{"id":5852,"date":"2011-03-10T19:09:23","date_gmt":"2011-03-10T16:09:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/10\/fransada-ic-savas-friedrich-engelsin-girisi\/"},"modified":"2011-03-10T19:09:23","modified_gmt":"2011-03-10T16:09:23","slug":"fransada-ic-savas-friedrich-engelsin-girisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/fransada-ic-savas-friedrich-engelsin-girisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f | Friedrich Engels’in Giri\u015fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Enternasyonal Genel Konseyinin Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f \u00dczerindeki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ve buna bir giri\u015f eklemeye ans\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131m. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, burada, en \u00f6zsel noktalara de\u011finmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapamam.
Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce, Genel Konseyin Frans\u0131z-Alman sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki daha k\u0131sa olan iki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veriyorum. \u0130lkin, \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’ta, birincisi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kendi ba\u015f\u0131na iyice anla\u015f\u0131labilir olmayan ikinci \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya iletmede bulunuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in. Sonra, gene Marks taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan bu iki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u0130\u00e7Sava\u015f derecesinde, yazar\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez olarak Louis Bonaparte’\u0131n 18 Brumaire’i’nde (sayfa: 213) verdi\u011fi, ve b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihsel olaylar\u0131n nitelik, anlam ve zorunlu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, daha bu olaylar g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde olup bitti\u011fi ya da daha yeni tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kavranmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015fa\u015f\u0131las\u0131 yetene\u011fin \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6rnekleri olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in. Ve son olarak da, Almanya’da bug\u00fcn bile, bu olaylar\u0131n, Marks taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nceden bildirilmi\u015f bulunan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na katlanma zorunda oldu\u011fumuz i\u00e7in.
Birinci \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceden haber verdi\u011fi \u015feyin, yani e\u011fer Almanya’n\u0131n Louis Bonaparte’a kar\u015f\u0131 savunma sava\u015f\u0131, Frans\u0131z halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir fetih sava\u015f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde yozla\u015f\u0131rsa, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 [116] denilen sava\u015flardan sonra Almanya \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f bulunan t\u00fcm ac\u0131lar\u0131n yeni bir yo\u011funlukla yeniden canlanacaklar\u0131 kehanetinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi mi? Demagoglara [117] kar\u015f\u0131 kovu\u015fturmalar\u0131n yerini almak \u00fczere, ayn\u0131 keyfe ba\u011fl\u0131 polis y\u00f6netimi ile, yasan\u0131n t\u0131pat\u0131p ayn\u0131 korkun\u00e7 yorumlama bi\u00e7imi ile, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yasa [118] ve sosyalist av\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi Bismarck egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka yirmi y\u0131l daha ya\u015famad\u0131k m\u0131?
Alsas-Loren’in ilhak\u0131n\u0131n Fransa’y\u0131 Rusya’n\u0131n kollar\u0131na ataca\u011f\u0131, ve bu ilhaktan sonra, Almanya’n\u0131n, ya Rusya’n\u0131n haraca ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 durumuna gelece\u011fi, ya da k\u0131sa bir soluk alma zaman\u0131ndan sonra, yeni bir sava\u015fa, ve do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, “bu \u0131rklar sava\u015f\u0131na, birle\u015fmi\u015f Latin ve Slav \u0131rklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir sava\u015fa” haz\u0131rlanma zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131 yolundaki kehanet harfi harfine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi mi? Frans\u0131z illerinin ilhak\u0131, Fransa’y\u0131 Rusya’n\u0131n kollar\u0131na itmedi mi? K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Prusya’n\u0131n, “Avrupa’n\u0131n birinci g\u00fcc\u00fc” olmadan \u00f6nce, Kutsal-Rusya’n\u0131n ayaklar\u0131na serme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu hizmetlerden daha da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k hizmetler sunacak kadar al\u00e7alan Bismarck, tam yirmi y\u0131l boyunca, \u00e7ar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcne girmek i\u00e7in bo\u015funa \u00e7abalamad\u0131 m\u0131? Ve daha birinci g\u00fcn\u00fc, prenslerin b\u00fct\u00fcn ittifak antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n toz olup gidecekleri bir sava\u015f tehdidinin, Demokles’in k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 gibi, her g\u00fcn kafam\u0131z\u0131n \u00fczerinde sallan\u0131p durdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor mu? Sonucunun mutlak belirsizli\u011finden ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir \u015feyi kesin olmayan bir sava\u015f, t\u00fcm Avrupa’y\u0131 onbe\u015f-yirmi milyon silahl\u0131 adam\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131p ge\u00e7irmesine teslim edecek (sayfa: 214) bir \u0131rklar sava\u015f\u0131; ve e\u011fer bu sava\u015f hen\u00fcz patlak vermiyorsa, bunun tek nedeni b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri devletlerden en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn onun sonal sonucunu \u00f6nceden g\u00f6rme mutlak olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korkuya kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r.
1870 uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i siyasetinin bu parlak ve yar\u0131 unutulmu\u015f \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden Alman i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcne sermek, \u015fimdi her zamandan daha zorunludur.
