{"id":5847,"date":"2011-03-10T15:57:48","date_gmt":"2011-03-10T12:57:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/10\/k-marks-ucret-fiyat-ve-kar-3bolum\/"},"modified":"2011-03-10T15:57:48","modified_gmt":"2011-03-10T12:57:48","slug":"k-marks-ucret-fiyat-ve-kar-3bolum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/k-marks-ucret-fiyat-ve-kar-3bolum\/","title":{"rendered":"K. Marks: \u00dccret, Fiyat ve K\u00e2r (3.B\u00f6l\u00fcm)"},"content":{"rendered":"

X. K\u00c2R, B\u0130R METAYI DE\u011eER\u0130NDEN SATMAKLA ELDE ED\u0130L\u0130R
Bir saatlik ortalama eme\u011fin alt\u0131 peniye e\u015fit ya da oniki saatlik ortalama eme\u011fin alt\u0131 \u015filine e\u015fit bir de\u011feri temsil etti\u011fini varsayal\u0131m. Ayr\u0131ca, eme\u011fin de\u011ferinin \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin, ya da alt\u0131 saatlik emek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Bu durumda, bir metada kullan\u0131lan hammadde, makine vb. yirmid\u00f6rt saatlik ortalama emek i\u00e7eriyorsa, bu meta\u0131n de\u011feri oniki \u015filin olacakt\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, kapitalistin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i bu \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na oniki saatlik emek kat\u0131yorsa, bu oniki saat, alt\u0131 \u015filinlik ek bir de\u011fer i\u00e7erecektir. B\u00f6ylece, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn toplam de\u011feri otuzalt\u0131 saatlik ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f eme\u011fe, yani onsekiz \u015filine e\u015fit olacakt\u0131r Ama eme\u011fin de\u011feri, ya da i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00f6denen \u00fccret sadece \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, kapitalist, i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan harcanm\u0131\u015f olan ve meta\u0131n de\u011feri i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olan alt\u0131 saatlik art\u0131-emek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir e\u015fde\u011fer \u00f6dememi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Demek ki, kapitalist, bu meta\u0131, de\u011feri olan onsekiz \u015filine satmakla, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir e\u015fde\u011fer \u00f6dememi\u015f bulundu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinlik bir de\u011feri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin, cebine att\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131-de\u011feri, yani k\u00e2r\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kapitalist, bu durumda, meta\u0131, de\u011ferinin \u00fcst\u00fcndeger\u00e7ek de\u011ferine satarak \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinlik bir k\u00e2r sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.
Bir meta\u0131n de\u011ferini, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi eme\u011fin toplam miktar\u0131 belirler. Ama bu emek miktar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccret bi\u00e7iminde bir e\u015fde\u011ferin \u00f6dendi\u011fi bir de\u011fer olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir e\u015fde\u011ferin \u00f6denmedi\u011fi bir de\u011fer olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Meta\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi eme\u011fin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6denmi\u015f emektir, \u00f6teki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise \u00f6denmemi\u015f emektir. Bu bak\u0131mdan kapitalist, meta\u0131 de\u011ferine satarken, yani onun \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan toplam emek miktar\u0131n\u0131n billurla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferine satarken, o, bu meta\u0131 zorunlu olarak bir k\u00e2rla satm\u0131\u015f olur. Kapitalist yaln\u0131zca kendisine, bir e\u015fde\u011fere malolmu\u015f \u015feyi de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7isi i\u00e7in bir eme\u011fe malolmu\u015f olsa da kendisi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir \u015feye malolmam\u0131\u015f \u015feyi de satar. Meta\u0131n kapitaliste olan maliyeti ile, ger\u00e7ek maliyeti farkl\u0131 \u015feylerdir. O halde, normal ve ortalama k\u00e2rlar\u0131n, metalar ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferlerine (sayfa 73) sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir kez daha belirtiyorum.<\/p>\n

XI. ARTI-DE\u011eER\u0130N AYRI\u015eTI\u011eI \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TL\u0130 B\u00d6L\u00dcMLER
Art\u0131-de\u011fere, yani metalar\u0131n toplam de\u011ferinin i\u00e7inde art\u0131-eme\u011fin, yani i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011finin cisimle\u015fmi\u015f bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne k\u00e2r ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyorum. Bu k\u00e2r\u0131n tamam\u0131 sanayici kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan cebe indirilmez. Toprak, ister tar\u0131m, binalar ya da demiryollar\u0131, ister bamba\u015fka bir \u00fcretim amac\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsun, toprak tekeli, toprak sahibine, art\u0131-de\u011ferin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne rant ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda sahip \u00e7\u0131kabilme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verir. \u00d6te yandan, i\u015f aletlerine sahip bulunma olgusu sanayici kapitaliste nas\u0131l bir art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretmek, ya da ayn\u0131 anlama gelen \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011fin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sahip \u00e7\u0131kmak olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veriyorsa, bu ayn\u0131 olgu, i\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sanayici kapitaliste b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ya da k\u0131smen \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 veren i\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sahibine, yani tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle, \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 veren kapitaliste de, faiz ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bu art\u0131-de\u011ferin ba\u015fka bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinde hak iddia etme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verir, \u00f6yle ki, sanayici kapitaliste, bu s\u0131fat\u0131yla, ancak s\u0131nai ya da ticari k\u00e2r denen \u015fey kal\u0131r.
Toplam art\u0131-de\u011fer miktar\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00fc\u00e7 kategoride bireyler aras\u0131nda \u00fcle\u015ftirilmesinin hangi yasalara ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu sorunu konumuzun tamam\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur:
Rant, faiz ve s\u0131nai k\u00e2r, meta\u0131n art\u0131-de\u011ferinin, yani meta\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011fin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine verilen farkl\u0131 adlardan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir ve bunlar\u0131n hepsi de bu kaynaktan, yaln\u0131zca bu kaynaktan elde edilirler. Bunlar ne toprak olarak topraktan, ne de sermaye olarak sermayeden gelirler, ama toprak ve sermaye, kendi sahiplerine, sanayici kapitalistin i\u015f\u00e7iden \u00e7ekip ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131-de\u011ferden kendi paylar\u0131n\u0131 almalar\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin kendisi i\u00e7in, bu art\u0131-de\u011ferin, yani \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011finin sonucu olan bu art\u0131-de\u011ferin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle sanayici kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan cebe indirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, ya da bu sanayici kapitalistin art\u0131-de\u011ferin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini rant ve faiz ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ba\u015fka ki\u015filere b\u0131rakmak zorunda olmas\u0131 ikincil bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Sanayici kapitalistin yaln\u0131zca kendi sermayesini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bizzat (sayfa 74) kendisinin toprak sahibi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, bu durumda art\u0131- de\u011ferin tamam\u0131 kendi cebine gidecektir:
Sonunda kendine saklayabildi\u011fi pay ne olursa olsun, i\u015f\u00e7iden bu art\u0131-de\u011feri do\u011frudan \u00e7ekip alan sanayici kapitalisttir. Bundan dolay\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fccretlilik sistemi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim sistemi, sanayici kapitalist ile i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki bu ili\u015fkiye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Demek ki, tart\u0131\u015fmam\u0131za kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kimi yurtta\u015flar, belli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda fiyatlardaki bir y\u00fckselmenin sanayici kapitalisti, toprakbeyini ve bor\u00e7 para veren kapitalisti, ve dilerseniz, vergi tahsildar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imlerde etkileyebilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylerken hakl\u0131 olsalar bile, sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6rtbas etmeye kalk\u0131\u015fmakla ve sanayici kapitalist ile i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki bu temel ili\u015fkiyi ikincil bir sorun gibi ele almakla yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorlard\u0131.
S\u00f6ylenenlerden bir ba\u015fka sonu\u00e7 daha \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.
