fcnzer, birka\u00e7 topla birlikte, 8.000 ki\u015fi kadar tutan g\u00fc\u00e7lerini, Frankenhausen’de toplad\u0131. Th\u00fcringen \u00e7etesi, Yukar\u0131-Suab ve Frankonya \u00e7etelerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Waldburg yarg\u0131c\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdikleri sava\u015fc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip olmaktan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131. K\u00f6t\u00fc silahlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve disiplinsizdi, sava\u015f g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f askeri azd\u0131 ve \u00f6nderden yoksundu. M\u00fcnzer’in kendisi de, besbelli en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck askeri bilgilere sahip bulunmuyordu. Gene de prensler burada, Georg Truchsess’e s\u0131k s\u0131k zafer kazand\u0131ran takti\u011fi; yalan yere andi\u00e7me takti\u011fini kullanmay\u0131 uygun buldular. 16 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere giri\u015ftiler, onlarla bir b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma imzalad\u0131lar ve, b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma sona bile ermeden, onlara bask\u0131n halinde sald\u0131rd\u0131lar.
M\u00fcnzer, adamlar\u0131 ile birlikte, bug\u00fcn bile Schlachtberg diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan tepede, bir y\u00fck arabalar\u0131 barikat\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda mevzilenmi\u015f bulunuyordu. Y\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k, daha \u015fimdiden k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu. Prensler, e\u011fer k\u00f6yl\u00fcler M\u00fcnzeri onlara canl\u0131 olarak teslim etmeye raz\u0131 olurlarsa, genel bir af [sayfa 134] vaadinde bulundular. M\u00fcnzer, prenslerin \u00f6nerilerini tart\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. Bir \u015f\u00f6valye ile bir rahip, teslimden yana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. M\u00fcnzer bunlar\u0131 hemen toplant\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na getirtti ve kafalar\u0131n\u0131 kestirdi. Kararl\u0131 devrimciler taraf\u0131ndan co\u015fku ile kar\u015f\u0131lanan bu enerjik ter\u00f6rc\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin moralini d\u00fczeltti. Ama, e\u011fer prensler ordusunun, t\u00fcm tepeyi \u00e7evirdikten sonra, b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fmaya ra\u011fmen, s\u0131k saflar halinde ilerledi\u011fini g\u00f6rmeselerdi, her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7o\u011fu, diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermeksizin, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p giderlerdi. H\u0131zla, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler y\u00fck arabalar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda sava\u015f d\u00fczenine girdiler. Ama, kur\u015funlar ve mermiler, daha \u015fimdiden silahs\u0131z ve deneysiz k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri buluyor, paral\u0131 askerler daha \u015fimdiden y\u00fck arabalar\u0131 barikat\u0131 d\u00fczeyine eri\u015fiyorlard\u0131. K\u0131sa bir direnmeden sonra, y\u00fck arabalar\u0131 hatt\u0131 ge\u00e7ildi, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin toplar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131 ve kendileri de da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, elbette onlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir k\u0131y\u0131ma u\u011fratan ku\u015fatma kollar\u0131 ve s\u00fcvarinin eline d\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere, korkun\u00e7 bir d\u00fczensizlik i\u00e7inde ka\u00e7\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. 8.000 k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn 5.000’i \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Geri kalan\u0131, s\u00fcvari taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan izlenerek, Frankenhausen’e girdi. Kent, d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ba\u015f\u0131ndan yaralanm\u0131\u015f olan M\u00fcnzer, bir evde bulundu ve tutsak edildi. 25 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc, Mulhausen de teslim oldu. Orada kalm\u0131\u015f bulunan Pfeifer, ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131, ama Eisenach topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tutukland\u0131.
M\u00fcnzer’e, prensler huzurunda, i\u015fkence edildi ve kafas\u0131 kesildi. \u0130\u015fkence yerine, t\u00fcm \u00f6mr\u00fcnce g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi cesaretle gitti. \u0130dam edildi\u011fi zaman, olsa olsa, 28 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Pfeifer’in de, ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok devrimci ile ayn\u0131 zamanda, kafas\u0131 kesildi. Fulda’da, Tanr\u0131 adam\u0131 Philippe von Hessen, kanl\u0131 adaletini uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Saksonya prensleri ve Philippe, sakatlamalar ve daha yumu\u015fak ba\u015fka cezalar, k\u00f6ylerin ve kentlerin ya\u011fma edilmeleri ve ate\u015fe verilmeleri bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Eisenach’ta 24, Langensalsa’da 41, Frankenhausen sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra 300, Mulhausen’de 100’den \u00e7ok, Germa’da 26, Tungeda’da 50, Sangerhausen’de 12, [sayfa 135] Leipzig’de 8 ki\u015finin kafas\u0131n\u0131 kestiler.
Mulhausen \u00f6zg\u00fcr kent niteli\u011fini yitirdi, ve t\u0131pk\u0131 Fulda manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n Hessen landgravl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi, o da Saksonya topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131.
Prensler, daha sonra, Bildhausen ordug\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n Frankonyal\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin Th\u00fcringen k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ile birle\u015ftikleri ve bir\u00e7ok \u015fatoyu yakt\u0131klar\u0131 Th\u00fcringen orman\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7tiler. Sava\u015f, Meiningen \u00f6nlerinde ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler yenildiler ve kent \u00fczerine \u00e7ekildiler. Kent, kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 birdenbire kapad\u0131 ve onlara arkadan sald\u0131rmakla g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 verdi. Ba\u011fla\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bu ihaneti ile k\u0131st\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, prenslerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde teslim oldular, ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sonunu beklemeksizin, da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bildhausen ordug\u00e2h\u0131 \u00e7oktandir da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ve b\u00f6ylece, bu \u00e7etenin yok edilmesinden sonra, Saksonya, Hessen, Th\u00fcringen ve Yukar\u0131-Frankonya isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n son kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 da ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f oldu,
Alsas’ta, ayaklanma, Ren’in sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndakinden daha sonra patlak vermi\u015fti. Strasbourg piskoposlu\u011fu k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, ancak nisan\u0131n ortas\u0131na do\u011fru ayakland\u0131lar, az sonra da Yukar\u0131-Alsas ve Sundgau k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ayakland\u0131. 18 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131-Alsas k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinden bir \u00e7ete, Altorf manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fma etti. Ebersheim ve Barr’da, Willertal ve Urbistal’de de oldu\u011fu gibi, ba\u015fka k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7eteleri kuruldu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00e7eteler, b\u00fcy\u00fck A\u015fa\u011f\u0131-Alsas \u00e7etesini olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere birle\u015ftiler, kent ve kasabalar\u0131 ald\u0131lar, ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131 yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131lar. Her yerde, her \u00fc\u00e7 erkekten biri seferber edildi. Bu \u00e7etenin oniki maddesi, Suab ve Frankonya k\u00f6yl\u00fclerininkinden \u00e7ok daha radikaldir.
