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II. PROLETERLER VE KOM\u00dcN\u0130STLERKom\u00fcnistlerin bir t\u00fcm olarak proleterler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tavr\u0131 nedir?
Kom\u00fcnistler, \u00f6teki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 partilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir parti olu\u015fturmazlar.
T\u00fcm proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ayr\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlara sahip de\u011fillerdir.
Proleter hareketi bi\u00e7imlendirmek ve kal\u0131ba sokmak \u00fczere kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc hi\u00e7 bir sekter[32*] ilke getirmezler.
Kom\u00fcnistler, \u00f6teki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 partilerinden yaln\u0131zca \u015funlarla ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar: 1. Farkl\u0131 \u00fclke proleterlerinin ulusal sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc milliyetten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, t\u00fcm proletaryan\u0131n ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na i\u015faret eder ve bunlar\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler. 2. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mek zorunda oldu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli geli\u015fme a\u015famalar\u0131nda, her zaman ve her yerde. t\u00fcm hareketin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil ederler.
Kom\u00fcnistler, demek ki, bir yandan, pratik olarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 partilerinin en ileri ve[33*] en kararl\u0131 kesimi, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6tekileri ileri iten kesimidirler; \u00f6te yandan ise, teorik olarak, proletaryan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerinde, hareket hatt\u0131n\u0131, ko\u015fullar\u0131, ve proleter hareketin nihai genel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlama \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptirler.
Kom\u00fcnistlerin acil hedefleri, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki proleter partilerininkiyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r: proletaryan\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fmas\u0131, burjuva egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fcn proletarya taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesi.
Kom\u00fcnistlerin vard\u0131klar\u0131 teorik sonu\u00e7lar, hi\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde, \u015fu ya da bu s\u00f6zde d\u00fcnya reformcusu taraf\u0131ndan icat olunmu\u015f ya da ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere ya da ilkelere dayand\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Bunlar, yaln\u0131zca, varolan bir s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131ndan, g\u00f6zlerimizin \u00f6n\u00fcnde cereyan eden tarihsel bir hareketten do\u011fan ili\u015fkilerin genel ifadeleridir. Mevcut m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerine son verilmesi, hi\u00e7 de kom\u00fcnizmin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de\u011fildir.
Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri, tarihsel ko\u015fullardaki de\u011fi\u015fmeler sonucu, durmadan tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fmelere ugram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[34*]
\u00d6rne\u011fin Frans\u0131z Devrimi, burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinin lehine, feodal m\u00fclkiyeti kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Kom\u00fcnizmin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi, genel olarak m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ama modern burjuva \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretilmesinin ve m\u00fclk edinilmesinin s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun az\u0131nl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine[35*] dayanan sisteminin nihai ve en tam ifadesidir.
Bu anlamda, kom\u00fcnistlerin teorisi tek bir t\u00fcmcede \u00f6zetlenebilir: \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131nlmas\u0131.
Biz kom\u00fcnistler, insan\u0131n kendi eme\u011finin meyvesi olarak, ki\u015fisel m\u00fclk edinme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmay\u0131 istemekle su\u00e7land\u0131k; o m\u00fclkiyet ki, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, eylemin ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temeli oldu\u011fu iddia edilir.
G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle elde edilmi\u015f, bizzat edinilmi\u015f, bizzat kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fclkiyet! Burjuva bi\u00e7imden \u00f6nceki bir m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imi olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zanaat\u00e7\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyetinden mi[36*] s\u00f6zediyorsunuz? Bunu kald\u0131rmaya gerek yok; sanayideki geli\u015fme bunu zaten b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc de yoketmi\u015ftir ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 da g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn yokediyor.
Yoksa modern burjuva \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetten mi s\u00f6zediyorsunuz?