Meta\u0131n de\u011ferinin yaln\u0131zca hammaddelerin, makinelerin, tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle, t\u00fcketilen \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini temsil eden b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hi\u00e7 bir gelir meydana getirmeyip, yaln\u0131zca sermayeyi yerine kor. Ama bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, meta\u0131n de\u011ferinin geliri olu\u015fturan ya da \u00fccret, k\u00e2r, rant, faiz bi\u00e7iminde harcanabilen \u00f6teki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u00fccretlerin de\u011feri, rant\u0131n de\u011feri, k\u00e2r\u0131n de\u011feri vb. taraf\u0131ndan meydana getirildi\u011fi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk\u00f6nce \u00fccretleri bir yana b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131z ve yaln\u0131zca s\u0131nai k\u00e2r\u0131, faizi ve rant\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Az \u00f6nce g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, meta\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi art\u0131-de\u011fer, yani \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011fin i\u00e7inde cisimle\u015fti\u011fi de\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fik ad alan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6\u011felere ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ama, onun de\u011ferinin, bu art\u0131-de\u011feri olu\u015fturan \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011ferlerinin toplam\u0131ndan meydana geldi\u011fini ya da olu\u015ftu\u011funu
E\u011fer bir saatlik emek alt\u0131 penilik bir de\u011fer i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyorsa, e\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc oniki saati kaps\u0131yorsa, ve. e\u011fer bu. zaman\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6denmemi\u015f emekse, bu art\u0131-emek, metaya, \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinlik bir art\u0131-de\u011fer, yani kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir e\u015fde\u011fer \u00f6denmemi\u015f bir de\u011fer katacakt\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinlik art\u0131-de\u011fer, sanayici kapitalistin, herhangi bir orana g\u00f6re, toprak sahibi ve bor\u00e7 para veren ile payla\u015fabilece\u011fi fonun tamam\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinin de\u011feri, bunlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda payla\u015facaklar\u0131 de\u011ferin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Ama, meta\u0131n de\u011ferine kendi k\u00e2r\u0131 i\u00e7in keyfi bir de\u011fer ekleyen, bunun \u00fczerinde toprakbeyi, (sayfa 75) vb. i\u00e7in bir de\u011fer daha ekleyen, ve b\u00f6ylelikle keyfi olarak saptanm\u0131\u015f bu de\u011ferler toplam\u0131n\u0131n toplam de\u011feri olu\u015fturmas\u0131na yola\u00e7an sanayici kapitalist de\u011fildir. \u015eu halde, belli birde\u011ferin \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile, bu de\u011ferin birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011ferin toplam\u0131ndan olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ve toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00e2r\u0131n ve faizin k\u00f6keni olan toplam de\u011feri b\u00f6ylece keyfi bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ne kadar yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz.
E\u011fer kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplam k\u00e2r 100 sterline e\u015fitse, bu tutara, mutlak bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck olarak, k\u00e2r miktar\u0131 deriz. Ama bu 100 sterlinin ortaya konan sermayeye olan oran\u0131n\u0131 hesaplayacak olursak, bu g\u00f6reli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe, k\u00e2r oran\u0131 deriz. A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, bu k\u00e2r oran\u0131 iki bi\u00e7imde ifade edilebilir.
\u00dccret olarak ortaya konan sermaye 100 sterlin olsun. E\u011fer \u00fcretilmi\u015f olan art\u0131-de\u011fer de 100 sterlin ise \u2014ve bu, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmemi\u015f
\u00d6te yandan, yaln\u0131zca \u00fccret olarak ortaya konan sermayeyi de\u011fil, ortaya konan toplam sermayeyi, \u00f6rne\u011fin 400 sterlini hammaddelerin, makinelerin vb. de\u011ferini temsil eden 500 sterlini dikkate alacak olursak, k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n ancak %20 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleriz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 100’l\u00fck bir k\u00e2r, ortaya konan toplam sermayenin ancak be\u015fte-biridir.
K\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131 birinci bi\u00e7imde ifade etmek, \u00f6denmi\u015f emek ile \u00f6denmemi\u015f emek aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek oran\u0131, emek exploitation’unun [S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn. -\u00e7.] (bu Frans\u0131zca s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullanmama izin veriniz) ger\u00e7ek derecesini g\u00f6stermenin tek bi\u00e7imidir. \u00d6teki ifade bi\u00e7imi daha \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve, ger\u00e7ekten de, baz\u0131 ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in yararl\u0131d\u0131r. Her halde, kapitalistin i\u015f\u00e7iden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z olarak elde etti\u011fi eme\u011fin derecesini gizlemekte pek yararl\u0131d\u0131r.
Bundan sonra yapaca\u011f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda, k\u00e2r s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131-de\u011ferin \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar aras\u0131nda \u00fcle\u015filmesini dikkate almaks\u0131z\u0131n, kapitalistin \u00e7ekip ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131-de\u011ferin toplam (sayfa 76) tutar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmak i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131m, ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, k\u00e2r\u0131, daima, kapitalistin \u00fccret bi\u00e7iminde ortaya koydu\u011fu de\u011fer ile \u00f6l\u00e7ece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

XII. K\u00c2RLAR, \u00dcCRETLER VE F\u0130YATLAR ARASINDAK\u0130 GENEL \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130
Bir meta\u0131n de\u011ferinden, o meta i\u00e7in harcanm\u0131\u015f olan hammaddelerin ve \u00f6teki \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini yerine koyan de\u011feri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131z, yani bir meta\u0131n i\u00e7indeki ge\u00e7mi\u015f eme\u011fi temsil eden de\u011feri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131z, geri kalan de\u011fer, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan en son i\u015f\u00e7inin katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 emek miktar\u0131na indirgenmi\u015f olur. E\u011fer bu i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcnde oniki saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsa, ve e\u011fer oniki saatlik ortalama emek alt\u0131 \u015filinlik bir alt\u0131n miktar\u0131nda cisimle\u015fiyorsa, bu alt\u0131 \u015filinlik ek de\u011fer, i\u015f\u00e7inin eme\u011finin yarataca\u011f\u0131 tek
Kapitalist ile, i\u015f\u00e7inin payla\u015facaklar\u0131 de\u011fer, yaln\u0131zca bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fer, yani i\u015f\u00e7inin toplam eme\u011fi ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen de\u011fer oldu\u011fundan, bunlardan biri fazla ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman \u00f6teki eksik alacakt\u0131r, biri eksik ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman da, \u00f6teki fazla alacakt\u0131r. Bir nicelik s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ise, bunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131, \u00f6tekinin azalmas\u0131na ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer \u00fccretler de\u011fi\u015firse, k\u00e2rlar da ters do\u011frultuda de\u011fi\u015fecektir. \u00dccretler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce k\u00e2rlar y\u00fckselecektir, \u00fccretler y\u00fckselince de k\u00e2rlar d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Daha \u00f6nce varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, e\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin, yani yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131yorsa ya da e\u011fer onun b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6denmi\u015f emekten ve yar\u0131s\u0131 da \u00f6denmemi\u015f emekten meydana geliyorsa, k\u00e2r oran\u0131 %100 olacakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist de i\u015f\u00e7i gibi \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin alacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i ancak iki \u015filin al\u0131yorsa, yani i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ancak \u00fc\u00e7te-birinde kendisi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsa, kapitalist d\u00f6rt \u015filin alacakt\u0131r ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131 da %200 olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00f6rt \u015filin al\u0131yorsa, kapitalist ancak iki (sayfa 77) \u015filin alacakt\u0131r ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131 %50’ye d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Ama b\u00fct\u00fcn bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, meta\u0131n de\u011ferini etkilemeyecektir. \u00dccretlerde genel bir y\u00fckselme, \u015fu halde, genel k\u00e2r oran\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015fmeye yola\u00e7acak ama de\u011ferleri etkilemeyecektir.