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131-Alsas k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin bir kolu, may\u0131s ba\u015f\u0131nda, Saint-Hippolyte’te toplan\u0131r, ve bu kenti almak i\u00e7in bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kan bir giri\u015fimden sonra, 10 May\u0131sta Barken’e, 13 May\u0131sta Ribeauvill\u00e9’ye, 14 May\u0131sta da Riquewihr’e, bu \u00e7e\u015fitli kentlerin burjuvalar\u0131 ile anla\u015fmaya vararak, girerken, ba\u015f\u0131nda Erasme Gerber bulunan bir ikinci kol, bu kenti bask\u0131nla ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in Strasbourg \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Giri\u015fim ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131. Kol, o zaman Vosges y\u00f6n\u00fcne d\u00f6nd\u00fc, Marmoutier manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131p [sayfa 136] y\u0131kt\u0131 ve 13 May\u0131sta teslim olan Saverne’i ku\u015fatt\u0131. Oradan, Loren s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve, ayn\u0131 zamanda da\u011f ge\u00e7itlerini de peki\u015ftirirken, d\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131n biti\u015fik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ayakland\u0131rd\u0131. Herbolzheim, yukar\u0131 Saar ve Neubourg’da b\u00fcy\u00fck ordug\u00e2hlar kuruldu. Sarreguemines’de, 4.000 Alman-Loren k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc mevzilendi. \u0130ki \u00f6nc\u00fc kolu, Vosges’lerde, Sturzelbronn’daki Kalben kolu ile, Wissembourg’daki Kleeburgen kolu, cephe ve sa\u011f kanad\u0131 kapad\u0131, sol kanat, Yukar\u0131-,Alsas k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine dayan\u0131yordu. 20 Nisandan beri hareket durumunda bulunan Yukar\u0131-A1sas k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, 10 May\u0131sta Soultz’u, 12 May\u0131sta Guebwiller’i, 15 May\u0131sta da Cernay ve dolaylar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fc derne\u011fine girme zorunda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f1ard\u0131. Avusturya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile dolaylardaki \u00f6zg\u00fcr kentler hemen onlara kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015ftiler, ama onlara ciddi bir diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterecek, hele hele sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ecek bir duruma gelemediler. B\u00f6ylece, birka\u00e7 kent d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm Alsas, may\u0131s ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru, isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n elinde idi.
Ama Alsas k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca atakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131racak olan ordu, daha \u015fimdiden, yakla\u015f\u0131yordu. Burada feodal egemenli\u011fi yeniden kuranlar, Frans\u0131zlar oldu. Daha 6 May\u0131sta, d\u00fck Antoine de Lorraine, Frans\u0131z soylulu\u011funun en se\u00e7kin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, \u0130spanyol, Piyemon, Lombardiyal\u0131, Yunan ve Arnavut paral\u0131 askerleri de kapsayan 30.000 ki\u015filik bir ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ti. 16 May\u0131sta, Petite Pierre’de, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekmeden yendi\u011fi 4.000 k\u00f6yl\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve, hemen ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f Saverne kentini, teslim olmak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ama, Lorenli askerler kente girip de k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri silahs\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131rada, teslim \u015fartla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnendi. Silahs\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler paral\u0131 askerler taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00d6b\u00fcr A\u015fa\u011f\u0131-Loren kollar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar, ve d\u00fck Antoine, Yukar\u0131-Alsas \u00e7etelerinin \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Saverne’e, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131-Alsas k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine yard\u0131ma g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6ndermeyi reddetmi\u015f bulunan Yukar\u0131-Alsas \u00e7eteleri, Scherwiller’de t\u00fcm birle\u015fmi\u015f Loren g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131lar. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler kendilerini yi\u011fit\u00e7e savundular, [sayfa 137] ama d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n, 7.000’e kar\u015f\u0131 30.000 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ve baz\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyelerin, \u00f6zellikle Riquewihr yarg\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ihaneti, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin yi\u011fitli\u011fini yarars\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131. Tamamen yenilip da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. D\u00fck, o prenslere \u00f6zg\u00fc kand\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck ile, t\u00fcm Alsas’\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Sadece Sundgau ondan kurtuldu. Avusturya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, d\u00fck\u00fc \u00fclkeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma tehdidi ile, Haziran ba\u015f\u0131nda, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, Ensisheim anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmaya raz\u0131 etmi\u015fti. Ama az sonra bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 kendisi bozdu ve hareketin va\u0131z ve \u00f6nderlerini salk\u0131m salk\u0131m ast\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, sonunda Sundgau k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin Offenbourg antla\u015fmas\u0131na sokulmas\u0131 ile biten (18 Eyl\u00fcl) yeni bir ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar.
Art\u0131k bize, \u015fimdi de Avusturya Alpleri’ndeki K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine birka\u00e7 s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131. Bu \u00fclkeler gibi, bu \u00fclkelere biti\u015fik Salzbourg piskoposlu\u011fu da, Stara prawa’lardan [eski haklar -\u00e7.] beri, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve soyluluk ile s\u00fcrekli bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7inde bulunuyorlard\u0131, ve reform \u00f6\u011fretileri, buralarda da uygun bir alan bulmu\u015flard\u0131. Dinsel zul\u00fcm ile keyfi ve bunalt\u0131c\u0131 vergiler, ayaklanmay\u0131 patlatt\u0131lar.