\u0130yi ama, \u00fccretli emek, emek\u00e7i i\u00e7in herhangi bir m\u00fclkiyet yarat\u0131r m\u0131? Asla. Bu, sermaye, yani \u00fccretli eme\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcren ve yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in yeni bir \u00fccretli emek arz\u0131 do\u011furan ko\u015fullar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011falamayan t\u00fcrden m\u00fclkiyet yarat\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyet, mevcut bi\u00e7imi i\u00e7erisinde, sermaye ile \u00fccretli emek kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n iki yan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyelim.
Kapitalist olmak, \u00fcretimde yaln\u0131zca salt ki\u015fisel de\u011fil, toplumsal bir konuma da sahip olmakt\u0131r. Sermaye kolektif bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr, ve ancak bir\u00e7ok \u00fcyenin birle\u015fik eylemiyle, hatta son tahlilde, ancak toplumun t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerinin birle\u015fik eylemiyle harekete ge\u00e7irilebilir.
Demek ki, sermaye ki\u015fisel de\u011fil, toplumsal bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.
\u015eu halde, sermayeyi ortak m\u00fclkiyete, toplumun t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerinin m\u00fclkiyetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekle, ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyet toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmaz. De\u011fi\u015fen, yaln\u0131zca m\u00fclkiyetin toplumsal karakteridir. M\u00fclkiyet, s\u0131n\u0131f karakterini yitirir.
\u015eimdi de \u00fccretli eme\u011fi alal\u0131m:
\u00dccretli eme\u011fin ortalama fiyat\u0131, asgari \u00fccret, yani emek\u00e7iyi bir emek\u00e7i olarak ya\u015fatmak i\u00e7in mutlaka gerekli ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Demek ki, \u00fccretli emek\u00e7inin kendi eme\u011fi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile m\u00fclk edindi\u011fi \u015fey, yaln\u0131zca salt kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ve yeniden \u00fcretmeye yeter. Biz emek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin bu ki\u015fisel m\u00fclk edinilmesini, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 ve yeniden-\u00fcretimi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ve geriye ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fine komuta edecek hi\u00e7 bir fazlal\u0131k b\u0131rakmayan bu m\u00fclk edinmeyi hi\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde kald\u0131rmak niyetinde de\u011filiz. Bizim ortadan kald\u0131rmak istedi\u011fimiz tek \u015fey, i\u00e7erisinde emek\u00e7inin salt sermayeyi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ya\u015famas\u0131na ancak egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde izin verilen bu m\u00fclk edinmenin sefil karakteridir.
Burjuva toplumda, canl\u0131 emek, birikmi\u015f eme\u011fi art\u0131rma arac\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Kom\u00fcnist toplumda ise, birikmi\u015f emek, emek\u00e7inin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme, zenginle\u015ftirme, geli\u015ftirme arac\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.
Demek ki, burjuva toplumda, ge\u00e7mi\u015f, bug\u00fcne egemendir; kom\u00fcnist toplumda ise, bug\u00fcn, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe egemendir. Burjuva toplumda, sermaye, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve ki\u015fiseldir, oysa ya\u015fayan birey ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r ve ki\u015fisel de\u011fildir.
Ve bu durumun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, burjuvazi, ki\u015fiselli\u011fin ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 diyor! Ve hakl\u0131 da. Burjuva ki\u015fiselli\u011fi, burjuva ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve burjuva \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ku\u015fkusuz hedefleniyor.
\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ile, mevcut burjuva \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda, serbest ticaret, serbest al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m kastediliyor.
Ama e\u011fer al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m yok olursa, serbest al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m da yok olur. Serbest al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m konusundaki bu s\u00f6zlerin, ve burjuvazimizin genel olarak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck konusundaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki “cesur s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri”nin e\u011fer bir anlam\u0131 varsa, ancak k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6steklenen t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r; yoksa, al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m, burjuva \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n kom\u00fcnist\u00e7e kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131maz.