Ama, eninde sonunda metalar\u0131n pazar fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek zorunda olan meta de\u011ferleri, her ne kadar bu metalar\u0131n i\u00e7inde sabitle\u015fmi\u015f olan emek miktarlar\u0131yla belirlenip, bu miktar\u0131n \u00f6denmi\u015f ve \u00f6denmemi\u015f emek olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle belirlenmiyorsa da, bundan, hi\u00e7 de, \u00f6rne\u011fin oniki saatte \u00fcretilmi\u015f tek bir meta\u0131n ya da metalar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlerinin de\u011fi\u015fmez kalaca\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamaz. Belli bir emek-zaman\u0131 i\u00e7inde, ya da belli bir emek miktar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak imal edilen metalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ya da kitlesi, bu metalar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa eme\u011fin geni\u015fli\u011fine ya da s\u00fcresine de\u011fil. \u00d6rne\u011fin, iplik e\u011firme, eme\u011fin belirli bir \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7 derecesinde, oniki saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcnde oniki libre iplik \u00fcretilirken, eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir d\u00fczeyinde sadece iki libre \u00fcretilir. Bu durumda, oniki saatlik ortalama emek alt\u0131 \u015filinlik bir de\u011fer i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyorsa, bir durumda oniki libre ipli\u011fin maliyeti alt\u0131 \u015filin olacak, \u00f6teki durumda ise, iki libre ipli\u011fin maliyeti de gene alt\u0131 \u015filin olacakt\u0131r. O halde, birinci durumda, e\u011firilmi\u015f ipli\u011fin libresi alt\u0131 peniye, ikinci durumda ise \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filine malolacakt\u0131r. Fiyattaki bu fark, kullan\u0131lan eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki farktan ileri gelmektedir. Y\u00fcksek bir \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7 ile bir libre iplikte bir saat emek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek, \u00f6te yandan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7 ile bir libre iplikte alt\u0131 saat emek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir. \u00dccretlerin g\u00f6reli olarak daha y\u00fcksek ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reli olarak daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bir durumda bir libre ipli\u011fin fiyat\u0131 ancak alt\u0131 peni olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu halde, \u00f6teki durumda fiyat \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ipli\u011fin libresinin fiyat\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen, toplam emek miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmi\u015f emek ile \u00f6denmemi\u015f emek aras\u0131ndaki oransalb\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi de\u011fil, bu bir libre ipli\u011fin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi toplam emek miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek fiyatl\u0131 eme\u011fin ucuz meta \u00fcretebilece\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatl\u0131 eme\u011fin ise pahal\u0131 meta \u00fcretebilece\u011fi yolundaki yukarda de\u011findi\u011fimiz olgu, b\u00f6ylece, paradoksal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmi\u015f oluyor. Bu, \u015fu genel yasan\u0131n ifadesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir: bir (sayfa 78) meta\u0131n de\u011ferini, onun i\u00e7inde cisimle\u015fmi\u015f olan emek miktar\u0131 belirler, ve bu emek miktar\u0131, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle, kullan\u0131lan eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011finde meydana gelen her de\u011fi\u015fmede o da de\u011fi\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n

XIII. \u00dcCRETLER\u0130 Y\u00dcKSELTMEK YA DA D\u00dc\u015eMELER\u0130NE KAR\u015eI KOYMAK YOLUNDAK\u0130 BELL\u0130BA\u015eLI G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130MLER
\u015eimdi de \u00fccretleri y\u00fckseltmek ya da d\u00fc\u015fmelerine kar\u015f\u0131 koymak yolundaki belliba\u015fl\u0131 giri\u015fimleri ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde ele alal\u0131m:
1. G\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri, ya da g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fmadaki eme\u011fin de\u011feri, ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri ile, yani bunlar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gerekli-emek miktar\u0131yla belirlenir. \u015eu halde, e\u011fer, belirli bir \u00fclkede, i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri, \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinle ifade edilen alt\u0131 saatlik emek ise, i\u015f\u00e7i kendi g\u00fcnl\u00fck ge\u00e7iminin e\u015fde\u011ferini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde alt\u0131 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundad\u0131r. E\u011fer i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131 oniki saat ise, kapitalist, i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filin vermekle ona eme\u011finin de\u011ferini \u00f6demi\u015f olur. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6denmemi\u015f emek olur ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131 da %100’d\u00fcr. Ama \u015fimdi varsayal\u0131m ki, \u00fcretkenli\u011fin azalmas\u0131 sonucu, diyelim ayn\u0131 miktarda tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini elde etmek i\u00e7in daha fazla emek gerekmektedir, \u00f6yle ki, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinden d\u00f6rt \u015filine \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n. Bu durumda, eme\u011fin de\u011feri \u00fc\u00e7te-bir, ya da %331\/3 oran\u0131nda y\u00fckselecektir. O zaman, i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ge\u00e7imini daha \u00f6nceki d\u00fczeyine uygun bir bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin e\u015fde\u011ferini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn sekiz saati gerekecektir. Bunun sonucu olarak art\u0131-emek alt\u0131 saatten d\u00f6rt saate, k\u00e2r oran\u0131 ise %100’den %50’ye d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Ve nas\u0131l ki herhangi ba\u015fka bir meta\u0131n sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, bu meta\u0131n maliyetleri y\u00fckseldi\u011finde bu artan de\u011ferin kendisine \u00f6denmesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa, t\u0131pk\u0131 onun gibi, i\u015f\u00e7i de, bir \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 isteminde bulunmakla yaln\u0131z kendi eme\u011finin artan de\u011ferini istemi\u015f olur. E\u011fer \u00fccretler ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n artm\u0131\u015f olan de\u011ferini kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere y\u00fckselmeseydi ya da yeterince y\u00fckselmeseydi, eme\u011fin fiyat\u0131, eme\u011fin de\u011ferinin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fecek ve i\u015f\u00e7inin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fecekti.
Ama kar\u015f\u0131t do\u011frultuda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik de meydana (sayfa 79) gelebilir. Eme\u011fin \u00fcretkenli\u011finin artmas\u0131 sayesinde, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 miktar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinden iki \u015filine d\u00fc\u015febilir, yani bu g\u00fcnl\u00fck ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferinin e\u015fde\u011ferini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131 saati yerine d\u00f6rt saati gerekli olabilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, o zaman, iki \u015filinle daha \u00f6nce \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filine sat\u0131n alabildi\u011fi kadar ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 alabilecektir. Ger\u00e7ekten de, eme\u011fin de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olacak, ama bu azalm\u0131\u015f de\u011fer, eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi ayn\u0131 miktarda metaya kumanda edecektir. Bu durumda, k\u00e2r, \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinden d\u00f6rt \u015filine, ve k\u00e2r oran\u0131 da %l00’den %200’e y\u00fckselecektir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin mutlak ya\u015fam standard\u0131 her ne kadar ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f olsa da, g\u00f6reli \u00fccreti ve b\u00f6ylelikle kapitalistinkine oranla g\u00f6reli toplumsal konumu
2. Ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferleri, ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da eme\u011fin de\u011feri ayn\u0131 kalabilir, ama paran\u0131n de\u011ferinde daha \u00f6nce meydana gelen bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikparasal fiyatlar\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frayabilir.
Daha verimli madenlerin bulunu\u015fu vb. sayesinde, \u00f6rne\u011fin, iki ons alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi, \u00f6nceleri bir onsun \u00fcretiminin gerektirdi\u011finden daha fazla emek gerektirmeyebilir. O zaman alt\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri yar\u0131yar\u0131ya, yani %50 d\u00fc\u015fecektir, Bu durumda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar\u0131n de\u011ferleri, eski parasal fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131yla ifade edilece\u011finden, emek de\u011feri i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015fey olacakt\u0131r. Eskiden alt\u0131 \u015filinle ifade edilen oniki saatlik emek, \u015fimdi oniki \u015filinle ifade edilecektir. E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fccreti alt\u0131 \u015filine \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7 \u015filinde kalsayd\u0131, eme\u011finin parasal fiyat\u0131, eme\u011finin de\u011ferinin ancak yar\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit olur ve ya\u015fam standard\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015firdi. \u00dccretlerin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131n de\u011ferindeki d\u00fc\u015fmeye orant\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda da az\u00e7ok ayn\u0131 \u015fey olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir (sayfa 80) durumda, ne eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcnde, ne arz ve talepte, ve ne de de\u011ferlerde bir \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.