Dolaylardaki k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve maden i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Salzbourg kenti, 1522 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri, kendi belediye ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda ve tap\u0131n\u0131\u015f sorunlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, ba\u015fpiskopos ile anla\u015fmazl\u0131k durumunda bulunuyordu. Ba\u015fpiskopos, 1524 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda, toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 paral\u0131 askerler ile kenti ele ge\u00e7irdi, onu y\u0131ld\u0131rmak i\u00e7in satonun toplar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131 ve sapk\u0131n mezhepli (h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques) vaizleri kovu\u015fturdu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, yeni ve a\u011f\u0131r vergiler al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasa yay\u0131mlad\u0131, ve b\u00f6ylece halk\u0131 adamak\u0131ll\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131. 1525 ilkyaz\u0131nda, Suab, Frankonya ve Th\u00fcringen k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin ayaklanmalar\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 zamanda, t\u00fcm bu \u00fclke k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve madencileri de birdenbire ayakland\u0131lar, Prossler ve Weitmoser gibi komutanlar\u0131n komutas\u0131nda, \u00e7eteler halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler, kenti kurtard\u0131lar ve Salzbourg \u015fatosunu ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Bat\u0131 Almanya [sayfa 138] k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri gibi, bir h\u0131ristiyan derne\u011fi kurdular ve istemlerini 14 madde halinde \u00f6zetlediler.
Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, yeni vergilerin, keyfi g\u00fcmr\u00fck resimleri ve kararnamelerin halk\u0131n dirimsel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na iyiden iyiye ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u0130stirya, Yukar\u0131-Avusturya,Karintiya ve Karniyol ‘da da, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ayaklanmas\u0131 1525 ilkyaz\u0131nda patlak verdi. Baz\u0131 \u015fatolar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler ve stara prawa ‘lar\u0131n galibi ya\u015fl\u0131 komutan Dietrichstein’\u0131, Griss’te yendiler. Her ne kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmet, yalanlar\u0131 ile, isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131ysa da, aralar\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f halinde kald\u0131lar ve Salzbourg isyancilar\u0131 ile birle\u015ftiler, \u00f6yle ki, t\u00fcm Salzbourg b\u00f6lgesi, ve Yukar\u0131-Avusturya, \u0130stirya, Karintiya ve Karniyol’un \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin elindeydi.
Reform \u00f6\u011fretileri, Tirol’de de bir\u00e7ok yanda\u015f bulmu\u015ftu. M\u00fcnzer’in g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi g\u00f6revliler, burada, Avusturya Alpleri’nin \u00f6b\u00fcr b\u00f6lgelerinde oldu\u011fundan daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. Ar\u015fid\u00fck Ferdinand, burada da, yeni \u00f6\u011fretinin vaizlerini kovu\u015fturdu ve burada da, yeni vergi d\u00fczenlemeleri ile, halk ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r zararlar verdi. Sonu\u00e7, 1525 ilkyaz\u0131nda ba\u015fka her yerde oldu\u011fu gibi, ayaklanman\u0131n patlak vermesi oldu. En b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015flar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri yetene\u011fe sahip tek k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6nderi Geismaier, M\u00fcnzer’in bir \u00e7\u00f6mezi olan isyanc\u0131lar, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015fatoyu ele ge\u00e7irdiler, ve \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcney’de, Adige b\u00f6lgesinde, rahiplere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok sert bir sava\u015f\u0131ma giri\u015ftiler. Vorarlberg k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri de ayakland\u0131lar ve Allg\u00e4u k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ile birle\u015ftiler.
D\u00f6rtbir yandan tehdit alt\u0131nda kalan ar\u015fid\u00fck, daha bir zaman \u00f6nce demir ve ate\u015fle k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kaz\u0131mak istedi\u011fi isyanc\u0131lara \u00f6d\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00f6d\u00fcn verdi. Kal\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerin diyet meclislerini toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve, toplanma anlar\u0131na kadar, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle bir b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131. Bu arada, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en k\u0131sa zamanda, ip ka\u00e7k\u0131nlar\u0131 ile bir ba\u015fka dil konu\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in, var g\u00fcc\u00fcyle haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu. [sayfa 139]
Do\u011fal olarak b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fmaya uzun s\u00fcre sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmedi. Para s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flayan Dietrichstein, d\u00fckal\u0131klarda ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 haraca kesmeye koyuldu. Slav ve Macar askerleri, halka kar\u015f\u0131 en rezilce canavarl\u0131klarda bulunmakta sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rmediler. Bu nedenle \u0130stiryal\u0131lar yeniden ayakland\u0131lar, 2 Temmuzu 3 Temmuza ba\u011flayan gece, Schladming’de komutan Dietrichstein’a bask\u0131n halinde sald\u0131rd\u0131lar ve Almanca konu\u015fmayan herkesi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 3 Temmuz sabah\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, tutsaklar aras\u0131ndaki 40 \u00c7ek ve H\u0131rvat soylusunu \u00f6l\u00fcme mahk\u00fcm eden bir mahkeme kurdular. Mahk\u00fcmiyet karar\u0131 hemen uyguland\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 kendini duyurmakta gecikmedi. Ar\u015fid\u00fck, be\u015f d\u00fckal\u0131\u011fa (Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131-Avusturya, \u0130stirya, Karintiya ve Karniyol) ba\u011fl\u0131 devletlerin t\u00fcm istemlerini hemen kabul etti.
Tirol’da da, diyetin istemleri kabul edildi, ve bu da, Kuzeyin bar\u0131\u015fa kavu\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunu verdi. Ama, diyetin daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 kararlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda eski istemlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren G\u00fcney, silah\u0131 elden b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Ar\u015fid\u00fck orada d\u00fczeni kurmay\u0131, zora ba\u015fvurarak, ancak aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda ba\u015farabildi. Eline d\u00fc\u015fen bir\u00e7ok ayaklanma eleba\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6nderini idam ettirmeyi de unutmad\u0131.