\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rma niyetimiz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda deh\u015fete kap\u0131l\u0131yorsunuz, oysa \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sizin mevcut toplumunuzda n\u00fcfusun onda-dokuzu i\u00e7in zaten ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi i\u00e7in[37*] varolu\u015fu, tamam\u0131yla, bu ondadokuzun ellerinde varolmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Demek ki, siz bizi, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu ko\u015fulu toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun m\u00fclks\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan bir m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imini ortadan kald\u0131rmaya niyetlenmekle su\u00e7luyorsunuz.
Tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle, bizi, m\u00fclkiyetinizi ortadan kald\u0131rmaya niyetlenmekle su\u00e7luyorsunuz. Elbette; bizim niyetimiz de zaten budur.
Eme\u011fin art\u0131k sermayeye, paraya, ya da ranta, tekelle\u015ftirilebilecek toplumsal bir g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemeyece\u011fi andan itibaren, yani ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyetin art\u0131k burjuva m\u00fclkiyete, sermayeye[38*] d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemeyece\u011fi andan itibaren, o andan itibaren, ki\u015fiselli\u011fin yokoldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz.
\u00d6yleyse, itiraf etmelisiniz ki, “ki\u015fisel” demekle, burjuvadan, orta s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fclk sahibinden[39*] ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 kastetmiyorsunuz. Bu ki\u015fi, ger\u00e7ekten de, ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, ve olanaks\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.[40*]
Kom\u00fcnizm kimseyi toplumun \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini m\u00fclk edinme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rakmaz; yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek \u015fey, onu, b\u00f6yle bir m\u00fclk edinme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fini boyunduruk alt\u0131na alma g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r.
\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n duraca\u011f\u0131 ve genel bir tembelli\u011fin k\u00f6k salaca\u011f\u0131 itiraz\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
Ona bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, burjuva toplumun aylakl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7oktan yerlebir olmas\u0131 gerekirdi; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey edinemiyorlar, bir \u015feyler edinenler ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorlar. Bu itiraz b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle, sermaye olmay\u0131nca art\u0131k \u00fccretli eme\u011fin de olamayaca\u011f\u0131 safsatas\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka ifadesinden ibarettir.
Maddi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kom\u00fcnist\u00e7e \u00fcretilme ve m\u00fclk edinilme bi\u00e7imine y\u00f6neltilen t\u00fcm itirazlar, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, zihinsel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kom\u00fcnist\u00e7e \u00fcretilme ve m\u00fclk edinilme bi\u00e7imine de y\u00f6neltilmi\u015ftir. Burjuva i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fclkiyetinin yok olmas\u0131, nas\u0131l bizzat \u00fcretimin yok olmas\u0131 demekse, s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn[41*] yok olmas\u0131 da, kendisi i\u00e7in, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yok olmas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 \u015feydir.
Yitmesinin onu yasa b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluk i\u00e7in, bir makine gibi hareket etme e\u011fitiminden ibarettir.
Ama bizim burjuva m\u00fclkiyeti kald\u0131rma niyetimizi[42*] kendi burjuva \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, hukuk, vb. anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131stas\u0131na vurdu\u011funuz s\u00fcrece, bizimle dala\u015fmay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z. Bizzat kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriniz, kendi burjuva \u00fcretim ve burjuva m\u00fclkiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir, nas\u0131l ki, hukukunuz, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n herkes i\u00e7in bir yasa haline getirilmi\u015f iradesinden, esas karakteri ve do\u011frultusu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iktisadi ko\u015fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen bir iradesinden[43*] ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011filse.
Sizi, mevcut \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminden ve m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7iminden \u2014\u00fcretimin ilerlemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve yok olan tarihsel ili\u015fkilerden\u2014 \u00e7\u0131kan toplumsal bi\u00e7imleri, do\u011fan\u0131n ve usun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz yasalar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcren bencil yan\u0131lg\u0131n\u0131z \u2014bu yan\u0131lg\u0131y\u0131 sizden \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn egemen s\u0131n\u0131flarla payla\u015f\u0131yorsunuz.[44*] Antik m\u00fclkiyette a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz \u015feyi, feodal m\u00fclkiyet i\u00e7in kabul etti\u011finiz \u015feyi, kendi burjuva m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7iminiz i\u00e7in elbette kabul edemezsiniz.