Bu de\u011ferlerin parasal adlar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmeyecektir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda, i\u015f\u00e7inin orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 isteminde \u0131srar etmemesi gerekti\u011fini iddia etmek, ona \u015feyler yerine s\u00f6zlerle yetinmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemekle ayn\u0131 kap\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kar. B\u00fct\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarih g\u00f6stermektedir ki, para de\u011ferinde ne zaman b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015fme olsa, kapitalistler hemen i\u015f\u00e7ileri aldatmak i\u00e7in bu f\u0131rsattan yararlanmaya bakarlar. \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir siyasal iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar okulu, yeni alt\u0131n yataklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunu\u015fu, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinin daha iyi bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilmesi ve civan\u0131n daha ucuz fiyata arz\u0131 sonucunda de\u011ferli madenlerin de\u011ferinde yeni bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu iddia etmektedirler. Bu, K\u0131ta \u00fczerindeki daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler elde etmek u\u011fruna giri\u015filen genel ve zamanda\u015f m\u00fccadeleyi a\u00e7\u0131klayacakt\u0131r.
3. Buraya kadar i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu varsayd\u0131k. Oysa i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na, de\u011fi\u015fmez s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yoktur. Sermaye, durmadan, bu i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc, olanakl\u0131 en a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fiziksel s\u0131n\u0131ra kadar uzatmaya \u00e7abalar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc uzatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda art\u0131-emek, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da bundan \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00e2r artacakt\u0131r. Sermaye i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmay\u0131 ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131rsa, ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fine elkoyaca\u011f\u0131 miktar da o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde b\u00fcy\u00fck olacakt\u0131r; 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, hatta 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7te-birinde, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ngiltere’de normal i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc on saatti. Ger\u00e7ekte \u0130ngiliz aristokrasisinin \u0130ngiliz emek\u00e7i y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu bir sava\u015f olan anti-jakoben sava\u015f33][34] Yeni icat olunan makinelerin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, 1765’lerde, \u0130ngiltere’de, An Essay on Trade ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir bro\u015f\u00fcr yay\u0131nland\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yeminli d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, bu ad\u0131 bilinmeyen yazar, bro\u015f\u00fcrde, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme zorunlulu\u011fu \u00fczerinde direniyor. Bu ama\u00e7la, ba\u015fka \u00f6neriler yan\u0131nda, i\u015fevlerinin[35] kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor ve bunlar\u0131n “deh\u015fet evleri” olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Peki bu (sayfa 81) “deh\u015fet evleri” i\u00e7in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc uzunlu\u011fu nedir? Oniki saat; kapitalistlerin, iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve bakanlar\u0131n, 1832’de, oniki ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda bir \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in yaln\u0131z uygulanan de\u011fil, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda zorunlu oldu\u011funu ilan ettikleri s\u00fcrenin ta kendisi.[36]
Kendi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satarak \u2014ki i\u015f\u00e7i, bu d\u00fczende bunu yapmak zorundad\u0131r\u2014 baz\u0131 makul s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde, bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kapitaliste b\u0131rak\u0131r. Do\u011fal y\u0131pranmas\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, yoketmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in satar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcndelik ya da haftal\u0131k de\u011ferine satmas\u0131 olgusu bile, bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, bir g\u00fcnde ya da bir haftada, iki g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya da iki haftal\u0131k bir y\u0131pranmaya u\u011framayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. 1.000 sterlin eden bir makineyi ele alal\u0131m. E\u011fer bu makine on y\u0131lda y\u0131pran\u0131p eskiyorsa, \u00fcretilmelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu metalar\u0131n de\u011ferlerine y\u0131lda 100 sterlin ekleyecektir. E\u011fer be\u015f y\u0131lda eskiyorsa, y\u0131lda 200 sterlin katacakt\u0131r, yani onun y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u0131pranmas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri, bu y\u0131pranman\u0131n s\u00fcresi ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ama i\u015f\u00e7iyi makineden ay\u0131ran \u015fey \u015fudur: makine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda y\u0131pranmaz; insan ise, tersine, i\u015fin salt say\u0131sal toplam\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011finden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oranda y\u0131pran\u0131r.
\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc eski makul s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na indirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, ya da normal i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yasal olarak saptanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayamad\u0131klar\u0131nda ise, yaln\u0131z s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan art\u0131-eme\u011fe g\u00f6re hesaplanmam\u0131\u015f, ama daha y\u00fcksek bir orana \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fccret y\u00fckselmesi ile fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya gem vurmaya u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, kendi kendilerine ve kendi soylar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00f6devi yerine getirmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapm\u0131\u015f olmazlar. Sermayenin zorbaca gasp\u0131na yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7ekmi\u015f olurlar. Zaman, insan geli\u015fiminin mekan\u0131d\u0131r. Kullanacak bo\u015f zaman\u0131 olmayan, uyku, yemek vb. gibi salt fiziksel kesintiler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcm ya\u015fam\u0131 kapitalist hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya giden bir adam, bir y\u00fck hayvan\u0131ndan daha beterdir. O, fizik olarak ezilmi\u015f, kafaca al\u0131kla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fkas\u0131 i\u00e7in servet \u00fcreten basit bir makinedir. Ama bununla birlikte, b\u00fct\u00fcn, modern sanayi tarihi g\u00f6sterir ki, sermaye, e\u011fer \u00f6n\u00fcne set \u00e7ekilmezse, b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, umursamadan, ac\u0131mas\u0131zca bu en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmakla, kapitalist daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret \u00f6deyebilir (sayfa 82) ve, e\u011fer \u00fccretlerin artmas\u0131, s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck emek miktar\u0131na ve bunun sonucu olarak i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zla yokolmas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etmiyorsa, eme\u011fin de\u011ferini buna kar\u015f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir. Bu, ba\u015fka bir bi\u00e7imde de yap\u0131labilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, burjuva istatistik\u00e7iler, size, Lancashire fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i ailelerinin ortalama \u00fccretlerinin artm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyeceklerdir. Ama unutuyorlar ki, bir tek erke\u011fin yerine, bug\u00fcn, aile reisi, kar\u0131s\u0131 ve belki de \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt \u00e7ocu\u011fu, kendilerini, sermayenin Juggernaut tekerleklerinin[37] alt\u0131na atmaktad\u0131r ve toplam \u00fccretlerdeki art\u0131\u015f aileden s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan art\u0131-eme\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r.
Fabrika yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131na giren b\u00fct\u00fcn sanayi dallar\u0131nda \u015fimdi oldu\u011fu gibi, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bile, eme\u011fin de\u011ferini eski d\u00fczeyinde tutmak i\u00e7in olsa bile, \u00fccretlerde bir y\u00fckselme zorunlu olabilir. \u0130\u015fin ye\u011finli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir adam, eskiden iki saatte harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u015fimdi bir saatte harcayabilir. \u0130\u015fte, fabrika yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131na giren sanayilerde, makinelerin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ve \u015fimdi bir tek ki\u015finin g\u00f6zetti\u011fi makinelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla bir dereceye kadar meydana gelen budur. E\u011fer i\u015fin ye\u011finli\u011finin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da e\u011fer bir saatte harcanan emek toplam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ile birlikte giderse, kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kacak olan gene i\u015f\u00e7i olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer bu s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, i\u015f\u00e7i bir yandan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6te yandan yitirir, ve on saatlik emek, \u00f6nceki oniki saatlik emek kadar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, eme\u011fin gittik\u00e7e artan ye\u011finli\u011fine uygun d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fccret art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 u\u011fruna m\u00fccadeleyle sermayenin bu e\u011filimine kar\u015f\u0131 koyarken, eme\u011fin de\u011ferinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ve soyunun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapm\u0131\u015f olmaz.