Nisanda, 10.000 Bavyeral\u0131 asker, Georg von Frundsberg y\u00f6netiminde, Salzbourg \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Bu ezici g\u00fc\u00e7 olsun, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda patlak veren uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar olsun, Salzbourglular\u0131, ba\u015fpiskopos ile, 1 Eyl\u00fclde imzalanan ve ar\u015fid\u00fck taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilen bir anla\u015fma yapma karar\u0131na vard\u0131rd\u0131. Ama, bu arada, birliklerini yeterince peki\u015ftirmi\u015f bulunan iki prens, az sonra bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 bozdu ve b\u00f6ylece Salzbourg k\u00f6yl\u00fclerini yeniden ayaklanmak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u0130syanc\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131\u015f dayand\u0131lar. \u0130lkyaz\u0131n, Geismaier onlara kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt bir yandan yakla\u015fan birliklere kar\u015f\u0131 parlak bir sava\u015fa giri\u015fti. Son derece dikkate de\u011fer bir dizi \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde, Bavyera, Avusturya, ve Suab Birli\u011fi ordular\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, Salzbourg ba\u015fpiskoposunun paral\u0131 askerlerini de, May\u0131s ve [sayfa 140] Haziran 1525’te, birbiri ard\u0131na yendi, ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ordular\u0131n birle\u015fmesini engellemeyi uzun s\u00fcre ba\u015fard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, Radstadt kentini ku\u015fatma zaman\u0131n\u0131 da buldu. Sonunda, d\u00f6rt bir yandan say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn birlikler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olarak, geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman hatlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015fard\u0131 ve ordusunun kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, Avusturya Alpleri \u00fczerinden, Venedik topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Venedik cumhuriyeti ve \u0130svi\u00e7re, yorulmak bilmez k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6nderine, yeni yeni dolaplar i\u00e7in dayanak noktalar\u0131 sundular. Geismaier, Venedik ile \u0130svi\u00e7re’yi, tam bir y\u0131l boyunca, Avusturya’ya kar\u015f\u0131, kendisine yeni bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma f\u0131rsat\u0131 verecek bir sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bir katil taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ar\u015fid\u00fck Ferdinand ile Salzbourg baspiskoposu, Geismaier hayatta olduk\u00e7a rahat de\u011fildiler. Onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in bir haydut kiralad\u0131lar, ve bu haydut da, 1527’de, korkun\u00e7 isyanc\u0131y\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. [sayfa 141]<\/p>\n

7
Geismaier’in Venedik topraklar\u0131na \u00e7ekili\u015fi, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sen perdesini indirdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler her yerde yeni ba\u015ftan, din adam\u0131, soylu ya da ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 efendilerinin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmi\u015fti. Eski y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, yenenlerin yenilenlere zorla kabul ettirdikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck kurtulmal\u0131klar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131lar. Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n en ulu devrimci giri\u015fimi, utan\u00e7 verici bir bozgun ve bir anda iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan bir bask\u0131 ile sona erdi. Ama gene de, zamanla, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durumu, ayaklanman\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015f olmad\u0131. Soyluluk, prensler ve rahipler, \u00fcr\u00fcn iyi olsun, k\u00f6t\u00fc olsun, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden \u00e7ekip alabilecekleri her \u015feyi, daha sava\u015ftan \u00f6nce \u00e7ekip al\u0131yorlard\u0131. O \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Alman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, modern [sayfa 142] proleter ile \u015fu ortak yan\u0131 vard\u0131 ki, emek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay, ya\u015famas\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc soyunun yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in zorunlu en az ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131na indirgeniyordu. Genel olarak, onlardan daha \u00e7o\u011fu al\u0131namazd\u0131. Ger\u00e7i, hali-vakti yerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da orta k\u00f6yl\u00fc tamamen y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131da angaryal\u0131, serfli\u011fe d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, koskoca ortakla\u015fa topraklar b\u00f6lgeleri prensler taraf\u0131ndan zorla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6yl\u00fc, evlerinin yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tarlalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p ge\u00e7irilmesi sonucu oldu\u011fu gibi, genel d\u00fczensizlik sonucu da, serserilik ya da kentlerin halk tabakas\u0131 (pl\u00e8be) i\u00e7ine at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama sava\u015flar ve k\u0131r\u0131p d\u00f6kmeler o \u00e7a\u011fda g\u00fcnl\u00fck olaylardand\u0131 ve, genel olarak, k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n durumu, vergilerin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile s\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirilemeyecek kadar sefildi. Daha sonra patlak veren din sava\u015flar\u0131, ve son olarak Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015f\u0131, yak\u0131p y\u0131kmalar\u0131 ve yo\u011fun yinelemeli n\u00fcfussuzla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 (d\u00e9population) ile, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha sert bir bi\u00e7imde sarsm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015f\u0131, tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmi\u015f, ve b\u00f6ylece uzun zaman i\u00e7in, ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da kentin yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frayan k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, halk tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve burjuvalar\u0131, en korkun\u00e7 sefalet i\u00e7ine, ger\u00e7ek bir \u0130rlanda k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc sefaleti i\u00e7ine atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7ekenler, din adamlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (clerg\u00e9) oldu. Manast\u0131rlar ate\u015fe verilmi\u015f, de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131 ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f, ya yabanc\u0131lara sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ya da eritilmi\u015flerdi; yedeklikleri yenilip yutulmu\u015ftu. Her yerde en az diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterenler bunlard\u0131r, ve halk nefreti en \u00e7ok bunlar \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6b\u00fcr z\u00fcmreler, prensler, soyluluk ve kentler burjuvazisi, nefret ettikleri y\u00fcksek a\u015famal\u0131 papazlar\u0131n kurban\u0131 olduklar\u0131 felaketlere gizliden gizliye seviniyorlard\u0131 bile. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131, kilise mallar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fcler yarar\u0131na laikle\u015ftirilmesini pop\u00fcler k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Layik prensler ile kentlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, bu laikle\u015ftirmeyi kendi yararlar\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme i\u015fine koyuldular, ve k\u0131sa zamanda, protestan [sayfa 143] ilkelerde, y\u00fcksek din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n yurtluklar\u0131 (domaine) prensler ile kentler ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. Kilise prenslerinin egemenli\u011fi de adamak\u0131ll\u0131 sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ve laik prensler, halk nefretini bu y\u00f6nde s\u00f6m\u00fcrme konusunda anla\u015ft\u0131lar. Fulda baspapaz\u0131n\u0131n, metbu (suzerain) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan (rang), Philippe von Hessen’in ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131 (vassal) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Kempten kenti de, rahip-prensi, bir dizi \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendisine sudan ucuz bir fiyatla satmaya, i\u015fte b\u00f6yle zorlad\u0131.
Soyluluk da \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. \u015eatolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck aileler y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve art\u0131k ancak prenslerin hizmetine girerek ya\u015fayabilecek bir duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Soyluluk her yerde yenilmi\u015f ve teslim bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekme zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onu sadece prenslerin ordular\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya imparatora ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir z\u00fcmre olma \u00f6nemini gitgide yitirecek, ve prenslerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fecekti.