Bu iki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru olan \u015fey, Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f \u00fczerindeki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 i\u00e7in de do\u011frudur. 28 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc, Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn son sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, Belleville [119] yama\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde, \u00fcst\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7lerine yenik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, ve iki g\u00fcn sonra, 30 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc, Marks, Genel Konsey \u00f6n\u00fcnde, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihsel anlam\u0131n\u0131n birka\u00e7 keskin, ama \u00f6ylesine kavray\u0131\u015fl\u0131, ve \u00f6zellikle bu konuda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f son derece zengin yaz\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde e\u015fi bo\u015funa aranacak derecede do\u011fru \u00e7izgi i\u00e7inde belirlenmi\u015f bulundu\u011fu bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 okuyordu.
Fransa’n\u0131n 1789’dan sonraki iktisadi ve siyasal geli\u015fmesi sonucu, elli y\u0131ldan bu yana, Paris’te hi\u00e7 bir devrim proleter bir niteli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnmeksizin patlak verememi\u015ftir; \u00f6yle ki, zaferden sonra, onu kan\u0131 pahas\u0131na sat\u0131nalm\u0131\u015f bulunan proletarya, kendi \u00f6z istemleri ile sahneye giriyordu. Bu istemler, Paris i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan eri\u015filmi\u015f bulunan olgunluk derecesine g\u00f6re, az\u00e7ok bulan\u0131k, hatta kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k idiler; ama, k\u0131sacas\u0131, hepsi de kapitalistler ile i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetiyorlard\u0131. Bu i\u015fin nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ise, do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bilinmiyordu. Ama, hen\u00fcz bi\u00e7imi i\u00e7inde ne kadar belirsiz olursa olsun, iste\u011fin kendisi, tek ba\u015f\u0131na, kurulu toplumsal d\u00fczen i\u00e7in bir tehlike i\u00e7eriyordu; bu istemi ileri s\u00fcren i\u015f\u00e7iler hen\u00fcz silahl\u0131 idiler; \u00f6yleyse iktidarda bulunan burjuvalar i\u00e7in, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 birinci g\u00f6revdi. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kan\u0131 pahas\u0131na kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f her devrimden sonra, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yenilgisi ile sonu\u00e7lanan yeni bir m\u00fccadele patlak verir.
Bu, ilk kez olarak 1848’de b\u00f6yle oldu. Parlamenter muhalefetin liberal burjuvalar\u0131, kendi partilerinin egemenli\u011fini sa\u011flama ba\u011flayacak se\u00e7im reformunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini istedikleri \u015f\u00f6lenler d\u00fczenlediler. H\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinde, gitgide halka daha \u00e7ok ba\u015fvurma zorunda (sayfa: 215) kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan, giderek burjuvazinin radikal ve cumhuriyet\u00e7i katmanlar\u0131na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck tan\u0131malar\u0131 gerekiyordu, Ama, onlar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda da devrimci i\u015f\u00e7iler duruyordu, ve bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, 1830’dan [120] bu yana, burjuvalar\u0131n ve hatta cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerinden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorlard\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ile muhalefet aras\u0131ndaki bunal\u0131m patlak verince, i\u015f\u00e7iler sokak sava\u015flar\u0131na giri\u015ftiler. Louis-Philippe toz oldu, ve onunla birlikte se\u00e7im reformu da; onun yerine, zafer kazanm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendilerinin niteledikleri gibi, “toplumsal” cumhuriyet kuruldu. Toplumsal cumhuriyetten ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ise, kimse, hatta i\u015f\u00e7iler bile pek bilmiyordu. Ama \u015fimdi i\u015f\u00e7ilerin silahlar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve devlet i\u00e7inde bir g\u00fc\u00e7 idiler. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, iktidarda bulunan cumhuriyet\u00e7i burjuvalar ayaklar\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki topra\u011f\u0131n daha sa\u011flam bir duruma geldi\u011fini sezer sezmez, ilk ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ileri silahs\u0131zland\u0131rmak oldu. Bu i\u015f \u015f\u00f6yle yap\u0131ld\u0131: verilen s\u00f6z, bile bile \u00e7i\u011fnenerek, proleterler a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a horg\u00f6r\u00fclerek, i\u015fsizleri uzak bir ile s\u00fcrmeye giri\u015ferek, i\u015f\u00e7iler 1848 Haziran ayaklanmas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. H\u00fck\u00fcmet say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7ler toplamaya dikkat etmi\u015fti. Be\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck kahramanca bir m\u00fccadeleden sonra, i\u015f\u00e7iler ezildiler. O zaman savunmas\u0131z tutsaklar aras\u0131nda, Roma Cumhuriyetinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan i\u00e7 sava\u015flar g\u00fcnlerinden bu yana bir benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bulunan bir insan k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na giri\u015fildi. Proletarya kendi \u00f6z \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve kendi \u00f6z istemleri ile ayr\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kma c\u00fcretinde bulunur bulunmaz, burjuvazi \u00f6calmada hangi \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kadar y\u00fckselebilece\u011fini ilk kez g\u00f6steriyordu. Ve gene de 1848, 1871 burjuvazisinin kudurganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hen\u00fcz bir \u00e7ocuk oyunundan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131.
