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ULUSLARARASI \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 GENEL KONSEY\u0130N\u0130N FRANSIZ-ALMAN SAVA\u015eI \u00dcZER\u0130NE \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 \u00c7A\u011eRISI<\/p>\nULUSLARARASI \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 GENEL KONSEY\u0130N\u0130N FRANSIZ-ALMAN SAVA\u015eI \u00dcZER\u0130NE \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 \u00c7A\u011eRISI<\/p>\n
AVRUPA VE B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K DEVLETLER’DEK\u0130 ULUSLARARASI \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 \u00dcYELER\u0130NE<\/p>\n
23 Temmuz g\u00fcnl\u00fc birinci \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131m\u0131zda \u015f\u00f6yle diyorduk:<\/p>\n
“\u0130kinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00e7an\u0131, Paris’te daha \u015fimdiden \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. \u0130mparatorluk, ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, bir parodi ile bitecektir. Ama Louis Bonaparte’a onsekiz y\u0131l boyunca kand\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fimparatorluk kaba-g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc oynama iznini verenlerin Avrupa h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ile egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 oldu\u011funu da unutmayal\u0131m.”<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece, hatta sava\u015f harek\u00e2t\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce bile, biz bonapart\u00e7\u0131 kuruntuyu ge\u00e7mi\u015fe kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey olarak ele al\u0131yorduk.
\u0130kinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ya\u015fayabilirli\u011fi \u00fczerinde yan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, Alman sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n “s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya savunucu niteli\u011fini yitirip, Frans\u0131z halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir sava\u015f bi\u00e7iminde yozla\u015fmas\u0131”ndan korkmakta da haks\u0131z de\u011fildik. Savunma sava\u015f\u0131, ger\u00e7ekte, Louis Bonaparte’\u0131n teslim olmas\u0131, Sedan teslim \u015fartla\u015fmas\u0131 [101] ve Paris’te cumhuriyet il\u00e2n\u0131 ile tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu oylardan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce, daha imparatorluk ordular\u0131n\u0131n derin koku\u015fmu\u015flu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, Prusya askeri kamarillas\u0131 fetih yolunu se\u00e7mi\u015f bulunuyordu. Ger\u00e7i yolu \u00fczerinde k\u00f6t\u00fc bir engel vard\u0131: Kral Wilheim’in sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki bildirgeleri. Kuzey Almanya Diyetindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00f6ylevinde, kral, Frans\u0131z halk\u0131 ile de\u011fil, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n imparatoru ile sava\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ciddilik i\u00e7inde a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 11 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc Frans\u0131z halk\u0131 i\u00e7in yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bildirgede \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu:<\/p>\n
“\u0130mparator Napol\u00e9on, Frans\u0131z halk\u0131 ile bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015famak isteyen ve her zaman istemekte olan Alman ulusuna kar\u015f\u0131, karadan ve denizden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti: busald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeki\u00e7in Alman ordular\u0131n\u0131n komutas\u0131n\u0131 elime alm\u0131\u015f, ve askerizorunluluklardan\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcFransas\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131a\u015fma(sayfa: 232)zorundakalm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorum.”<\/p>\n
Alman ordular\u0131n\u0131n komutas\u0131n\u0131 ancak “sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek i\u00e7in” eline ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayarak, sava\u015f\u0131n “salt savunucu niteli\u011fi”ni olumlamakla yetinmiyor, sadece “askeri zorunluluklardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc” Fransa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fma zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011funu da ekliyordu kral. Savunucu bir sava\u015f, “askeri zorunluluklar” taraf\u0131ndan gerektirilen sald\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 harek\u00e2t\u0131, elbette d\u0131\u015ftalayamaz.