Kentler de, genellikle, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 bir yarar sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n egemenli\u011fi hemen her yerde peki\u015fti. Burjuvazinin bu egemenli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefeti uzun zaman i\u00e7in k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ticaret ve sanayii her yandan engelleyen eski ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6rene\u011fi (routine), b\u00f6ylece Frans\u0131z Devrimine kadar s\u00fcr\u00fcklenip gitmeye devam etti. Burjuva ya da halk\u00e7\u0131 partinin, sava\u015f\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda kentlerde kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gecici ba\u015far\u0131lardan, prensler, ilkin kentleri sorumlu tuttular. Daha \u00f6nce prenslerin yurtluklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan kentler, a\u011f\u0131r vergiler \u00f6demek zorunda kald\u0131lar, ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar ve savunmas\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde prenslerin a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fc keyfi y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na sokuldular (Frankenhausen, Arnstadt, Schmalkalden, Wurzbourg, vb.). \u0130mparatorluk kentleri ya prens yurtluklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131 (Mulhausen), ya da Frankonya’daki bir\u00e7ok imparatorluk kentinde oldu\u011fu gibi, kom\u015fu prenslerin moral egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na konuldular. [sayfa 144]
Bu ko\u015fullarda, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131ndan tek kazananlar prensler oldu. Almanya’n\u0131n s\u0131nai, tecimsel ve tar\u0131msal geli\u015fme yetersizli\u011finin, Almanlar\u0131n ulus halinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc merkezle\u015fmesini nas\u0131l olanaks\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l sadece yerel ve b\u00f6lgesel bir merkezle\u015fmeye izin verdi\u011fini, ve sonu\u00e7 olarak, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131k i\u00e7indeki bu merkezle\u015fmenin temsilcileri olan prenslerin, nas\u0131l varolan toplumsal ve siyasal ili\u015fkilerdeki her de\u011fi\u015fiklikten yarar sa\u011flayacak tek z\u00fcmreyi olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131, bu yap\u0131t\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6rd\u00fck. O \u00e7a\u011fdaki Almanya’n\u0131n geli\u015fme derecesi \u00f6ylesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, ve \u00f6te yandan, \u00e7e\u015fitli eyaletlerde birbirinden \u00f6ylesine farkl\u0131 idi ki, bu laik prensliklerin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, kilise prenslikleri, kent cumhuriyetleri ve egemen kont ve baronlar da varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebiliyorlard\u0131. Ama, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Almanya, \u00e7ok yava\u015f ve \u00e7ok gev\u015fek bir bi\u00e7imde de olsa, b\u00f6lgesel (provinciale) bir merkezle\u015fmeye, yani varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren imparatorluk kentlerinin, prenslere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir duruma gelmelerine do\u011fru da y\u00f6neliyordu. Bu nedenle, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131ndan, sadece prensler herhangi bir yarar sa\u011flayabilirlerdi. Olan da budur. Onlar bu i\u00e7ten, rakipleri olan din adamlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, soyluluk ve kentlerin sava\u015ftan g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 sonucu, sadece g\u00f6rece de\u011fil, ama b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6b\u00fcr z\u00fcmrelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (ba\u015f ganimet) ellerine ge\u00e7irmeleri anlam\u0131nda, mutlak bir yarar da sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Kilise mallar\u0131 onlar yarar\u0131na laikle\u015ftirildi. Soylulu\u011fun, yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya ya da tamamen y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, yava\u015f yava\u015f onlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girme zorunda kald\u0131. Kentlere ve k\u00f6ylere y\u00fcklenen sava\u015f vergileri paras\u0131, onlar\u0131n, bir\u00e7ok belediye ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu mali i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in zaten \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kazanan hazine kasalar\u0131na akt\u0131.
K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131, ba\u015fl\u0131ca ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k nedenlerinden biri olan Almanya’n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnme durumunu daha da art\u0131rmak ve berkitmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131.
Almanya’n\u0131n, nas\u0131l sadece birbirine hemen tamamen [sayfa 145] yabanc\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z eyalet halinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmakla kalmay\u0131p, ayr\u0131ca ulusun, bu eyaletlerden herbirinde, nas\u0131l bir z\u00fcmreler ve z\u00fcmre b\u00f6l\u00fcnt\u00fcleri karma\u015f\u0131k a\u015fama-s\u0131ras\u0131 halinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bulundu\u011funu da g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Prensler ve rahipler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, k\u0131rda soyluluk ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, kentlerde ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131lar, burjuvalar ve halktan kimselerle, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131, i\u00e7i\u00e7e ge\u00e7medikleri zaman, birbirine tamamen yabanc\u0131 olan, hatta birbiri ile \u00e7eli\u015fen z\u00fcmrelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu karma\u015f\u0131k \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde, bir de imparatorun ve papan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n, eninde sonunda, kabaca, yerine g\u00f6re eksik ve de\u011fi\u015fken bir bi\u00e7imde, nas\u0131l \u00fc\u00e7 grup halinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bu k\u00fcmelenmeye kar\u015f\u0131n, nas\u0131l her z\u00fcmrenin, ulusal geli\u015fmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilen y\u00f6ne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00f6ylece sadece t\u00fcm tutucu \u00f6\u011felerle de\u011fil, ama t\u00fcm \u00f6b\u00fcr muhalefet \u00f6\u011feleri ile de \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya girdi\u011fini ve sonunda bu sava\u015f\u0131mda yenik d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Sickingen ayaklanmas\u0131nda soylulu\u011fun, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, ve \u00e7ekingen reform hareketinde de burjuvazinin durumu bu oldu. Almanya’n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerinde, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ile halktan kimseler, b\u00f6ylece ortak bir eyleme varamad\u0131lar ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak birbirlerini engellediler. S\u0131n\u0131flar sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki bu da\u011f\u0131lmay\u0131 belirleyen nedenlerin neler olduklar\u0131n\u0131, devrimci hareketin tam ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve burjuva hareketin yar\u0131-ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6rd\u00fck.