Ceza, kendini bekletmedi. E\u011fer proletarya hen\u00fcz Fransa’y\u0131 y\u00f6netemiyor idiyse, burjuvazi de art\u0131k y\u00f6netemiyordu. Hi\u00e7 de\u011filse burjuvazinin hen\u00fcz \u00e7o\u011funlukla kralc\u0131 e\u011filimde oldu\u011fu, ve \u00fc\u00e7 hanedanc\u0131 parti [121] ile bir d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc cumhuriyet\u00e7i parti bi\u00e7iminde b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde demek istiyorum. Ser\u00fcvenci Louis Bonaparte’\u0131n, b\u00fct\u00fcn kilit noktalar\u0131n\u0131 ordu, polis, y\u00f6netim mekanizmas\u0131 elege\u00e7irmesini ve 2 Aral\u0131k 1851 g\u00fcn\u00fc [122] burjuvazinin son kalesi olan Ulusal Meclisi havaya u\u00e7urmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015feyler de, burjuvazinin bu (sayfa: 216) i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeleridir. \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorluk, ve onunla birlikte de Fransa’n\u0131n bir siyaset ve maliye ser\u00fcvencileri \u00e7etesi taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ba\u015flad\u0131; ama ayn\u0131 zamanda, sanayi de, Louis-Philippe’in, b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazinin sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015ftalay\u0131c\u0131 egemenli\u011fi ile birlikte soysuz ve p\u0131s\u0131r\u0131k sisteminin ona hi\u00e7 bir zaman veremeyece\u011fi bir at\u0131l\u0131m kazand\u0131. Louis Bonaparte, burjuvalar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131, ve s\u0131ras\u0131 gelince i\u015f\u00e7ileri de burjuvalara kar\u015f\u0131 koruma bahanesi ile, kapitalistlerin elinden siyasal iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131; ama, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, egemenli\u011fi, spek\u00fclasyon ve s\u0131nai etkinli\u011fi, uzun s\u00f6z\u00fcn k\u0131sas\u0131, t\u00fcm burjuvazinin y\u00fckselme ve zenginle\u015fmesini, g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f derecede kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bununla birlikte, imparator saray\u0131 \u00e7evresinde toplanan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 r\u00fc\u015fvet ve soygun da \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek bir derecede geli\u015fip, bu zenginle\u015fme \u00fczerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fczdeler vurdular.
Ama \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorluk demek, Frans\u0131z \u015fovenizmine bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131, Birinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun 1814’te yitirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n, ya da en az\u0131ndan Birinci Cumhuriyet [123] s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n istenmesi demekti. Eski krall\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, ve asl\u0131nda, 1815’in daha da budanm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir Frans\u0131z \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u00a0 bu durum uzun zaman s\u00fcremezdi. Devirli sava\u015flar ve toprak geni\u015fletmeleri zorunlulu\u011fu, i\u015fte buradan geliyordu. Ama Frans\u0131z \u015fovenlerinin imgeleme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, Ren’in sol Alman k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fethi kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen bir ba\u015fka fetih yoktu. Ren \u00fczerinde bir fersah karelik yer, Alplerde ya da ba\u015fka herhangi bir yerdeki on fersah karelik bir yerden \u00e7ok daha \u00e7ekici geliyordu onlara. \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorluk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e, Ren’in sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na bir kerede ya da par\u00e7a par\u00e7a yeniden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f istemi, bir zaman sorunundan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. 1866 Avusturya-Prusya sava\u015f\u0131 [124] ile bunun zaman\u0131 geldi; Bismarck’tan ve kendi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131-kurnaz karars\u0131zl\u0131k siyasetinden umdu\u011fu “toprak \u00f6d\u00fcnmeleri”nden d\u00fc\u015f k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131ktan sonra, Bonaparte’a art\u0131k 1870’te patlak veren ve onu Sedan’da ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Wilhelmshoehe’de \u015fapa oturtan sava\u015ftan [101] ba\u015fka bir yol kalm\u0131yordu.
Bunun zorunlu sonucu 4 Eyl\u00fcl 1870 Paris devrimi oldu. \u0130mparatorluk iskambilden bir \u015fato gibi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, cumhuriyet yeniden il\u00e2n edildi. Ama d\u00fc\u015fman kap\u0131dayd\u0131: (sayfa: 217) \u0130mparatorluk ordular\u0131, ya Metz’de iyice ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ya da Almanya’da tutsak idiler. Bu umutsuz durum i\u00e7inde, halk, eski yasama meclisinin Paris milletvekillerine, “ulusal savunma h\u00fck\u00fcmeti” olarak, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme yetkisini verdi. Savunmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in eli silah tutan b\u00fct\u00fcn Parisliler o s\u0131rada Ulusal Muhaf\u0131za girmi\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7iler \u015fimdi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde silahlanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, halk bu yetkiyi seve seve vermi\u015fti. Ama hemen salt burjuvadan bile\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmet ile silahl\u0131 proletarya aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k, patlak vermekte gecikmedi, 31 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7i taburlar\u0131 Belediye Dalresine (Hotel de ville) sald\u0131rd\u0131lar ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyelerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tutsak ettiler; ihanet, h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek bir and\u0131n\u0131 bozma, ve baz\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuva taburlar\u0131n i\u015fe kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, onlara \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kazand\u0131rd\u0131 ve, yabanc\u0131 bir ordu taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kent i\u00e7inde i\u00e7 sava\u015fa yola\u00e7mamak i\u00e7in, ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
Ensonu, 28 Ocak 1871 g\u00fcn\u00fc, a\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015f Paris boyune\u011fiyordu. Ama sava\u015f tarihinde o g\u00fcne de\u011fin g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir onurla. Tabyalar b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131, tahkimatlar silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Sava\u015f tutsaklar\u0131 say\u0131lan cephe ve gezici muhaf\u0131z birliklerinin silahlar\u0131 teslim edildi. Ama Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z, silahlar\u0131n\u0131 ve toplar\u0131n\u0131 korudu ve yenenler ile sadece bir b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma durumuna ge\u00e7ti. Ve yenenlerin kendileri de Paris’e bir zafer giri\u015fi yapmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alamad\u0131lar. Ancak Paris’in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00f6\u015fesini, onu da sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne i\u015fgali g\u00f6ze alabildiler! Ve bu zaman boyunca, Paris’i 131 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015f bulunan onlar, hi\u00e7 bir “Prusyal\u0131”n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 sald\u0131rgana b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015fenin dar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmamas\u0131n\u0131 dikkatle g\u00f6zeten silahl\u0131 Paris i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Parisli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, b\u00fct\u00fcn imparatorluk birliklerinin silahlar\u0131n\u0131 kendisine teslim ettikleri ordu \u00fczerinde uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayg\u0131 \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc; ve devrim oca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6calmak i\u00e7in gelmi\u015f bulunan Prusyal\u0131 junkerler (toprak a\u011falar\u0131), bu ayn\u0131 silahl\u0131 devrim kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sayg\u0131 ile durmak ve onu selamlamak zorunda kald\u0131lar!
Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Parisli i\u015f\u00e7iler, sava\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcpeklikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini istemekle yetinmi\u015flerdi. Ama Paris’in tesliminden sonra bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n [125] yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u015fu s\u0131rada, yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Thiers \u015funu anlamak zorundayd\u0131: Parisli i\u015f\u00e7iler silahl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131 s\u00fcrece, varl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri (sayfa: 218) ve kapitalistlerin egemenli\u011fi s\u00fcrekli olarak tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunacakt\u0131. \u0130lk i\u015fi onlar\u0131 silahs\u0131zland\u0131rmaya giri\u015fmek oldu. 18 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc, Paris ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda halktan toplanan paralarla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan Ulusal Muhaf\u0131za ait toplara elkoyma buyru\u011fu ile, cephe birliklerini g\u00f6nderdi. Giri\u015fim ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131. Paris kendini savunmak i\u00e7in tek bir adam gibi ayakland\u0131, ve Paris ile Versailles’da bulunan Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda sava\u015f il\u00e2n edildi; 26 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc, Kom\u00fcn se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti; 28 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc il\u00e2n edildi; o g\u00fcne kadar iktidar\u0131 kullanan Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z Merkez Komitesi, utan\u00e7 verici Paris “ahl\u00e2k polisi”ni bir buyrultu (kararname) ile kald\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, Kom\u00fcn yarar\u0131na iktidar\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131. 30 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc, Kom\u00fcn, askerlik yoklamas\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli orduyu kald\u0131rd\u0131, ve t\u00fcm sa\u011flam yurtta\u015flar\u0131n kat\u0131lacaklar\u0131 Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z\u0131 tek silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak il\u00e2n etti; Ekim 1870’ten Nisana kadar olan konut kiralar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6demeleri iptal etti, halen \u00f6denmi\u015f bulunan miktarlar\u0131 da gelecek kira \u00f6demelerine sayd\u0131, ve belediye emniyet sand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hacizli her t\u00fcrl\u00fc e\u015fyan\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 durdurdu. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn, Kom\u00fcne se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bulunan yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri de onayland\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc “Kom\u00fcn bayra\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya cumhuriyetinin bayra\u011f\u0131d\u0131r”.\u00a0 1 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, bir Kom\u00fcn g\u00f6revlisinin, \u00f6yleyse Kom\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin de, en y\u00fcksek maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, [y\u0131lda -\u00e7.] 6.000 frang\u0131 (4.800 mark) ge\u00e7emeyece\u011fi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ertesi g\u00fcn, kilise ile devletin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve din i\u015fleri b\u00fct\u00e7esinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn kilise mallar\u0131n\u0131n ulusal m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; sonu\u00e7 olarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn dinsel simge, dua ve dogmalar\u0131n, k\u0131sacas\u0131 “herkesin bireysel vicdan\u0131 ile ilgili her \u015feyin” okullardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 buyruldu ve bu buyruk yava\u015f yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.\u00a0 5 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, Versailles birliklerinin tutsak Kom\u00fcn sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 her g\u00fcn idam etmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, rehinelerin tutuklanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir buyrultu yay\u0131mland\u0131, ama bu buyrultu hi\u00e7 bir zaman uygulanmad\u0131.\u00a0 6 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z\u0131n 137. taburu gidip giyotini ald\u0131 ve halk\u0131n sevin\u00e7 g\u00f6sterileri i\u00e7inde herkesin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yakt\u0131.\u00a0 12 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, Kom\u00fcn, Napol\u00e9on taraf\u0131ndan, 1809 sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fc\u015fmandan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f toplar ile d\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bulunan Vend\u00f4me s\u00fctununu, \u015fovenizm ve halklar\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma simgesi oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle, y\u0131kmay\u0131 (sayfa: 219) kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Karar 16 May\u0131sta yerine getirildi. 16 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, Kom\u00fcn, sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilmesi durdurulmu\u015f fabrikalar\u0131n bir say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu i\u015fletmelerin y\u00f6netimini o g\u00fcne de\u011fin bu i\u015fletmelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve kooperatif birlikler i\u00e7inde biraraya gelecek olan i\u015f\u00e7ilere vermek ve bu kooperatif birlikleri de bir tek b\u00fcy\u00fck federasyon bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek i\u00e7in planlar haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 buyurdu. – 20 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n gece i\u015fini ve \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorluktan bu yana polis taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen ve birinci s\u0131n\u0131f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olan bireyler elinde tekelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bulunan i\u015fbulma b\u00fcrolar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131; bu b\u00fcrolar yirmi Paris il\u00e7esi (arrondissement) belediyelerine ba\u011fland\u0131lar.\u00a0 30 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, Kom\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6zel bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan ve onlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma aletleri ve kredi hakk\u0131 ile \u00e7eli\u015fki durumunda bulunan emniyet sand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 buyurdu.\u00a0 5 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc, Louis XVI’nin idam\u0131n\u0131n tel\u00e2fisi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan kefaret kilisesinin y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.