B\u00f6ylece, bu \u00e7ok dindar kral, Fransa ve d\u00fcnya \u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya savunucu bir sava\u015f yapaca\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6z vermi\u015f bulunuyordu. Onu bu cafcafl\u0131 s\u00f6zden nas\u0131l kurtarmal\u0131yd\u0131? Sahneye koyucular, onu Alman ulusunun kesin buyru\u011funa istemeye istemeye boyune\u011fen bir kral olarak g\u00f6stermeliydiler. Profes\u00f6rleri, kapitalistleri, belediye meclisi \u00fcyeleri, ve yazar\u00e7izerleri ile birlikte, Almanya liberal burjuvazisine hemen y\u00f6nergeyi verdiler. Siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadelelerinde, 1846’dan 1870’e de\u011fin, g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir karars\u0131zl\u0131k, yeteneksizlik ve \u00f6dleklik \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015f bulunan bu burjuvazi, Avrupa sahnesinde Alman yurtseverli\u011finin, k\u00fckreyen aslan\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kmaktan elbette b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sevin\u00e7 duydu. Kendine siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc verdi ve Prusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetine… bilin bakal\u0131m neyi zorla kabul ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Gene bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin gizli planlar\u0131n\u0131! Ba\u011f\u0131ra \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ra Frans\u0131z Cumhuriyetinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyerek, Louis Bonaparte’\u0131n yan\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan direngen ve yar\u0131-dindar inanc\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Biraz bu g\u00f6z\u00fcpek yurtseverlerin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini dinleyelim!
Alsas-Loren halk\u0131n\u0131n, kendini Almanya’n\u0131n kollar\u0131na atmak i\u00e7in yan\u0131p tutu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrme c\u00fcretinde bulunmazlar; tam tersine, Frans\u0131z yurtseverli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmak i\u00e7in, kentten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kale taraf\u0131ndan korunan Strasbourg, kenti yak\u0131p y\u0131kan ve savunmas\u0131z kent halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcren patlay\u0131c\u0131 “Alman” ob\u00fcsleri ile, alt\u0131 g\u00fcn boyunca kesin olarak nedensiz ve barbarca bir bi\u00e7imde bombaland\u0131! Gene de bu iller topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n eski Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir zaman olmu\u015ftu. [135] Bu nedenle, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, toprak ve bu toprakta yeti\u015fmi\u015f bulunan insanal varl\u0131klar\u0131n, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan Alman milliyeti olarak zoral\u0131m\u0131na (sayfa: 233) \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekiyor. E\u011fer Avrupa haritas\u0131 bu antikac\u0131 kafas\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden \u00e7izilecekse, Brandebourg Se\u00e7ici prensinin, Prusya’daki yurtluklar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Polonya Cumhuriyetinin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131 (Vassal) oldu\u011funu aman unutmayal\u0131m. [136]
Bununla birlikte, en k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli yurtseverler, Frans\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 “maddi bir g\u00fcvence” olarak Almanca konu\u015fan Alsas ve Loren’i isterler. Bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k kan\u0131t bir\u00e7ok kendi halinde ki\u015fiyi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00fczerinde daha uzunca durma zorunday\u0131z.
Ku\u015fku yok ki, Ren’in \u00f6b\u00fcr k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne oranla, Alsas’\u0131n genel d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve B\u00e2le ile Germersheim aras\u0131nda hemen hemen yar\u0131 yolda Strasbourg gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fcstahkem mevkiin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, G\u00fcney Almanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir Frans\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, oysa Fransa’ya G\u00fcney Almanya’dan gelen bir sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6zel g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131rlar. \u00dcstelik, Almanca konu\u015fan Alsas ve Loren’in ilhak\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00fct\u00fcn uzant\u0131s\u0131 boyunca Vosges da\u011flar\u0131 doru\u011funun ve onun kuzey ge\u00e7itlerini koruyan kalelerin egemeni olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, G\u00fcney Almanya’ya \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir s\u0131n\u0131r verece\u011finden de hi\u00e7 bir ku\u015fku yok. E\u011fer Metz de ilhak edilseydi, Fransa bir anda Almanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 belliba\u015fl\u0131 iki harek\u00e2t \u00fcss\u00fcnden yoksun kal\u0131rd\u0131; ama bu, onu Nancy ya da Verdun’de yeni \u00fcsler kurmaktan al\u0131koyamazd\u0131. Almanya, Coblence, Mayence, Germersheim, Rastadt ve Ulm gibi, Fransa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc, ve bu sava\u015fta adamak\u0131ll\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan harek\u00e2t \u00fcss\u00fcne sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, Strasbourg ile Metz’i, o k\u0131y\u0131da bulunan azbu\u00e7uk \u00f6nemli topu topu bu iki kaleyi Fransa’ya hangi y\u00fczle \u00e7ok g\u00f6rebilir?