Yerel ve b\u00f6lgesel da\u011f\u0131lma ile bunun zorunlu sonucu olan yerel ve b\u00f6lgesel darg\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hareketi nas\u0131l y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fratt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131; e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc genel bir eylemi y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi, nas\u0131l, ne burjuvalar\u0131n, ne k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, rie de halk tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015farabildi\u011fini; k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin her eyalette nas\u0131l ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak davrand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelerdeki isyanci k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin yard\u0131m\u0131na gitmeyi nas\u0131l hep reddettiklerini, ve b\u00f6ylece, tek tek \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda, say\u0131sal g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu kez isyanc\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin onda birini bile bulmayan ordular taraf\u0131ndan birbiri ard\u0131na nas\u0131l yokedildiklerini, yukarda anlat\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re, \u015fimdi herkes [sayfa 146] anlayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7etelerin, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir\u00e7ok b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma ve anla\u015fmalar, ortak dava kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda birer ihanet davran\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131rlar, ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7etelerin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan tek k\u00fcmelenmesinin (groupement) temelinde kendi \u00f6z eylemlerinin az\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, ama kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri d\u00fc\u015fman ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yatmas\u0131 da, \u00e7e\u015fitli eyaletler k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin partik\u00fclarizm derecesinin en parlak kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.
1848-1850 hareketi ile and\u0131r\u0131\u015fma (analogie), burada da kendini g\u00f6sterir. 1848’de de, \u00e7e\u015fitli kar\u015f\u0131t s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131, herbiri kendisi i\u00e7in davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma haline girdiler. Feodal ve b\u00fcrokratik mutlakiyet boyunduru\u011funa daha uzun zaman dayanamayacak kadar \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f bulunan burjuvazi, gene de toplumun \u00f6b\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hemen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fildi. Burjuva d\u00f6nem \u00fczerinden h\u0131zla atlamay\u0131 umabilmek ve iktidar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir fethine g\u00fcvenebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz olan proletarya, daha mutlakiyet d\u00f6neminde, burjuva rejimin tad\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok iyi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fti, ve k\u0131sacas\u0131, hatta \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7in bile olsa, burjuvazinin kurtulu\u015funda kendi \u00f6z kurtulu\u015funu g\u00f6remeyecek kadar \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015fti. N\u00fcfusun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuvalar, zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden olusan y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fal ba\u011fla\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan: daha \u015fimdiden \u00e7ok devrimci olarak, ve k\u0131smen de proletarya taraf\u0131ndan: hen\u00fcz yeteri kadar ileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcnt\u00fcler halinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bulunan bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n, hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey elde edemedi ve sa\u011f ve sol muhalefet yolda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Son olarak, yerel darg\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe gelince, bu, 1525 y\u0131l\u0131nda, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerde, 1848 hareketine kat\u0131lan t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flarda oldu\u011fundan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015f olamazd\u0131. Kendilerinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir diren\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmayan bir o kadar tepkiyle izlenen y\u00fcz yerel devrim, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletlerin yerli yerinde tutulmas\u0131, yeteri kadar a\u00e7\u0131k bir dil konu\u015furlar. 1525 ve 1848 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki iki Alman devriminden ve bu devrimlerin elde ettikleri sonu\u00e7lardan sonra, h\u00e2l\u00e2 [sayfa 147] federatif cumhuriyet \u00fczerinde sa\u00e7ma sapan konu\u015fabilen birinin yeri, t\u0131marhanedir.
Ama iki devrim, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n devrimi ile 1848-1850’nin devrimi, t\u00fcm benzerliklerine kar\u015f\u0131n, gene de birbirinden adamak\u0131ll\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131rlar. 1848 devrimi, e\u011fer Almanya’n\u0131n ilerlemesini de\u011filse, en az\u0131ndan Avrupa’n\u0131n ilerlemesini tan\u0131tlar.
1525 devriminden kim yararland\u0131? Prensler . 1848 devriminden kim yararland\u0131? B\u00fcy\u00fck H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar : Avusturya ve Prusya. 1525’in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prenslerinin arkas\u0131nda, onlara vergi \u00f6denmesi ile ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuvalar vard\u0131. 1850’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck prenslerinin ard\u0131nda, Avusturya ve Prusya’n\u0131n ard\u0131nda ise, devlet borcu arac\u0131yla bunlar\u0131 \u00e7ar\u00e7abuk kendilerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lan modern b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvalar var. Ve b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvalar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda da, proleterler.
1525 devrimi, yerel bir Alman sorunu oldu. Almanlar kendi k\u00f6yl\u00fcler sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131, yaparlarken, \u0130ngilizler, Frans\u0131zlar, \u00c7ekler, Macarlar, kendilerininkileri \u00e7oktan yapm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorlard\u0131. E\u011fer Almanya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f idiyse, Avrupa daha da b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f idi. 1848 devrimi yerel bir Alman sorunu olmad\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Avrupa hareketinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu. Bu devrimin itici nedenleri, b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131 boyunca, sadece bir \u00fclkenin, hatta sadece bir k\u0131tan\u0131n dar \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde yer almad\u0131. Hatta bu devrimin ger\u00e7ek sava\u015f alan\u0131 olan \u00fclkelerin, onun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na en az kat\u0131lan \u00fclkeler olduklar\u0131 bile s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu \u00fclkeler, \u015fimdi b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hareket, ger\u00e7i kendi \u00f6z hareketlerimizden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmasa da, g\u00fcncel toplumsal ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde, bize yabanci bir g\u00fc\u00e7 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir hareket i\u00e7inde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bulunan az\u00e7ok bilin\u00e7li ve edilgen hammaddelerden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildirler. Bu nedenle, 1848-1850 devrimi, 1525 devrimi gibi sonu\u00e7lanamaz. [sayfa 148]<\/p>\n

1850 Yaz\u0131nda
Engels taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\u0130lk kez,
Neue Rheinische Zeitung,
n\u00b0 5 ve 6’da
yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

(T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, “Almanya’da Burjuva Demokratik Devrim”, s: 13-148, Sol Yay., Kas\u0131m 1975)<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar
[1] W. Zimmermann, Allgemeine Geschichte des grossen Bauern-krieges, Stuttgart (1841-1843). s. 15
[2] 1866’da, Schleswig-Holstein, Hannover, se\u00e7ici Hessen, Nassau ve Frankfurt’u Prusya \u00e7evresinde bir araya getiren Kuzey Almanya Konfederasyonu kuruldu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Bavyera, Wurtemberg, Baden ve Hessen-Darmstadt’\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc konfederasyon d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131yordu. s. 18
[3] Hannover, se\u00e7ici Hessen ve Nassau d\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Prusya taraf\u0131ndan ilhak\u0131na an\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma. s. 18
[4] Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Deme\u011finin (Birinci Enternasyonal) IV. Kongresi (1869). s. 24
[5] Eski “Kutsal Roma-Cermen imparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131n\u0131n mizahi naziresi. s. 25
[6] Konut Sorunu’nun (1872’de yay\u0131mland\u0131), Engels taraf\u0131ndan an\u0131msanan par\u00e7as\u0131 \u015fu:
“Ger\u00e7eklikte, Almanya’da da, devlet, varoldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imi ile, i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu toptumsal altyap\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Prusya’da, ve bug\u00fcn s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcr\u00fcten Prusya’d\u0131r, her zaman g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir toprak soylulu\u011funun yan\u0131nda, \u015fimdiye kadar, ne Fransa’daki gibi dolays\u0131z siyasal iktidar\u0131, ne de, \u0130ngiltere’deki gibi az\u00e7ok dolayl\u0131 iktidar\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, g\u00f6rece gen\u00e7 ve hele \u00e7ok tabans\u0131z bir burjuvazi var. Ama bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yan\u0131nda da, h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne daha \u00e7ok \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen, kafaca \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f bir proletarya var. Yani burada, eski mutlak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu olan: toprak soylulu\u011fu ile burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki dengenin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, modern bonapart\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu olan: burjuvazi ile proletarya aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz..