4. Hepiniz biliyorsunuz ki, \u015fimdi burada a\u00e7\u0131klayacak durumda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m nedenlerle, kapitalist \u00fcretim, belirli d\u00f6nemsel \u00e7evrimlerden ge\u00e7er. Birbiri ard\u0131ndan dinginlik, artan canl\u0131l\u0131k, refah, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131-\u00fcretim, bunal\u0131m ve durgunluk durumlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er. Metalar\u0131n pazar fiyatlar\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131, bazan kendi ortalamalar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na inerek, ve bazan da bu ortalamalar\u0131 a\u015farak, bu evreleri izler. \u00c7evrimin tamam\u0131 ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, pazar fiyat\u0131ndaki her sapman\u0131n bir ba\u015fka sapma ile dengelendi\u011fini ve \u00e7evrimin ortalamas\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda metalar\u0131n pazar fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferleri taraf\u0131ndan (sayfa 83) d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Evet, pazar fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi d\u00f6neminde, bunal\u0131m ve durgunluk d\u00f6neminde, i\u015f\u00e7i, e\u011fer i\u015fini tamamen yitirmezse, kesin olarak bir \u00fccret d\u00fc\u015fmesi beklemelidir. Aldat\u0131lmamak i\u00e7in, pazar fiyatlar\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015fme halinde bile, \u00fccretlerde ne oranda bir d\u00fc\u015fmenin zorunlu hale geldi\u011fini kapitalist ile tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2rlar\u0131n kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bolluk d\u00f6neminde \u00fccretlerin artmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmiyorsa, bir sanayi \u00e7evriminin ortalamas\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendi ortalama \u00fccretini, yani eme\u011finin de\u011ferini bile elde edemeyecektir. \u00dccretinin, \u00e7evrimin ters evrelerinden zorunlu olarak etkilenmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00e7evrimin bolluk evresinde i\u015f\u00e7inin bunu telafi etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemek budalal\u0131\u011f\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn metalar\u0131n de\u011ferleri, genellikle, ancak, arz ve talepteki s\u00fcrekli dalgalanmalar\u0131n sonucu olarak durmadan de\u011fi\u015fen pazar fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirlerini dengelemeleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sistemin temeli \u00fczerinde, emek, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar gibi bir metad\u0131r ancak. Bundan dolay\u0131 onun da kendi de\u011ferine uygun d\u00fc\u015fen bir ortalama fiyata ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 dalgalanmalardan ge\u00e7mesi gerekir. Bir yandan onu bir meta gibi g\u00f6rmek, \u00f6te yandan da onu metalar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen yasalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutmay\u0131 istemek sa\u00e7mad\u0131r. K\u00f6le, kendi ge\u00e7imi i\u00e7in kesin ve de\u011fi\u015fmez bir miktar al\u0131r, ama \u00fccretli emek\u00e7i \u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Salt bir durumda, \u00fccretinde meydana gelen d\u00fc\u015fmeyi telafi etmek i\u00e7in olsa bile, bir ba\u015fka durumda \u00fccretini y\u00fckseltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer kapitalistin iradesini, diktas\u0131n\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fmez bir iktisat yasas\u0131 olarak kabul etmekle yetinirse, k\u00f6lenin sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00fcvencesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n onun b\u00fct\u00fcn sefaletini payla\u015facakt\u0131r.
5. Ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve her y\u00fcz durumdan doksandokuzunu olu\u015fturan b\u00fct\u00fcn durumlarda, g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz ki, \u00fccretlerin artmas\u0131 u\u011fruna yap\u0131lan bir m\u00fccadele, daha\u00f6nceki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri izlemekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir ve \u00fcretimin niceli\u011finde, eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcnde, eme\u011fin de\u011ferinde, paran\u0131n de\u011ferinde, \u00e7ekip al\u0131nan eme\u011fin geni\u015fli\u011fi ve ye\u011finli\u011finde daha \u00f6nce meydana gelmi\u015f olan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin, arz ve talepteki dalgalanmalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olan ve s\u0131nai \u00e7evrimin \u00e7e\u015fitli evrelerine uygun olarak meydana gelen pazar fiyatlar\u0131ndaki dalgalanmalar\u0131n, zorunlu sonucudur; k\u0131sacas\u0131 bunlar, sermayenin (sayfa 84) daha \u00f6nceki etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tepkileridir. E\u011fer, \u00fccretlerin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 u\u011fruna m\u00fccadeleyi b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ko\u015fullardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ele al\u0131p, yaln\u0131z \u00fccretlerdeki de\u011fi\u015firlikleri dikkate al\u0131rsan\u0131z, ve m\u00fccadelenin kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki de\u011fi\u015firlikleri hesaba katmazsan\u0131z, yanl\u0131\u015f varg\u0131lara varmak \u00fczere, yanl\u0131\u015f \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n

XIV. SERMAYE \u0130LE EMEK ARASINDAK\u0130 M\u00dcCADELE VE BUNUN SONU\u00c7LARI
1. \u00dccretlerdeki d\u00fc\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin g\u00f6sterdikleri d\u00f6nemsel direnmenin ve bunlar\u0131n \u00fccretleri art\u0131rma yolundaki d\u00f6nemsel giri\u015fimlerinin \u00fccretlilik sistemine ayr\u0131lmazcas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve bu durumu eme\u011fin metalar taraf\u0131ndan emilmesi olgusunun dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden de bunun, fiyatlar\u0131n genel hareketini d\u00fczenleyen yasalara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdikten; ayr\u0131ca, \u00fccretlerdeki genel bir y\u00fckselmenin genel k\u00e2r oran\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015fme sonucunu verece\u011fini, ama bu y\u00fckselmenin metalar\u0131n ortalama fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 ya da de\u011ferlerini etkilemeyece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdikten sonra, art\u0131k soru, sermaye ile emek aras\u0131ndaki bu ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 gelmez m\u00fccadelede sermayenin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilece\u011fidir.
Bunu bir genellemeyle yan\u0131tlayaca\u011f\u0131m, ve diyece\u011fim ki, eme\u011fin pazar fiyat\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar\u0131n pazar fiyat\u0131 gibi, uzun vadede kendi de\u011ferine uyacakt\u0131r; ve bundan dolay\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn ini\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131n, ve i\u015f\u00e7i ne yaparsa yaps\u0131n, ortalama olarak ancak kendi eme\u011finin de\u011ferini alacakt\u0131r, ki bu de\u011fer, bak\u0131m\u0131 ve yeniden \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u2014ki bu ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini de, sonu\u00e7ta, \u00fcretilmeleri i\u00e7in gerekli olan emek miktar\u0131 d\u00fczenler\u2014 de\u011feri ile belirlenen kendi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feridir.
Ama baz\u0131 belirli \u00f6zellikler vard\u0131r ki, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferini, yani eme\u011fin de\u011ferini b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki metalar\u0131n de\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131rdederler. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri, biri salt fiziksel, \u00f6tekisi ise tarihsel ya da toplumsal olan iki \u00f6\u011feden olu\u015fur. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc de\u011ferinin en u\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 fiziksel \u00f6\u011fe belirler, yani bu demektir ki, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, ge\u00e7inmesi, ve yeniden \u00fcremesi, fiziksel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in, ya\u015famak ve \u00e7o\u011falmak i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez (sayfa 85) olan ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131 gerekir. Bu vazge\u00e7ilmez ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri, buna g\u00f6re, emek de\u011ferinin en u\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirir. \u00d6te yandan, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn uzunlu\u011fu da, \u00e7ok esnek olsa bile, bir u\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131ra sahiptir. Bu u\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirleyen \u015fey, i\u015f\u00e7inin fiziksel kuvvetidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ya\u015famsal kuvvetinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck harcanmas\u0131 belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015farsa, g\u00fcnbeg\u00fcn yeniden harcanamaz. Bununla birlikte, dedi\u011fimiz gibi, bu s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7ok esnektir. H\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde pe\u015fpe\u015fe gelen sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc nesiller, emek pazar\u0131n\u0131, bir dizi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc nesiller kadar iyi bir bi\u00e7imde besleyebilir.