\u00dcstelik, Strasbourg, G\u00fcney Almanya’y\u0131, ancak o Kuzey Almanya’dan ayr\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece tehdit eder. G\u00fcney Almanya, 1792’den 1795’e de\u011fin, bu y\u00f6nden hi\u00e7 bir zaman sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Frans\u0131z Devrimine kar\u015f\u0131 Prusya onun orta\u011f\u0131 idi; ama Prusya 1795’te ayr\u0131 bir bar\u0131\u015f yapar, [137] ve G\u00fcneyi kendi ba\u015f\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r b\u0131rakmaz, Strasbourg’un \u00fcs olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile, G\u00fcney Almanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1809’a de\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ger\u00e7ekte, birle\u015fmi\u015f(sayfa: 234) ve Alsas’taki herhangi bir Frans\u0131z ordusunu her zaman zarars\u0131z bir duruma getirebilir. Alman birliklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc orada bekledi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, Strasbourg’dan Almanya’ya do\u011fru ilerleyen her Frans\u0131z ordusu geriden \u00e7evrilecek ve ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tehlikeye girdi\u011fini g\u00f6recektir. E\u011fer bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kampanyan\u0131n tan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015fey varsa, o da Almanya’dan Fransa’ya sald\u0131rman\u0131n ne kadar kolay oldu\u011fudur.
Ama, iyi niyetle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, askeri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, uluslar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kendisine g\u00f6re saptanmalar\u0131 gereken ilke durumuna getirmek bir sa\u00e7mal\u0131k ve bir \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fil midir? E\u011fer bu kurala uymak gerekseydi, Avusturya, Venedik ve Mincio hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinde, ve Fransa da, kuzey-do\u011fudan gelecek bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya, Berlin’in g\u00fcney-bat\u0131dan gelecek bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya oldu\u011fundan kesenkes daha a\u00e7\u0131k bulunan Paris’i korumak i\u00e7in, Ren hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 hak sahibi olurdu. E\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n askeri \u00e7\u0131karlara g\u00f6re saptanmalar\u0131 gerekseydi, toprak isteklerinin sonu gelmezdi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her askeri hat zorunlu olarak kusurludur, ve biraz daha toprak ilhak edilerek d\u00fczeltilebilir; ve \u00fcstelik, bu hat hi\u00e7 bir zaman kesin ve denksever bir bi\u00e7imde saptanamaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her zaman yenilene, yenen taraf\u0131ndan zorla kabul ettirilmi\u015ftir, ve bunun sonucu daha o zamandan yeni sava\u015flar\u0131n tohumunu kendinde ta\u015f\u0131r.