B\u00f6ylece, 18 Marttan sonra, Paris hareketinin, o g\u00fcne de\u011fin yabanc\u0131 istil\u00e2ya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin geri-plan\u0131na itilmi\u015f bulunan s\u0131n\u0131f niteli\u011fi, keskin ve ar\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kom\u00fcnde hemen hemen i\u015f\u00e7ilerden ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcnl\u00fc temsilcilerinden ba\u015fka kimse bulunmuyordu; bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Kom\u00fcn kararlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a proleter bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kom\u00fcn, ya dinin devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir sorundan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolundaki ilkenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gibi, cumhuriyet\u00e7i burjuvazinin salt korkakl\u0131ktan savsaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr eylemi i\u00e7in zorunlu bir temel olu\u015fturan reformlar\u0131 buyuruyor; ya da do\u011frudan do\u011fruya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yarar\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ve bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eski toplumsal d\u00fczende de derin \u00e7atlaklar a\u00e7an kararlar il\u00e2n ediyordu. Ama t\u00fcm bunlar, ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kentte, en \u00e7ok bir ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olamazd\u0131. Ve, daha may\u0131s\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerinden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, Versailles h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin durmadan daha kalabal\u0131k birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele, t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7leri kendisi ile u\u011frat\u0131rd\u0131.
7 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, Versayl\u0131lar, Neuilly’de, Paris’in bat\u0131 cephesi \u00fczerinde, Seine ge\u00e7idini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 11 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcney cephesinde, general Eudes’in bir sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine, kanl\u0131 yitiklerle p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fcler. Paris, hem (sayfa: 220) de bu kentin Prusyal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bombalanmas\u0131n\u0131 kutsal \u015feylere kar\u015f\u0131 sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak damgalayan ayn\u0131 ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan, durup dinlenmeksizin bombalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ayn\u0131 ki\u015filer, Sedan ve Metz [126] tutsa\u011f\u0131 Frans\u0131z askerlerinin, onlara Paris’i yeniden fethettirmek i\u00e7in, bir an \u00f6nce yurda g\u00f6nderilmelerini, Prusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden dilenircesine istiyorlard\u0131. Bu birliklerin kerteli geli\u015fi, may\u0131s ba\u015flar\u0131ndan sonra, Versayl\u0131lara kesin bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Bu durum, daha 23 Nisanda, Thiers, Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine ba\u015flayan ve tutsak olarak al\u0131konan Paris ba\u015fpiskoposu [1*] ve ba\u015fka bir s\u00fcr\u00fc papaz\u0131n, Kom\u00fcne iki kez se\u00e7ilen, ama Clairvaux’da tutsak bulunan bir tek Blanqui ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini g\u00f6zeten g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri kesti\u011fi zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ve Thiers’nin dilindeki ton de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde kendini daha da \u00e7ok duyurdu; o g\u00fcne kadar savsaklay\u0131c\u0131 ve ikircil olan Thiers, birdenbire sayg\u0131s\u0131z, tehdit edici, kaba kesildi. G\u00fcney cephesinde Versayl\u0131lar, 3 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc, Moulin-Saquet tabyas\u0131n\u0131, 9 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fc top ate\u015fiyle ba\u015ftanba\u015fa y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f lssy kalesini, 14 May\u0131sta da Vanves kalesini ald\u0131lar. Bat\u0131 cephesinde, bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6y ve istihk\u00e2mlara biti\u015fik yap\u0131lar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek, yava\u015f yava\u015f surun kendisine do\u011fru ilerlediler. Ay\u0131n 12’sinde, ihanet ve Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z g\u00f6zc\u00fc postas\u0131n\u0131n savsaklamas\u0131 sonucu kente girmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Kuzey ve do\u011fudaki kaleleri i\u015fgal eden Prusyal\u0131lar, Versayl\u0131lar\u0131n, b\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma ile kendilerine yasaklanm\u0131\u015f bulunan kentin kuzeyindeki topraklardan ilerlemelerine g\u00f6zyumdular, ve b\u00f6ylece, Parislilerin s\u00f6zle\u015fme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla korunduklar\u0131n\u0131 sand\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden pek asker bulundurmad\u0131klar\u0131 geni\u015f bir cephe \u00fczerinden sald\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, Paris’in bat\u0131 yar\u0131s\u0131nda, as\u0131l l\u00fcks kentinde ancak az bir direni\u015f oldu. \u0130stil\u00e2 birlikleri do\u011fu yar\u0131ya, as\u0131l i\u015f\u00e7i mahallelerine yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, diren\u00e7 daha zorlu ve direngen oldu. Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn son savunucular\u0131 ancak sekiz g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir sava\u015ftan sonrad\u0131r ki Belleville ve M\u00e9nilmontant tepeleri \u00fczerinde yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler, ve savunmas\u0131z erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n, b\u00fct\u00fcn hafta s\u00fcren ve durmadan artan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal toplu k\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, i\u015fte o zaman doru\u011funa vard\u0131. T\u00fcfek art\u0131k yeterince \u00e7abuk \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fcyordu, yeniklerin y\u00fczlercesi (sayfa: 221) birarada makineli t\u00fcfekle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Son y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal insan k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 P\u00e9re-Lachaise mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Federeler Duvar\u0131, proletarya kendi hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in ayaklanmaya c\u00fcret eder etmez y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yetenekli oldu\u011fu ta\u015fk\u0131n \u00f6fkenin ayn\u0131 zamanda hem dilsiz hem de uzdilli tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayaktad\u0131r. Sonra, b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u00fcnc\u00fclerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcnce, s\u0131ra, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal tutuklamalara, tutsaklar s\u0131ralar\u0131ndan geli\u015fig\u00fczel se\u00e7ilmi\u015f kurbanlar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine, \u00f6tekilerin de sava\u015f divanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmay\u0131 beklemek \u00fczere, b\u00fcy\u00fck kamplara s\u00fcrg\u00fcn cezas\u0131na geldi. Paris’in kuzey yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7evresinde ordug\u00e2h kurmu\u015f bulunan Prusya birliklerine, hi\u00e7 bir ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irmeme buyru\u011fu verilmi\u015fti; ama erler kendilerine verilen buyruktan \u00e7ok insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sesini dinledikleri zaman, subaylar \u00e7o\u011fu kez g\u00f6zlerini yumdular; ve \u00e7ok insanca davranan ve Kom\u00fcn sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olduklar\u0131 besbelli bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n ge\u00e7mesine g\u00f6zyuman Saksonya kolordusunu \u00f6zellikle \u00f6vmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

E\u011fer, bug\u00fcn, yirmi y\u0131l sonra, geriye do\u011fru, 1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn etkinlik ve tarihsel anlam\u0131 \u00fczerine bir g\u00f6zatarsak, Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’\u0131n bu konuda vermi\u015f bulundu\u011fu betimlemeye yap\u0131lacak baz\u0131 katmalar oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.
Kom\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri, Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z Merkez Komitesinde egemenlik kurmu\u015f bulunan bir blankiciler \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ile, \u00e7o\u011fu prudoncu sosyalistlerden bile\u015fen Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011fi \u00fcyelerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir az\u0131nl\u0131k bi\u00e7iminde b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Genel olarak, blankiciler o s\u0131ralarda sadece devrimci i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ile, proleter i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ile sosyalist idiler; aralar\u0131ndan sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Alman bilimsel sosyalizmini bilen Vaillant sayesinde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilke a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na eri\u015fmi\u015f bulunuyordu. \u0130ktisadi d\u00fczeyde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gereken bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin savsaklanm\u0131\u015f bulunmas\u0131 da, b\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Kavranmas\u0131 en g\u00fc\u00e7 olan \u015fey, ku\u015fkusuz Frans\u0131z Bankas\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde durduran o kutsal sayg\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, ayr\u0131ca a\u011f\u0131r bir siyasal yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k da oldu. Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn elindeki banka, onbin rehineden daha de\u011ferliydi. Bu, Kom\u00fcn ile bar\u0131\u015f yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, Versailles h\u00fck\u00fcmeti (sayfa: 222) \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 yapan t\u00fcm Frans\u0131z burjuvazisi demekti. Ama as\u0131l \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak \u015fey, blankici ve prudonculardan bile\u015fmi\u015f Kom\u00fcn taraf\u0131ndan gene de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan bir\u00e7ok do\u011fru \u015feydir. Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn iktisadi buyrultular\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun, \u015fanl\u0131 ve daha az \u015fanl\u0131 y\u00f6nleri ile, en ba\u015fta prudonculara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendili\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r\u00a0 t\u0131pk\u0131 siyasal eylem ve eksikliklerin sorumlulu\u011funun blakicilere d\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi. Ve her iki durumda da, tarihin ironisi doktrinerlerin iktidara ge\u00e7tikleri her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi, her iki ak\u0131m yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, kendi okul \u00f6\u011fretilerinin onlara buyurdu\u011fu \u015feyin tam tersini yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi.
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sosyalisti olan Proudhon, ortakl\u0131ktan (association) kesin olarak ho\u015flanm\u0131yordu. Ortakl\u0131k konusunda, onun yarardan \u00e7ok sak\u0131nca i\u00e7erdi\u011fini, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131r, hatta i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engelleyebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu; verimsiz ve engelleyici, ba\u011fs\u0131z ko\u015fulsuz bir dogma olarak, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile oldu\u011fu kadar, emek tasarrufu ile de \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011finden, zararlar\u0131n\u0131n yararlar\u0131ndan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; onun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, rekabet, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin, iktisadi g\u00fc\u00e7ler olarak kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin demiryollar\u0131 gibi, ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu istisnai durumlar Proudhon bunlar\u0131 b\u00f6yle adland\u0131r\u0131r i\u00e7in yersiz olmayacakt\u0131r (bkz: Id\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la r\u00e9volution, 3. \u00e9tude).