Salt fizyolojik olan bu \u00f6\u011fe yan\u0131nda, her \u00fclkede, eme\u011fin de\u011feri, geleneksel ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyi ile de belirlenir. Bu ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyi, yaln\u0131z fiziksel ya\u015famdan ibaret olmay\u0131p, insanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u00e7inde yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 toplumsal ko\u015fullardan do\u011fan baz\u0131 gereksinmelerin doyurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyi, \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyine, bir Alman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyi ise Litvanya k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyine indirgenebilirdi. Tarihsel gelene\u011fin ve toplumsal al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n bu bak\u0131mdan oynad\u0131klar\u0131 rol\u00fcn \u00f6nemini Bay Thornton’un Over-population adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Bay Thornton bu yap\u0131t\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere’nin \u00e7e\u015fitli tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgelerindeki ortalama \u00fccretlerin bug\u00fcn bile bu b\u00f6lgelerin serflikten az\u00e7ok elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullarda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olup olmamalar\u0131na g\u00f6re az\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.
Eme\u011fin de\u011ferine giren bu tarihsel ya da toplumsal \u00f6\u011fe artabilir ya da azalabilir, b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ortadan kalkabilir, \u00f6yle ki, geriye fiziksel s\u0131n\u0131rdan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey kalmaz. Devlet hazinesinden otlanan, haz\u0131r yiyici g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r Georges Rose’un dedi\u011fi gibi, bizim aziz dinimizin avun\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, bu imans\u0131z Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n ak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan korumak i\u00e7in giri\u015filmi\u015f olan anti-jakoben sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden birinde o kadar sevecenlikle davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z namuslu \u0130ngiliz \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri, tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00fccretlerini, salt fiziksel asgarinin de alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcler ve soyun fizik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Yoksullar Yasas\u0131[38] taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ilavelerle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini zorunlu hale getirdiler. Bu, \u00fccretli emek\u00e7iyi bir k\u00f6leye, ve Shakespeare’in gururlu, \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 bir yoksul durumuna getirmenin parlak bir yoluydu.
De\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerdeki standart \u00fccretleri ya da emek (sayfa 86) de\u011ferlerini, birbirleriyle ve ayn\u0131 \u00fclkenin de\u011fi\u015fik tarihsel evrelerindekilerle k\u0131yaslad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, \u00f6teki b\u00fct\u00fcn metalar\u0131n de\u011ferlerinin de\u011fi\u015fmez kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bile, emek de\u011ferinin kendisinin sabit olmay\u0131p, de\u011fi\u015fken bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.
Benzer bir k\u0131yaslama, k\u00e2r\u0131n yaln\u0131zca y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki oranlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, ortalama oranlar\u0131n\u0131n da de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6sterecektir.
Ama k\u00e2rlara gelince, bunlar\u0131n asgarisini belirleyecek bir yasa yoktur. Onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerindeki son s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Peki bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 neden saptayam\u0131yoruz? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00fccretlerin asgarisini saptayabildi\u011fimiz halde, azamisini saptayam\u0131yoruz. Yaln\u0131z \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belli oldu\u011funda, k\u00e2rlar\u0131n azamisi, \u00fccretlerin fiziksel asgarisine tekab\u00fcl eder; ve \u00fccretler belli oldu\u011funda, k\u00e2rlar\u0131n azamisi, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7inin fiziksel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn dayanabilece\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131ra kadar uzat\u0131lmas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eder. Demek ki, k\u00e2r\u0131n azamisi, \u00fccretin fiziksel asgarisi ve i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn fiziksel azamisi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki; azami k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n bu iki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 aras\u0131nda, de\u011fi\u015febilen s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir \u0131skala yer al\u0131r. K\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131n fiili \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc, sermaye ile emek aras\u0131ndaki kesintisiz m\u00fccadele taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir; kapitalist durmadan \u00fccretleri fiziksel asgariye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye ve i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc fiziksel azamiye \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7abalar, oysa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u00fcrekli olarak kar\u015f\u0131t y\u00f6nde bir bask\u0131 yapar. B\u00f6ylece sorun, m\u00fccadele eden taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesine indirgenir.
2. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na gelince, bu, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi, \u0130ngiltere’de de hi\u00e7 bir zaman yasal m\u00fcdahaleden ba\u015fka bir yolla d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin d\u0131\u015fardan gelen s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131lar\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, bu m\u00fcdahale hi\u00e7 bir zaman yap\u0131lmazd\u0131. Herhalde, sonuca, hi\u00e7 bir zaman, i\u015f\u00e7ilerle kapitalistler aras\u0131ndaki ki\u015fisel anla\u015fmalarla var\u0131lamazd\u0131. Bir. qenel siyasal eylemin gerekli olu\u015fu, salt ekonomik etkinli\u011finde bile, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan yan\u0131n sermaye oldu\u011funu tan\u0131tlamaya yeterlidir.
Eme\u011fin de\u011ferinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na gelince, bunun belirlenmesi, her zaman arz ve talebe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, bununla kapitalistler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden gelen emek talebini ve i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan (sayfa 87) emek arz\u0131n\u0131 kastediyorum. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerde, arz ve talep yasas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin lehine i\u015fler. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde \u00fccretlerin g\u00f6reli olarak y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde olu\u015fu bundand\u0131r. Oralarda sermaye istedi\u011fi kadar \u00e7abalas\u0131n, emek pazar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fccretli emek\u00e7ilerin s\u00fcrekli olarak kendi kendilerine yeterli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler haline gelmesiyle durmadan bo\u015falmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyemez. Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in, \u00fccretli emek\u00e7i olma durumu, az\u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre sonunda ayr\u0131lacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildikleri ge\u00e7ici bir durumdan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.[39] S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdeki bu duruma \u00e7are bulmak \u00fczere, baba \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in, \u00fccretli emek\u00e7ilerin \u00e7ar\u00e7abuk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler haline gelmelerini \u00f6nlemek \u00fczere, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 yapay olarak y\u00fckseltmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren modern s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme teorisini kabul etti. \u015eimdi, sermayenin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine tamam\u0131yla egemen oldu\u011fu eski uygar \u00fclkelere ge\u00e7elim. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere’de, 1849-1859 aras\u0131nda, tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00fccretlerindeki y\u00fckselmeyi ele alal\u0131m. Bunun sonucu ne oldu? \u00c7ift\u00e7iler, dostumuz Weston’\u0131n kendilerine sal\u0131k verece\u011fi gibi, bu\u011fday\u0131n de\u011ferini, hatta pazar fiyat\u0131n\u0131 bile y\u00fckseltemediler. Tersine, d\u00fc\u015fmesine boyune\u011fmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Ama bu onbir y\u0131l boyunca, her \u00e7e\u015fit makineler getirdiler, daha bilimsel y\u00f6ntemler uygulad\u0131lar, ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc otlak haline getirdiler, \u00e7iftlikleri geni\u015flettiler ve b\u00f6ylelikle \u00fcretim hacmini art\u0131rd\u0131lar; bu yollarla ve daha ba\u015fkalar\u0131 ile, eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rarak emek talebini azaltt\u0131klar\u0131ndan, tar\u0131msal n\u00fcfusta gene g\u00f6reli bir fazlal\u0131k yaratt\u0131lar. Sa\u011flam temellere dayanan eski \u00fclkelerde, sermayenin \u00fccret art\u0131\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 az\u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepkinin genel y\u00f6ntemi budur. Ricardo, \u00e7ok hakl\u0131 olarak, makinenin emekle s\u00fcrekli rekabet halinde oldu\u011funa, makinenin, \u00e7ok kez, ancak eme\u011fin fiyat\u0131n\u0131n belli bir d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman \u00fcretime sokulabildi\u011fine;[40] ama makine kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rman\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131z y\u00f6ntemlerinden ancak bir tanesi oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir. S\u0131radan emekte g\u00f6reli bir bolluk yaratan bu geli\u015fmenin kendisi, beri yandan vas\u0131fl\u0131 eme\u011fi basitle\u015ftirir ve b\u00f6ylece de onun de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.