T\u00fcm tarihin verdi\u011fi ders budur. Bu ders bireyler i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi, uluslar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Sald\u0131r\u0131 olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 ellerinden almak i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131 t\u00fcm savunma ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakmak gerekir. Onlar\u0131n sadece bo\u011faz\u0131na sar\u0131lmakla kalmamak, ama \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek gerekir. E\u011fer d\u00fcnyada bir yenen, bir ulusun g\u00fc\u00e7lerini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in “maddi g\u00fcvenceler” ald\u0131ysa, bu, Tilsit Antla\u015fmas\u0131, [138] ve bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 Prusya’ya ve Almanya’n\u0131n geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne uygulama bi\u00e7imi ile, Napol\u00e9on I olmu\u015ftur. Gene de, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, devsel g\u00fcc\u00fc, Alman halk\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck bir kam\u0131\u015f gibi k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Napol\u00e9on I’in kendisinden koparm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011fu “maddi g\u00fcvenceler” kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Prusya’n\u0131n, en \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca d\u00fc\u015flerinde Fransa’ya dayatabilece\u011fi ya da dayatma c\u00fcretinde bulunaca\u011f\u0131 “maddi g\u00fcvenceler” nedir ki? Ama sonu\u00e7 bu kez gene de daha az y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r. Tarih, verece\u011fi cezalar\u0131, Fransa’dan kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan kilometre karelerin say\u0131s\u0131 ile de\u011fil, ama fetihsiyasetinin, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, hortlatmaya cesaret (sayfa: 235) etti\u011fi su\u00e7un b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile \u00f6l\u00e7ecektir.
Ama, diyorlar t\u00f6ton yurtseverli\u011fi s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri, [139] Almanlar ile Frans\u0131zlar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. Bizim istedi\u011fimiz \u015fey, \u015fan \u015feref de\u011fil, ama g\u00fcvenliktir. Almanlar \u00f6zsel olarak bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir halkt\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n bilgece koruyuculu\u011fu alt\u0131nda, fetih bile gelecek bir sava\u015f nedeni olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak, bir sonsuz bar\u0131\u015f g\u00fcvencesi durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ku\u015fkusuz, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l devrimini s\u00fcng\u00fc ile y\u0131kma y\u00fcce amac\u0131yla 1792 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa’ya sald\u0131ranlar Almanlar de\u011fildir. \u0130talya’y\u0131 boyunduruk alt\u0131nda tutarak, Macaristan’\u0131 ezerek, Polonya’y\u0131 par\u00e7alayarak ellerini lekelemi\u015f olan Almanya m\u0131d\u0131r? B\u00fct\u00fcn sa\u011flam erkek n\u00fcfusu, her ikisi de tanr\u0131sal yetkilere sahip \u015feflere edilgin bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7inde tutulan biri i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda bir s\u00fcrekli ordu, ve \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc de izinde bir s\u00fcrekli ordu olu\u015fturan iki par\u00e7aya b\u00f6len Almanya’n\u0131n g\u00fcncel askeri sistemi, b\u00f6ylesine bir askeri sistem, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in “maddi bir g\u00fcvence” ve \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n son ere\u011fidir ku\u015fkusuz! Ba\u015fka her yerde oldu\u011fu gibi Almanya’da da, g\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerinin ya\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131, yalanc\u0131 \u00f6vg\u00fcler t\u00fcts\u00fcs\u00fc ile halk\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131 zehirlemektedirler.
Metz ve Strasbourg’daki Frans\u0131z kalelerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce \u00f6fkelenmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren bu Alman yurtseverleri, Var\u015fova, Modlin ve \u0130vangorod’daki geni\u015f Moskof tahkimat sisteminde hi\u00e7 bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorlar. \u0130mparatorluk sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n korkun\u00e7lu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6fkeden tir tir titrerken, \u00e7arl\u0131k vesayetinin al\u00e7akl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6zlerini yumuyorlar.