Ailenin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131! En radikal ki\u015filer bile, kom\u00fcnistlerin bu menfur amac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda parlay\u0131veriyorlar.
Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ailesi, burjuva aile, hangi temele dayan\u0131yor? Sermayeye, \u00f6zel kazanca. Bu aile tam geli\u015fmi\u015f bi\u00e7imiyle, yaln\u0131zca burjuvazi aras\u0131nda vard\u0131r. Ama bu durum, tayda\u015f\u0131n\u0131, proleterler aras\u0131nda ailenin fiilen varolmay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ve a\u00e7\u0131k fuhu\u015fta bulmaktad\u0131r.
Tayda\u015f\u0131 yok olunca, burjuva ailesi de do\u011fal olarak yok olacakt\u0131r, ve sermayenin yok olmas\u0131yla her ikisi de yok olacakt\u0131r.
Bizi, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ana-babalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine son vermeyi istemekle mi su\u00e7luyorsunuz? Bu su\u00e7u kabulleniyoruz.
Ama, ev e\u011fitiminin yerine toplumsal e\u011fitimi koymakla, ili\u015fkilerin en kutsal\u0131n\u0131 yok etti\u011fimizi s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz.
Ya sizin e\u011fitiminiz! O da toplumsal de\u011fil mi? O da, i\u00e7erisinde e\u011fitim yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z toplumsal ko\u015fullarla, toplumun dolays\u0131z ya da dolayl\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesiyle, okullar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla belirlenmiyor mu? E\u011fitime toplumun m\u00fcdahalesini kom\u00fcnistler icat etmedi. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fey, bu m\u00fcdahalenin karakterini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ve e\u011fitimi egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n etkisinden kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ibarettir.
Aile ve e\u011fitim konusundaki, ana-baba ile \u00e7ocuk aras\u0131ndaki kutsal ili\u015fki konusundaki burjuva safsatalar\u0131, proleterler aras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm aile ba\u011flar\u0131 modern sanayiin etkisiyle par\u00e7aland\u0131k\u00e7a, ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 basit ticaret nesneleri ve i\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 haline geldik\u00e7e daha da i\u011fren\u00e7le\u015fiyor.
Ama siz kom\u00fcnistler, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 getirmek istiyorsunuz, diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor t\u00fcm burjuvazi bir a\u011f\u0131zdan.
Burjuva, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, salt bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ortakla\u015fa kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyuyor ve, do\u011fal olarak, ortakla\u015fa olma yazg\u0131s\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde paylar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni alacaklar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir sonu\u00e7a varam\u0131yor.
Hedeflenen ger\u00e7ek noktan\u0131n, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n salt \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olma durumuna son vermek oldu\u011funu akl\u0131na bile getirmiyor.
Kald\u0131 ki, burjuvalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcmona kom\u00fcnistler taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ve resmen yerle\u015ftirilecek olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdikleri erdemli \u00f6fkeden daha g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey olamaz. Kom\u00fcnistlerin kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 getirmelerine gerek yoktur; bu, \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri zaten var.
Burjuvalar\u0131m\u0131z, kendi proleterlerinin kar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 ellerinin alt\u0131nda bulundurmakla yetinmiyorlar ve resmi fuh\u015fu bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, birbirlerinin kar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131karmaktan b\u00fcy\u00fck zevk duyuyorlar.
Burjuva evlili\u011fi, ger\u00e7ekte, evli kad\u0131nlarda ortakl\u0131k sistemidir, ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kom\u00fcnistler, olsa olsa, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcce gizlenmi\u015f ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yasala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131n\u0131 getirmeyi istemekle su\u00e7lanabilirler. Zaten, apa\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin kalkmas\u0131yla birlikte, bu sistemden \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 da, yani resmi ve \u00f6zel fuhu\u015f da kalkacakt\u0131r.