1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda, hatta zanaat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi olan Paris’te bile, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi bir istisna olmaktan \u00f6ylesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli buyrultusu, sadece, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanmakla kalmayacak, ama b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir federasyon i\u00e7inde toplayacak bir b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi ve hatta man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kuruyordu; uzun s\u00f6z\u00fcn k\u0131sas\u0131, Marks’\u0131n \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’ta \u00e7ok hakl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, sonunda kom\u00fcnizme, yani Proudhon \u00f6\u011fretisinin tam tersine varacak olan bir \u00f6rg\u00fct. Ve Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn prudoncu sosyalizm okulunun mezar\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni de budur. Bu okul, bug\u00fcn, Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7evrelerinde yokoldu; \u015fimdi bu \u00e7evrelerde, “marksist”ler aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan daha az olmamak \u00fczere, “olanak\u00e7\u0131lar” [127] aras\u0131nda da, Marks’\u0131n teorisi s\u00f6zg\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir bi\u00e7imde egemendir. Prudoncular, h\u00e2l\u00e2 ancak “radikal” burjuvazi i\u00e7inde (sayfa: 223) bulunurlar.
\u0130\u015fler blankiciler i\u00e7in de daha iyi gitmedi. Komploculuk okulunda yeti\u015fmi\u015f, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc s\u0131k\u0131 bir disiplin ile birbirlerine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bulunan blankiciler, g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir say\u0131daki kararl\u0131 ve iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f adam\u0131n, zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde, sadece iktidar\u0131 elege\u00e7irmeye de\u011fil, ama b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131lmazl\u0131k ve g\u00f6z\u00fcpeklik g\u00f6stererek, halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 devrim i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekmeyi ve onu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00f6netici birlik y\u00f6resinde toplamay\u0131 ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in yeterince uzun bir zaman iktidarda kalmaya da yetenekli oldu\u011fu fikrinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, t\u00fcm iktidar\u0131n yeni devrimci h\u00fck\u00fcmetin elleri aras\u0131nda en s\u0131k\u0131 diktat\u00f6rce merkezle\u015fmesi gerekiyordu. Ve, \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu blankicilerden bile\u015fen Kom\u00fcn ne yapt\u0131? Ta\u015fradaki Frans\u0131zlar i\u00e7in yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bildirgelerinde, Kom\u00fcn, onlar\u0131, t\u00fcm Frans\u0131z kom\u00fcnlerinin Paris ile \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir federasyonuna, ilk kez olarak ger\u00e7ekten ulusun kendisi taraf\u0131ndan kurulacak ulusal bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu. \u00d6nceki merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bast\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcne, Napol\u00e9on taraf\u0131ndan 1798’de kurulmu\u015f, ondan sonra da, g\u00f6n\u00fcl borcu ile, her yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan yeniden ele al\u0131n\u0131p kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan ordu, siyasal polis ve b\u00fcrokrasiye gelince, Paris’te ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmi\u015f bulundu\u011fu gibi, her yerde ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmesi gereken \u015fey, i\u015fte bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn ta kendisi idi.
Kom\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, bir kez iktidara ge\u00e7tikten sonra, eski devlet makinesi ile y\u00f6netmeye devam edemeyece\u011fini hemen kabul etme zorunda kald\u0131; daha yeni elde etmi\u015f bulundu\u011fu kendi \u00f6z egemenli\u011fini yeniden yitirmemek i\u00e7in, bu i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, bir yandan o zamana de\u011fin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan eski bask\u0131 makinesini ortadan kald\u0131rmal\u0131, ama, \u00f6te yandan, kendi \u00f6z vekil ve. memurlar\u0131n\u0131 her zaman ve istisnas\u0131z g\u00f6revden al\u0131nabilir il\u00e2n ederek, onlara kar\u015f\u0131 da g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri almal\u0131yd\u0131. O g\u00fcne de\u011fin, devletin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi neye dayan\u0131yordu? Toplum, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta basit i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc arac\u0131yla, kendi ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmek i\u00e7in kendi \u00f6z \u00f6rgenliklerini kurmu\u015ftu. Ama, zamanla, doru\u011funu devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bu \u00f6rgenlikler, kendi \u00f6z \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet ederek, toplumun hizmetk\u00e2rlar\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p onun efendileri durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bu, \u00f6rne\u011fin, sadece soydan ge\u00e7me krall\u0131kta de\u011fil, ama demokratik (sayfa: 224) cumhuriyette de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. “Politikac\u0131”lar hi\u00e7 bir yerde Kuzey Amerika’da olduklar\u0131ndan daha yal\u0131t\u0131k ve daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir klan olu\u015fturmazlar. Orada, iktidarda n\u00f6bet de\u011fi\u015ftiren iki b\u00fcy\u00fck partiden herbiri, siyaseti kendine i\u015f edinen, eyaletlerin yasama meclislerinde oldu\u011fu gibi Birlik yasama meclislerindeki koltuklar \u00fczerinde de spek\u00fclasyon yapan, ya da partileri yarar\u0131na ajitasyon arac\u0131yla ge\u00e7inen ve partisinin zaferi \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlerle \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilen ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir. Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n otuz y\u0131ldan beri ta\u015f\u0131nmaz duruma gelmi\u015f bulunan bu boyunduruktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in ne kadar \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdikleri, ve her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n, bu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na durmadan daha derin bir bi\u00e7imde nas\u0131l batt\u0131klar\u0131 yeterince bilinir. Devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta basit bir aletinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayaca\u011f\u0131 toplum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda nas\u0131l ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en iyi Amerika’da g\u00f6rebiliriz. Bu \u00fclkede ne hanedan vard\u0131r, ne soyluluk, (K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin g\u00f6zetimine atanm\u0131\u015f bir avu\u00e7 asker bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa) ne s\u00fcrekli ordu, ne de de\u011fi\u015fmez g\u00f6revler ve emeklilik hakk\u0131 ile birlikte b\u00fcrokrasi. Ve gene de, orada, devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek ve onu hem de en utanmaz erekler i\u00e7in en bozulmu\u015f ara\u00e7larla s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek \u00fczere n\u00f6betle\u015fen iki b\u00fcy\u00fck spek\u00fclat\u00f6r politikac\u0131lar \u00e7etesi vard\u0131r; ve ulus, s\u00f6z\u00fcmona onun hizmetinde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen, ama ger\u00e7eklikte ona egemen olup onu soyan bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck politikac\u0131lar karteli kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczd\u00fcr.