T\u0131pk\u0131 1865’te Louis Bonaparte ile Bismarck aras\u0131nda s\u00f6zler al\u0131n\u0131p s\u00f6zler verildi\u011fi gibi, 1870’te de Gor\u00e7akov ile Bismarck aras\u0131nda s\u00f6zler al\u0131n\u0131p s\u00f6zler verildi. [140] T\u0131pk\u0131 Louis Bonaparte’\u0131n, Avusturya ile Prusya’n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 y\u0131pranmalar\u0131 sonucu, 1866 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kendisini Almanya’n\u0131n tek buyurucusu durumuna getirece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek b\u00f6b\u00fcrlendi\u011fi gibi, Aleksandr da, Almanya ile Fransa’n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 y\u0131pranmas\u0131 sonucu, 1870 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kendisini Bat\u0131 Avrupa’n\u0131n tek buyurucusu durumuna getirece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek b\u00f6b\u00fcrleniyordu. T\u0131pk\u0131 \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Kuzey Alman Konfederasyonunu [103] kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u011fda\u015fmaz sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, otokratik Rusya da, Prusya y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki bir Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kendini tehlikede g\u00f6rse gerekir. Eski siyasal (sayfa: 236) sistemin yasas\u0131 budur. Bu sistemin alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde, birinin kazanc\u0131, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yiti\u011fidir. \u00c7ar\u0131n Avrupa \u00fczerindeki a\u011f\u0131r basan etkisi, k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc Almanya \u00fczerindeki geleneksel otoritesinden al\u0131r. Rusya’n\u0131n i\u00e7inde volkanik toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, otokrasinin en derin temellerini g\u00fc\u00e7ten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekle tehdit ettikleri bir s\u0131rada, \u00e7ar, Rusya’n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir sayg\u0131nl\u0131k yitimine katlanabilir mi? Daha \u015fimdiden Moskova gazeteleri, bonapart\u00e7\u0131 gazetelerin 1866 sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonraki dilini kullan\u0131yorlar. T\u00f6ton yurtseverleri, Fransa’y\u0131 Rusya’n\u0131n kollar\u0131na atarak, Almanya’da bar\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn[3*] g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131na ger\u00e7ekten inan\u0131yorlar m\u0131? E\u011fer silah \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ba\u015far\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcklenmesi ve hanedan entrikalar\u0131, Almanya’y\u0131 Frans\u0131z topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir soygununa g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrlerse, o zaman onun i\u00e7in al\u0131nabilecek iki karar kalacakt\u0131r. Ya, b\u00fct\u00fcn tehlikeyi g\u00f6ze alarak, Rus yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n dolays\u0131z aleti olacak,[4*] ya da, k\u0131sa bir soluklanmadan sonra, kendini yeniden bir ba\u015fka “savunucu” sava\u015fa, o yeni icat “yerelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f” sava\u015flardan birine de\u011fil, ama bir \u0131rklar sava\u015f\u0131na, birle\u015fmi\u015f Latin ve Slav \u0131rklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir sava\u015fa haz\u0131rlama zorunda kalacakt\u0131r.[5*]
Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, engelleyemeyece\u011fi sava\u015f\u0131, Alman ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Almanya ile Avrupa’n\u0131n, \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ezici karabasan\u0131ndan kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in bir sava\u015f olarak, candan g\u00f6n\u00fclden destekledi. A\u00e7l\u0131ktan yar\u0131-\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ailelerini arkalar\u0131nda b\u0131rakarak, kahraman ordular\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olanlar, k\u0131rsal emek\u00e7ilerle birle\u015fmi\u015f Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileridir. D\u0131\u015farda sava\u015flarla k\u0131r\u0131lan bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00fclkelerinde sefalet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir kez daha k\u0131r\u0131lacaklard\u0131r. [6*] S\u0131ralar\u0131 gelince, \u015fimdi ileri at\u0131l\u0131yor ve “g\u00fcvenceler” istiyorlar: engin \u00f6zverilerinin bo\u015f yere yap\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcvencesi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc elde (sayfa: 237) ettiklerinin g\u00fcvencesi, bonapart\u00e7\u0131 ordular \u00fczerinde kazan\u0131lan zaferin, 1815’te oldu\u011fu gibi, Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n yenilgisi durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyece\u011finin [141] g\u00fcvencesi; ve bu g\u00fcvencelerin ilki olarak da, Fransa i\u00e7in onurlu bir bar\u0131\u015f, ve Frans\u0131z Cumhuriyetinin tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlar.