Ayn\u0131 yasa, kendisini ba\u015fka bir bi\u00e7imde de ortaya kor. Eme\u011fin \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi ile, sermaye birikimi, (sayfa 88) hatta g\u00f6reli olarak y\u00fcksek \u00fccret oran\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, h\u0131zlan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan, Adam Smith gibi \u2014ki onun zaman\u0131nda modern sanayi hen\u00fcz emekleme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131\u2014 sermayenin h\u0131zlanan birikiminin, eme\u011fe b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir talep sa\u011flayarak, terazinin kefesini i\u015f\u00e7i lehine e\u011fdirece\u011fi sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karabilir. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f yazarlar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften hareketle, \u015fu son yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, \u0130ngiliz sermayesi \u0130ngiliz halk\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, \u00fccretlerin neden daha fazla artmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa \u015fa\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ama sermaye birikiminin durmadan artmas\u0131yla zamanda\u015f olarak, sermayenin bile\u015fiminde gittik\u00e7e. b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik meydana gelir. Toplam sermayenin, sabit sermayeden, makinelerden, hammaddelerden, her t\u00fcrden \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan meydana gelen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00fccretlere, yani eme\u011fin sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne oranla \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Bu yasa, Bay Barton, Ricardo, Sismondi, Profes\u00f6r Richard Jones, Profes\u00f6r Ramsay, Cherbuliez ve daha bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan az\u00e7ok do\u011fru bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.
E\u011fer sermayenin bu iki \u00f6\u011fesi aras\u0131ndaki oran, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bire-bir idiyse, sanayiin ilerlemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda be\u015fe-bir, vb. haline gelecektir. E\u011fer, toplam 600’l\u00fck bir sermaye \u00fczerinden 300’\u00fc aletlere, hammaddelere, vb., 300’\u00fc ise \u00fccretlere yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, 300 yerine 600’l\u00fck bir i\u015f\u00e7i talebi yaratmak i\u00e7in toplam sermayeyi iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey gerekmeyecektir. Ama, e\u011fer 600’l\u00fck bir sermaye \u00fczerinden, 500’\u00fc makine ve malzemeye vb., yaln\u0131z 100’\u00fc \u00fccretlere yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, bu durumda 300 yerine 600’l\u00fck bir i\u015f\u00e7i talebi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 sermayenin 600’den 3.600’e \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekir. Sanayiin geli\u015fmesinde, emek talebi, demek ki, sermaye birikimi ile atba\u015f\u0131 gitmez. Ku\u015fkusuz emek talebi de b\u00fcy\u00fcr, ama sermayenin art\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re durmadan azalan bir oran i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcr.
Bu birka\u00e7 de\u011finme, modern sanayiin geli\u015fmesinin, dengeyi her g\u00fcn biraz daha i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine, kapitalistin lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda oldu\u011funu, ve bundan dolay\u0131 kapitalist \u00fcretimin genel e\u011filiminin, \u00fccretlerin ortalama d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltmek de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek, ya da emek de\u011ferini az\u00e7ok en alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na\u015feylerin e\u011filimi b\u00f6yledir diye, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, sermayenin gasplar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015ften, durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak (sayfa 89) iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 en iyi bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirme giri\u015fimlerinden vaz m\u0131 ge\u00e7melidirler? E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 b\u00f6yle yapsayd\u0131, ezilmi\u015f, art\u0131k hi\u00e7 bir umudu kalmam\u0131\u015f, \u00f6m\u00fcrboyu a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7eken yarat\u0131klar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmamak durumuna d\u00fc\u015ferdi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccret d\u00fczeyini korumak i\u00e7in giri\u015ftikleri m\u00fccadelenin t\u00fcm \u00fccretlilik sistemine ayr\u0131lmazcas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, her 100 durumdan 99’unda \u00fccretleri y\u00fckseltme yolundaki \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n belirli emek de\u011ferini koruma yolundaki \u00e7abalardan ibaret oldu\u011funu, ve kendi fiyatlar\u0131 konusunda kapitalistle tart\u0131\u015fmak zorunlulu\u011funun kendilerini meta olarak satmak zorunda olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131nda bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimi san\u0131r\u0131m. E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, sermaye ile olan g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda gerileyecek olsayd\u0131, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta \u015fu ya da bu harekete giri\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131ndan kendi kendini yoksun b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olurdu elbette.
Ayn\u0131 zamanda ve \u00fccretlilik sisteminin getirdi\u011fi genel k\u00f6lele\u015fmenin tamam\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olarak, i\u015f\u00e7iler, bu g\u00fcndelik m\u00fccadelenin kesin sonucunu fazla abartmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Unutmamalar\u0131 gerekir ki, sonu\u00e7la!a kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmektedirler, bu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n nedenlerine kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil; unutmamalar\u0131 gerekir ki, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru inen hareketi yaln\u0131zca geciktirmekte, ama y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmemektedirler; ancak ge\u00e7ici \u00e7areler bulmakta, ama hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyi etmemektedirler. Demek ki, i\u015f\u00e7iler, sermayenin ara vermeden s\u00fcr\u00fcp giden gasplar\u0131n\u0131n ya da piyasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin do\u011furdu\u011fu bu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz gerilla sava\u015flar\u0131na kendilerini tamam\u0131yla kapt\u0131rmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Anlamalar\u0131 gerekir ki, bellerini b\u00fcken, b\u00fct\u00fcn yoksullu\u011fu ile birlikte, mevcut d\u00fczen, ayn\u0131 zamanda, toplumun ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in gerekli maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve toplumsal bi\u00e7imleri de yarat\u0131r. “Adil bir i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda adil bir \u00fccret!” bi\u00e7imindeki tutucu slogan yerine, bayraklar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u015fu devrimci slogan\u0131 yazmal\u0131d\u0131rlar: “\u00dccretlilik sisteminin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131!”
Bu \u00e7ok uzun ve, korkar\u0131m ki, \u00e7ok yorucu, ama konumu doyurucu bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015flemek i\u00e7in yapmam gereken a\u00e7\u0131klamadan sonra, \u015fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kararlar\u0131 \u00f6nererek s\u00f6zlerime son verece\u011fim:
Birincisi. \u00dccret oran\u0131nda genel bir y\u00fckselme, genel k\u00e2r oran\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe yola\u00e7ar, ama geni\u015f anlam\u0131nda, meta (sayfa 90) fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemez.
\u0130kincisi. Kapitalist \u00fcretimin genel e\u011filimi, \u00fccretlerin ortalama standard\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek yolundad\u0131r.
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc. Sendikalar, sermayenin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015f merkezleri olarak yararl\u0131 i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. G\u00fc\u00e7lerini pek yerinde olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde kulland\u0131lar m\u0131, k\u0131smen hedeflerini g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda mevcut d\u00fczeni de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerini, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kesin kurtulu\u015fu, yani \u00fccretlilik sisteminin kesin olarak kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131 yerde, d\u00fczenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gerilla sava\u015flar\u0131 ile yetindikleri anda da, hedeflerini b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn yitirirler. (sayfa 91)<\/p>\n

May\u0131s sonu ve 27 Haziran 1865 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Marks taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131 bir bro\u015f\u00fcr olarak ilk kez 1898’de Londra’da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evirisi, K. Marks, \u00dccret, Fiyat ve K\u00e2r, Marks-Engels: Se\u00e7me Yap\u0131tlar, Cilt: II, s: 37-91,Birinci Bask\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Temmuz 1977]<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong>
[1*] \u015eimdi art\u0131k l00’delik sisteme ge\u00e7mi\u015f olari \u0130ngiliz para sisteminde, eskiden 12 peni 1 \u015filin, ve 20 \u015filin de 1 sterlin ediyordu. -\u00e7.