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta toplumun hizmetk\u00e2rlar\u0131 olan devlet ve devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n, toplumun efendileri durumuna, \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm rejimlerde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, Kom\u00fcn, iki \u015fa\u015fmaz ara\u00e7 kulland\u0131. \u0130lkin, y\u00f6netim, adalet ve \u00f6\u011fretim i\u015flerindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6revlileri, ilgililerin genel oya dayanan se\u00e7im arac\u0131yla istedi\u011fini se\u00e7mesi, ve elbette, bu ayn\u0131 ilgililer taraf\u0131ndan her an g\u00f6revden al\u0131nabilmesi ilkesine ba\u011flad\u0131. Ve, ikinci olarak, en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131ndan en y\u00fckse\u011fine, b\u00fct\u00fcn hizmetlere, \u00f6b\u00fcr i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fccretten ba\u015fka bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6demedi. Genel olarak \u00f6dedi\u011fi en y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revli maa\u015f\u0131 6.000 frank idi. B\u00f6ylece, temsil organlar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen delegelerin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yetkileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, mevki ve ikbal avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 etkin bir engel konmu\u015f oluyordu.
\u015eimdiye de\u011finki bi\u00e7imi ile devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bu par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ekten demokratik yeni bir iktidar ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, (sayfa: 225) \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde betimlenmi\u015ftir. Ama, bu konunun baz\u0131 y\u00f6nleri \u00fczerinde burada k\u0131saca durmak zorunlu idi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle Almanya’da, devlet bo\u015finan\u0131, felsefeden, burjuvazinin ve hatta bir\u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7inin ortak bilincine ge\u00e7mi\u015f bulunuyor. Filozoflar\u0131n kafas\u0131nda devlet, “Fikir’in ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi” ya da Tanr\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki felsefi dile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f saltanat\u0131, sonsuz do\u011fruluk ve adaletin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ya da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi aland\u0131r. Devlete ve devlete ili\u015fkin her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan, ve be\u015fikten beri, t\u00fcm toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fleri ve b\u00fct\u00fcn ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fimdiye de\u011fin oldu\u011fundan, yani devlet ve onun gere\u011fince yerle\u015fmi\u015f otoriteleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilip \u00e7evrildiklerinden ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7ekilip \u00e7evrilemeyeceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kolay yerle\u015fen o bo\u015finana dayal\u0131 sayg\u0131 da i\u015fte buradan gelir. Ve soydan ge\u00e7me krall\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan g\u00fcvenden kurtulup da, demokratik cumhuriyet i\u00e7in g\u00fcven beslemeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, son derece g\u00f6z\u00fcpek bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131r. Ama, ger\u00e7eklikte, devlet bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ezilmesi i\u00e7in bir makineden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir, ve bu, krall\u0131kta ne kadar b\u00f6yle ise, demokratik cumhuriyette de o kadar b\u00f6yledir; bu konuda s\u00f6ylenebilecek en hafif \u015fey, devletin, muzaffer proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011fi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadelede kal\u0131t olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ve t\u0131pk\u0131 Kom\u00fcn gibi, en zararl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini hemen budamaktan kendini alamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck oldu\u011fudur; yeni ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr toplumsal ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fmi\u015f bir ku\u015fak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu devlet hurdas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndan savacak bir duruma gelinceye de\u011fin.
Sosyal-demokrat hamkafa (philistin), [128] son zamanlarda proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6ylendi\u011fini duymakla yararl\u0131 bir ter\u00f6re kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eh peki, baylar, bu diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn neye benzedi\u011fini bilmek ister misiniz? Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcne bak\u0131n\u0131z, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc idi. (sayfa: 226)<\/p>\n

Londra, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn 20. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in,
18 Mart 1891.
F. ENGELS
Neue Zeit, Bd. 2, n\u00b0 28,1890-1891 i\u00e7inde, ve Marks’\u0131n Der B\u00fcrgerkrieg in Frankreich, Berlin 1891,yap\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7inde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r
<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Enternasyonal Genel Konseyinin Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f \u00dczerindeki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ve buna bir giri\u015f eklemeye ans\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131m. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, burada, en \u00f6zsel noktalara de\u011finmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapamam. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce, Genel Konseyin Frans\u0131z-Alman sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki daha k\u0131sa olan iki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veriyorum. \u0130lkin, \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’ta, birincisi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kendi ba\u015f\u0131na iyice […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-karl-marks-fransa-da-ic-savas"],"yoast_head":"\nFransa'da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f | Friedrich Engels'in Giri\u015fi - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/fransada-ic-savas-friedrich-engelsin-girisi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fransa'da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f | Friedrich Engels'in Giri\u015fi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Enternasyonal Genel Konseyinin Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f \u00dczerindeki \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ve buna bir giri\u015f eklemeye ans\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131m. 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