Ama, eski mutlak krall\u0131kta oldu\u011fu kadar. modern bonapart\u00e7\u0131 krall\u0131kta da, ger\u00e7ek h\u00fck\u00fcmet iktidar\u0131, Prusya’da, ya o \u00f6zel subay ve memurlar kast\u0131n\u0131n kendi saflar\u0131ndan, ya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck me\u015fruta (majorat) soylulu\u011fundan, \u00e7ok seyrek olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck soyluluk ve en az da burjuvaziden gelen \u00f6zel bir subay ve memurlar kast\u0131n\u0131n elinde bulunur. Bu kast\u0131n, onu toplumun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ve deyim yerindeyse \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u00f6zerklili\u011fi, devlete, toplum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kazand\u0131r\u0131r. (La Question du logement, Bureau d’\u00e9ditions, 1936, s. 72-73.) s. 26
[7] 1873-74 iktisadi bunal\u0131m\u0131. s. 28
[8] 1869’da kurulan, Eisenach partisi denilen “Sosyal-Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisinin, W. Liebknecht taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen organ\u0131, -Vorw\u00e4rts’\u0131n habercisi. s. 29
[9] Birinci Alman Reichstag i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerde (1871), Alman sosyalist i\u015f\u00e7ileri toplam 102.000 oy elde ettiler; 1874’te (Ocak se\u00e7imleri) 352.000 oy toplad\u0131lar. s. 30
[10] Top barutunun, Araplara, Hindistan’dan ge\u00e7erek, \u00c7in’den getirildi\u011fi, ve Avrupa’ya da, ate\u015fli silahlar ile, \u0130spanya yolundan, Araplardan geldigi, hi\u00e7 bir ku\u015fkuya yer kalmamak \u00fczere, bug\u00fcn tan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. s. 36
[11] Hanse: Orta\u00e7a\u011fda, \u00e7o\u011fu Kuzey Almanya’da bulunan baz\u0131 Avrupa kentleri aras\u0131ndaki tecim ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131. -\u00e7. s. -36
[12] Charles-Quint taraf\u0131ndan (Caroline ad\u0131 buradan geliyor) 1532’de yay\u0131mlanan ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalan 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ceza mevzuat\u0131. Gene de o zaman y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan y\u00f6ntemlere bir hafifleme getiriyyordu. s. 48
[13] Lyon’lu zengin bir tecimen olan Pierre de Vaux taraf\u0131ndan 1776’larda kuruldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen vaudois mezhebi, ilk safl\u0131\u011fa bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc sal\u0131k veriyordu ve \u0130talya’n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Fransa’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, Almanya ve Bohemya’da geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Papa Sixte IV, bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 1477’de bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi d\u00fczenledi. s. 54
[14] Albililer, 11. ve 12. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Fransa’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yay\u0131lan dinsel bir mezhep kurdular. Merkezleri Albi’deydi. Havarice H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretiyor ve t\u00f6relerinde \u0130ncil sadeli\u011fine uyuyorlard\u0131. Papa Innocent III, bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 1209’da bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi d\u00fczenledi. Albililer sava\u015f\u0131 yirmi y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. s. 54
[15] Burada her halde, masumluk durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve t\u00fcm uygar ve dinsel yasan\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131k veren Pikardiyal\u0131lar\u0131n mezhep sapk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu. Bunlar, \u0130ngiliz begardlar\u0131 ve lollardlar\u0131 gibi, adamite bir mezhep kurmu\u015flar, kad\u0131nlar ve mallarda ortakl\u0131k uyguluyor ve ger\u00e7ek bir \u00fctopyac\u0131 kom\u00fcnizmi temsil ediyorlard\u0131. s. 54
[16] “Ucuz bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet anlam\u0131na gelen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fckler, as\u0131l metinde Frans\u0131zca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. -\u00e7. s. 54
[17] Huss hareketinden do\u011fmu\u015f bulunan kalikstenler (calice, yani kiliselerdeki kutsal \u00e7anak s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden geliyor), iki kutsal nesne (ekmek ve \u015farap) alt\u0131nda communion (kudas ayininde \u015farapl\u0131 ekmek yeme) istiyorlard\u0131. Bunlar, burjuvalar ile, \u00f6zellikle kilise mallar\u0131n\u0131n zoral\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck soyluluk \u00fcyelerini bir araya getiriyorlard\u0131. s. 55
[18] John Ball, vaiz konusu olarak, \u015funu alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Adem topra\u011f\u0131 beller, Havva iplik e\u011firirken, soylu ki\u015fi neredeydi? s. 56
[19] \u0130nsanlar\u0131, g\u00fcnahlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bedensel olarak cezaland\u0131ran flagellantlar fle yoksulluk ve ilkel sadeli\u011fe d\u00f6nmeyi \u00f6neren lollardlar\u0131n mistisizmi, \u00f6zellikle yoksul katmanlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve manast\u0131r tarikatlar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmand\u0131. s. 56
[20] Apocalypse’deki bir par\u00e7aya dayanan chiliaste’lar, \u0130sa’n\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bir y\u0131ll\u0131k egemenli\u011fini haber veriyorlard\u0131. s. 57
[21] Augsbourg itiraf\u0131 (la Confession d’Augsbourg), 1530’da, protestan prensler taraf\u0131ndan, imparator Charles-Quint’e sunulan credo, yani kan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ilkelerini ve Roma Katolik Kilisesinde yap\u0131lacak reformlar\u0131 bir bir sayan bir belgedir. s. 60
[22] “E\u015fe\u011fe gereken yem, y\u00fck ve k\u0131rba\u00e7t\u0131r. s. 62
[23] Arkeb\u00fcz, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar kullan\u0131lan bir \u00e7e\u015fit t\u00fcfek. s. 62
[24] 1842 bask\u0131s\u0131nda Zimmermann taraf\u0131ndan da bu tarih verilmi\u015ftir. Ama onun 1856 bask\u0131s\u0131na ve ba\u015fka kaynaklara g\u00f6re, M\u00fcnzer’in do\u011fum y\u0131l\u0131, ya 1490, ya da 1493 olacak. s. 63