[2*] \u0130ngiliz s\u0131v\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc; 2,90 hektolitreye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. -\u00e7.
[3*] \u0130ngiliz alt\u0131n liras\u0131. -\u00e7.
[4*] Soruna \u015f\u00f6yle bir de\u011finmek. -\u00e7.
[5*] Yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 litre, yani 1 quarter’\u0131n 1\/22’si kadar. -\u00e7.
[6*] Gerekli fiyat, zorunlu fiyat. -\u00e7.<\/p>\n

[22] Bu yap\u0131t, Marx’\u0131n Birinci Enternasyonalin Haziran 1865 tarihindeki Genel Konsey toplant\u0131s\u0131na sundu\u011fu rapordur. Marx, bu rapor ile, kendi art\u0131-de\u011fer teorisinin temellerini ilk kez kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f oluyordu. Bu rapor, \u00fccret y\u00fckselmelerinin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin durumunu iyile\u015ftiremeyece\u011fini ve sendikal eylemlerin i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na taban tabana kar\u015f\u0131t oldu\u011funu iddia eden Enternasyonal \u00fcyesi John Weston’un bu hatal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltilmi\u015fse de, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ekonomik m\u00fccadelesine ve sendikalara kar\u015f\u0131 olumsuz bir tav\u0131r alan prudonculara ve lasalc\u0131lara da a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe indiriyordu. Proleterlerin kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda pasif teslimiyet\u00e7i olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kesinlikle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r; bu yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ekonomik m\u00fccadelesinin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol ve bunun \u00f6nemi konusunda teorik dayanaklar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve bu m\u00fccadelenin proletaryan\u0131n nihai hedefine, \u00fccretli k\u00f6leli\u011fe son verilmesi hedefine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu raporun elyazmas\u0131 metni muhafaza edilmi\u015ftir. Rapor ilk kez 1898’de, Londra’da, Marx’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Eleanor taraf\u0131ndan, De\u011fer, Fiyat ve K\u00e2r ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve e\u015fi Eduard Aveling de bu yay\u0131na bir \u00f6ns\u00f6z yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aveling, bu \u00f6ns\u00f6z i\u00e7in, ve ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan ilk alt\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131klar koymu\u015ftur. Bu bask\u0131da, ana ba\u015fl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar al\u0131konmu\u015ftur. -37.
[23] Ge\u00e7ici T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn 1865’te Br\u00fcksel’de yap\u0131lmas\u0131ni \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kongre yerine Londra’da bir \u00f6n kongre toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. -37.
[24] Frans\u0131z burjuva devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1793 ve 1794’te, Jakoben kongre, baz\u0131 metalar\u0131n azami fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 ve azami \u00fccretleri sabitle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. -45.
[25] \u0130ngiliz Bilimleri \u0130lerletme Derne\u011fi 1831’de kurulmu\u015ftur. Marx, burada, bu derne\u011fin iktisat \u015fubesinin Eyl\u00fcl 1861’de yap\u0131lan bir toplant\u0131s\u0131nda W. Newmarch’\u0131n (Marx, bu ki\u015finin ad\u0131n\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmaya de\u011finiyor. -46.
[26] Bkz: Robert Owen, Observations on The Effect of The Manufacturing System, London 1817 , s. 76. -46.
[27] Burada 1853-56 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131na de\u011finiliyor .-47
[28] 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerdeki konutlar\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7apta y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, toprak sahiplerinin yoksullar yarar\u0131na \u00f6dedikleri vergi miktar\u0131n\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde oturan yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015fuyla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Toprak sahipleri, kendileri i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir yarar\u0131 olmayan ama, tar\u0131msal “fazla” n\u00fcfus i\u00e7in gene de bir bar\u0131nak olabilecek bu konutlar\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak y\u0131kt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. -47.
[29] The Roya\u0131 Society of Arts. \u2014 1754’te Londra’da kurulmu\u015f olan bir burjuva e\u011fitim ve hay\u0131r derne\u011fi. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bildiri, John Morton’un o\u011flu John Chalmers Morton taraf\u0131ndan okunmu\u015ftur. -47.
[30] Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131. \u2014 D\u0131\u015fardan yap\u0131lan tah\u0131l ithalat\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamay\u0131 ya da yasaklamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprakbeylerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak \u00fczere konulmu\u015ftu. 1838’de Manchesterli fabrikat\u00f6rler Cobden ve Bright, Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Birlik adl\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kurdular. Bu Birlik, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z serbest ticaret istemini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek ve toprak aristokrasisinin ekonomik ve siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flatmak amac\u0131yla Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131. Bu m\u00fccadele sonucunda Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131 1846’da kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. -48.
[31] Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. I, Edinburg 1814, s. 93. -65.
[32] Thomas Hobbes, “Leviathan: or the Matter, Form, and Pover of a Common wealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil”, The English Works, London 1839, c. III, s. 76. -67.
[33] Burada \u0130ngiltere’nin, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonundaki Frans\u0131z burjuva devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Fransa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flara de\u011finiliyor. O s\u0131ralar \u0130ngiltere’de h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan, halk\u0131 sindirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ter\u00f6r h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 ayaklanmalar bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerini yasaklayan yasalar \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. -81.
[34] Marx burada Malthus’un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bro\u015f\u00fcre de\u011finiyor: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and the Principles by Which It is Regulated, London1815. -81.
[35] \u0130\u015fevleri, \u0130ngiltere’de, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kurulmu\u015ftu. 1834’te Yoksullar Yasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, i\u015fevleri yoksullara yap\u0131lan tek yard\u0131m oldu; bunlar hapisane disiplinini an\u0131msatan kat\u0131 disiplinleriyle \u00fcn salm\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve halk taraf\u0131ndan “yoksul bastilleri” diye an\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. -81.
[36] Burada, 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015f bulunan On-Saat Yasas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ngiliz parlamentosunda \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve gen\u00e7lerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 konusunda \u015eubat ve Mart 1832’de \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bulunan tart\u0131\u015fmalara de\u011finiliyor .-82.
[37] Juggernaut (Jagannath). \u2014 Hindu tanr\u0131s\u0131 Kri\u015fna ya da Vin\u015fu’nun adlar\u0131ndan biri. Juggernaut Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 rahipleri y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal haclardan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar elde ediyorlar ve bayaderelerin, tap\u0131nakta ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n fuh\u015funu te\u015fvik ediyorlard\u0131. Juggernaut’a tap\u0131nma, inanm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kendi nefslerine eziyet etmelerinde kendilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmelerinde ifadesini bulan tantanal\u0131 dinsel ayinlerle ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fanatisizmle belirginle\u015fmekteydi. Juggernaut’un an\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lan y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck festivalde hac\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131, kendilerini, putu ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00fcy\u00fck araban\u0131n tekerlekleri altma at\u0131yorlard\u0131. -83.
[38] 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri \u0130ngiltere’de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan Yoksullar Yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re, her cemaat, yoksullar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir vergi \u00f6demek zorundayd\u0131. Kendilerine bakamayacak durumda olan cemaat \u00fcyeleri, yoksullara yard\u0131m dernekleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z yard\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. -86.
[39] Bkz: Karl Marx, Kapital, Birinci Cilt, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1975, s. 806, dipnot 70: “Biz burada, ger\u00e7ek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri, serbest g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerle\u015ftikleri bakir topraklar\u0131 ele al\u0131yoruz. Birle\u015fik Devletler, ekonomik anlamda, bug\u00fcn bile ancak Avrupa’n\u0131n bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesidir. Ayr\u0131ca, bu kategoriye, k\u00f6leli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile daha \u00f6nceki ko\u015fullar\u0131n tamam\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu eski plantasyonlar da girer.”
S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerde toprak, her yerde, zorla \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet haline getirildi\u011finden, \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fcreticiler haline gelme olanaklar\u0131ndan yoksun kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. -88.
[40] David Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation, London 1821, s. 476. -88<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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