Alman Sosyal-Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi Merkez Komitesi, 5 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc, bu g\u00fcvenceler \u00fczerinde direngenlikle duran bir bildirge yay\u0131nlad\u0131: Almanya, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015fta oldu\u011fu gibi, b\u00fct\u00fcn askerlerini Sarrelouis ve Landau aras\u0131nda toplayarak, ve Mayence-Metz hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinde ilerleyerek ya da sava\u015fmay\u0131 kabul ederek, Strasbourg’u<\/p>\n
“Biz”, diyor bildirge, “Alsas ve Loren’in ilhak\u0131n\u0131 protesto ediyoruz. Ve biz Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ad\u0131na konu\u015fman\u0131n bilincine sahibiz. Fransa ve Almanya’n\u0131n ortak yarar\u0131na, bar\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck yarar\u0131na, Do\u011fu barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na, Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileri Alsas ve Loren’in ilhak\u0131n\u0131 ses \u00e7\u0131karmadan ho\u015fg\u00f6rmeyeceklerdir… Biz, proletaryan\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ortak davas\u0131 i\u00e7in, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7i arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131 kalaca\u011f\u0131z!”<\/p>\n
Ne yaz\u0131k ki, hemen bir ba\u015far\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131na bel ba\u011flayamay\u0131z. Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ileri bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde sald\u0131rgan\u0131 durduramam\u0131\u015flarken, Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileri silah \u015f\u0131k\u0131rt\u0131s\u0131 ortas\u0131nda yeneni durdurabilirler mi? Alman i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin bildirgesi, Louis Bonaparte’in kamu hukuku su\u00e7lusu olarak Frans\u0131z Cumhuriyetine teslim edilmesini istiyor. Y\u00f6neticileri ise, tersine, Fransa’y\u0131 y\u0131kmaya en uygun adam olarak onu Tuileries saray\u0131na yeniden oturtmak i\u00e7in daha \u015fimdiden ellerinden geleni yap\u0131yorlar. Ne olursa olsun, tarih, Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, Alman burjuvazisi kadar uysal bir maddeden yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir. Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, g\u00f6revini yerine getirecektir.
Onlar gibi, Fransa’da cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 biz de selaml\u0131yoruz; ama, temelsiz \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131 diledi\u011fimiz kayg\u0131lar da duymuyor de\u011filiz. Bu cumhuriyet, taht\u0131 devirmemi\u015f, ama sadece onun bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131lan yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7*] Bir toplumsal fetih olarak de\u011fil, ama bir ulusal savunma \u00f6nlemi olarak il\u00e2n edilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131smen \u00fcnl\u00fc orleanc\u0131lar, [131] k\u0131smen de, 1848 Haziran ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde silinmez bir y\u00fczkaras\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuva cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerden bile\u015fik bir ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ellerindedir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hi\u00e7 de iyiye yorumlanacak gibi de\u011fil. Orleanc\u0131lar ordu (sayfa: 238) ve polisin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc konumlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fler, oysa cumhuriyet\u00e7i bilinenlere gevezelikten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yap\u0131lmayan bakanl\u0131klar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130lk davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131, onlara imparatorluktan kal\u0131t olarak sadece y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fil, ama i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 korkusunun da kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6steriyor. E\u011fer cumhuriyet ad\u0131na \u015fimdi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6zlerle olanaks\u0131z \u015feyler vaadediliyorsa, bu, sak\u0131n sonunda “olanakl\u0131” bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet istemek i\u00e7in olmas\u0131n? H\u00fck\u00fcmette g\u00f6rev alan baz\u0131 burjuvalar g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, cumhuriyet sak\u0131n orleanc\u0131 bir onar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f hizmeti g\u00f6recek bir \u015fey olmas\u0131n?