[25] \u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fcz \u0130ncil \u00f6\u011fretisi Joachinisme ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda tan\u0131nan 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130talyan misti\u011fi. Bu \u00f6\u011freti Roma taraf\u0131ndan karg\u0131\u015fland\u0131 ve kovu\u015fturmaya u\u011frad\u0131. s. 63
[26] 20 nolu dipnota bak\u0131n\u0131z. -\u00e7. s. 63
[27] S\u00f6zc\u00fck oyunu. L\u00fcgner, Almancada yalanc\u0131 demektir. Burada Luther yerine kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. s. 68
[28] Yani elli y\u0131lda bir bor\u00e7lar\u0131n silinmesini. -\u00e7. s. 78
[29] Rottweil mahkemesi, alt\u0131 imparatorluk yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131ndan biri idi. Yarg\u0131lama yetkisi, Wurtemberg’in bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Baden ve Alsas \u00fczerine yay\u0131l\u0131yordu. Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar soylulardan olu\u015fuyor ve yarg\u0131\u00e7l\u0131k g\u00f6revi kal\u0131t\u0131mla babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7iyordu. s. 79
[30] Sz\u00e9kler, Transilvanyal\u0131 Macar. s. 88
[31] “Sicilya ak\u015fam dualar\u0131, “v\u00eapres sicilliennes, yani Sicilya’daki Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n, 1282’de, Saint Louis’nin karde\u015fi Charles d’Anjou y\u00f6netimi zaman\u0131nda, Paskalyan\u0131n Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, ak\u015fam duas\u0131 \u00e7anlar\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, ayaklanan Sicilyal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilmeleri. -\u00e7. s. 88
[32] Aziz Augustin tarikat\u0131ndan olan kimse. -\u00e7. s. 92
[33] \u0130ki-G\u00fcl Sava\u015f\u0131, armas\u0131nda beyaz bir g\u00fcl bulunan York hanedan\u0131 ile, armas\u0131nda k\u0131z\u0131l bir g\u00fcl bulunan Lancaster hanedan\u0131n\u0131n, \u0130ngiltere taht\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015ftikleri sava\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Sava\u015f, ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde, 1451’den’1485’e kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve \u0130ngiliz soylulu\u011funu k\u0131r\u0131p ge\u00e7irdi. s.95
[34] Rottweil mahkemesi gibi, imparatorlu\u011fun alt\u0131 mahkeinesinden biri. s. 101
[35] Ferdinand Alverez de Tol\u00e8de, duc d’Alb\u00e9, (1508-1582) Charles-Quint ile Philippe II’nin, kan d\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile \u00fcnl\u00fc generali. -\u00e7. s. 101
[36] Modern tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan, Florian Geyer’in, o s\u0131rada, Rothenbourg Konseyi ile, bu kentin k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmekle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Frauenberg’e kar\u015f\u0131 o ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131ya kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. s. 123
[37] Pentecote (pentkot), Yunanca pent\u00eakoste, yani ellinci g\u00fcn s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden gelen bir yortu ad\u0131. Yahudilerde, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n. Musa’ya yasa levhalar\u0131n\u0131 indirdi\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcn an\u0131s\u0131; h\u0131ristiyanlarda ise Kutsal-Ruhun havarilere indi\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcn an\u0131s\u0131,Paskalyadan elli g\u00fcn sonra, bu g\u00fcn kutlan\u0131r. -\u00e7. s. 124
[38] Florian Geyer’in, Suab Birli\u011fi askerleri ile d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ferek \u00f6lmedi\u011fi ama Florian Geyer’in kar\u0131s\u0131 Barbara von Grumbach’\u0131n erkek karde\u015fi, yani kendi kay\u0131n biraderi Wilhelm von Grumbach taraf\u0131ndan (ya da onun buyru\u011fu ile), Wurzbourg yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Rimpar’da kahpece \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bug\u00fcn anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. s. 124<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

6 Daha Suab’daki ilk hareketlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, Thomas M\u00fcnzer hemen Th\u00fcringen’e gelmi\u015f, ve \u015eubat sonu ya da Mart ba\u015f\u0131nda, yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu \u00f6zg\u00fcr Mulhausen kentinde yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm hareketin iplerini elinde tutuyordu. G\u00fcney Almanya \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l bir genel f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n kopmak \u00fczere oldu\u011funu biliyor ve Th\u00fcringen’i Kuzey Almanya i\u00e7in hareket merkezi yapmay\u0131 da kendi \u00fcst\u00fcne alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-friedrich-engels-koyluler-savasi"],"yoast_head":"\nK\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131 | Alt\u0131nc\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm ve Dipnotlar - Friedrich Engels - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/koyluler-savasi-altinci-bolum-ve-dipnotlar-friedrich-engels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Sava\u015f\u0131 | Alt\u0131nc\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm ve Dipnotlar - Friedrich Engels\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"6 Daha Suab’daki ilk hareketlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, Thomas M\u00fcnzer hemen Th\u00fcringen’e gelmi\u015f, ve \u015eubat sonu ya da Mart ba\u015f\u0131nda, yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu \u00f6zg\u00fcr Mulhausen kentinde yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. T\u00fcm hareketin iplerini elinde tutuyordu. G\u00fcney Almanya \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l bir genel f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n kopmak \u00fczere oldu\u011funu biliyor ve Th\u00fcringen’i Kuzey Almanya i\u00e7in hareket merkezi yapmay\u0131 da kendi \u00fcst\u00fcne alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. 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