\u00d6yleyse Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, son derece g\u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fullar i\u00e7ine konmu\u015f bulunuyor. Yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmeti her y\u0131kma giri\u015fimi, d\u00fc\u015fman hemen hemen Paris kap\u0131lar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131rada, umutsuz bir \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k olacakt\u0131r. Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ileri yurtta\u015fl\u0131k g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmelidirler; [8*] ama ayn\u0131 zamanda da, Frans\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin kendilerini Birinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ulusal an\u0131lar\u0131 ile aldatt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, 1792’nin ulusal an\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmemelidirler. Onlar\u0131n g\u00f6revi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yeniden ba\u015flatmak de\u011fil, ama gelece\u011fi kurmakt\u0131r. Kendi \u00f6z s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini kurmaya y\u00f6ntemli bir bi\u00e7imde giri\u015fmek i\u00e7in, cumhuriyet\u00e7i \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten serinkanl\u0131l\u0131kla ve korkusuzca yararlanmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Fransa’n\u0131n canlanmas\u0131 ve ortakla\u015fa g\u00f6revimiz olan eme\u011fin kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in, bu onlar\u0131 yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7 ile, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 ile donatacakt\u0131r. Cumhuriyetin gelece\u011fi onlar\u0131n y\u0131lmazl\u0131k ve bilgeli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7ileri, kendi h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin Frans\u0131z Cumhuriyetini tan\u0131makta g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi isteksizli\u011fi yenmek i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6nlemleri, d\u0131\u015ftan gelen kurtar\u0131c\u0131 bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131yla, daha \u015fimdiden alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorlar. [142] Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin g\u00fcncel savsaklamas\u0131n\u0131n ere\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, Jakobenlere kar\u015f\u0131 1792 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesini onaylamakta vaktiyle g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi uygunsuz ivedili\u011fin g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flatmakt\u0131r. [143] \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7ileri, kendi h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinden, \u0130ngiliz bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011fa isteme k\u00fcstahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Fransa’n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 da istiyorlar.[9*] Yirmi y\u0131l boyunca Louis Bonaparte’\u0131 (sayfa: 239) Avrupa’n\u0131n koruyucusu olarak g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, ve Amerikal\u0131 k\u00f6le sahiplerinin ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca y\u00fcreklendirmi\u015f olan da i\u015fte bu bas\u0131nd\u0131r. [144] O zaman oldu\u011fu gibi \u015fimdi de, bu bas\u0131n k\u00f6le sahipleri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.
Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011finin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerdeki kesimleri, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 eyleme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rs\u0131n… E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7iler g\u00f6revlerini unutur, e\u011fer hareketsiz kal\u0131rlarsa, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc korkun\u00e7 sava\u015f daha da korkun\u00e7 uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayacak ve her ulusta k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, toprak ve sermaye beylerinin i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fczerindeki yenilenmi\u015f bir zaferine yola\u00e7acakt\u0131r.
Vive la R\u00e9publique![10*]<\/p>\n
256, High Holborn, Londra, Western Central,
9 Eyl\u00fcl 1870<\/p>\n
Marks taraf\u0131ndan 6-9 Eyl\u00fcl
1870’te yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n
11, 12, 13 Eyl\u00fcl 1870’te \u0130ngiliz dilinde bro\u015f\u00fcr bi\u00e7iminde, ve Eyl\u00fcl-Aral\u0131k 1870’te Almanca bro\u015f\u00fcr bi\u00e7iminde ve devirli bas\u0131nda Almanca ve Frans\u0131zca olarak yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (sayfa: 240)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ULUSLARARASI \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 GENEL KONSEY\u0130N\u0130N FRANSIZ-ALMAN SAVA\u015eI \u00dcZER\u0130NE \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 \u00c7A\u011eRISI AVRUPA VE B\u0130RLE\u015e\u0130K DEVLETLER’DEK\u0130 ULUSLARARASI \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 \u00dcYELER\u0130NE 23 Temmuz g\u00fcnl\u00fc birinci \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131m\u0131zda \u015f\u00f6yle diyorduk: “\u0130kinci \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00e7an\u0131, Paris’te daha \u015fimdiden \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. \u0130mparatorluk, ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, bir parodi ile bitecektir. Ama Louis Bonaparte’a onsekiz y\u0131l boyunca kand\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fimparatorluk kaba-g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc oynama iznini verenlerin Avrupa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-karl-marks-fransa-da-ic-savas"],"yoast_head":"\n