Kom\u00fcnistler, ayr\u0131ca, vatan ve milliyeti kald\u0131rmay\u0131 istemekle de su\u00e7lan\u0131yorlar.
\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin vatan\u0131 yoktur. Onlardan sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u015feyi alamay\u0131z. Proletarya, her\u015feyden \u00f6nce, siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek, ulusun \u00f6nder s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131[45*] ulusu olu\u015fturmak zorunda oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, kendisi, bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, ulusald\u0131r, ama s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn burjuva anlam\u0131nda de\u011fil.
Halklar aras\u0131ndaki ulusal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar, burjuvazinin geli\u015fmesi ile, ticaret \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 ile, \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imindeki ve buna tekab\u00fcl eden ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki tekd\u00fczelik ile her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn biraz daha yok oluyor.
Proletaryan\u0131n egemenli\u011fi, bunlar\u0131 daha da \u00e7abuk yokedecektir. Eylem birli\u011fi, en az\u0131ndan \u00f6nde gelen uygar \u00fclkelerinki, proletaryan\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun ilk ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biridir.
Ki\u015finin bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine son verildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, bir ulusun bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine de son verilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.[46*] Ulus i\u00e7indeki s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kalkmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde bir ulusun bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da son bulacakt\u0131r.
Kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 dinsel, felsefi ve genel olarak ideolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan y\u00f6neltilen su\u00e7lamalar, ciddiye al\u0131n\u0131p incelenmeye de\u011fmez.
\u0130nsan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin ve kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n, tek s\u00f6zc\u00fckle, insan\u0131n bilincinin, maddi[47*] varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki, toplumsal ili\u015fkilerindeki ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki her de\u011fi\u015fmeyle birlikte de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini kavramak i\u00e7in derin bir sezgiye gerek var m\u0131d\u0131r?
Fikir tarihi, zihinsel \u00fcretimin, maddi \u00fcretimin de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle birlikte de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finden ba\u015fka neyi tan\u0131tlar ki? Her y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki egemen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler hep o y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri olmu\u015ftur.
Toplumu devrimcile\u015ftiren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden s\u00f6zedildi\u011finde, eski toplum i\u00e7erisinde yeni toplum \u00fcyelerinin yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan, ve eski d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerdeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmenin eski ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyle atba\u015f\u0131 gitti\u011finden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey ifade edilmi\u015f olmaz.
Antik d\u00fcnya can\u00e7eki\u015firken, antik dinler de h\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda boyun e\u011fdiler. H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda us\u00e7u d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler[48*] kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerinde, feodal toplum da o g\u00fcnlerin devrimci burjuvazisiyle \u00f6l\u00fcm-kal\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131na tutu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Din ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, serbest rekabetin bilgi alan\u0131ndaki egemenli\u011finin ifadesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.
“Ku\u015fkusuz ki”, denecek, “dinsel, ahl\u00e2ki, felsefi ve hukuksal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler[49*] tarihsel geli\u015fimin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Ama din, ahl\u00e2k, felsefe, siyasal bilim ve hukuk, bu de\u011fi\u015fmeler i\u00e7erisinde hep ayakta kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
“Ayr\u0131ca, bir de, b\u00fct\u00fcn toplum durumlar\u0131nda ortak olan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, Adalet, vb. gibi \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz hakikatler vard\u0131r. Ama kom\u00fcnizm, \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz hakikatleri kald\u0131r\u0131yor, bunlar\u0131 yeni bir temel \u00fczerine oturtaca\u011f\u0131 yerde, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dini ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ahl\u00e2k\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131yor; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da, t\u00fcm ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihsel deneyime ters d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.”
Bu su\u00e7lama kendisini neye indirgiyor? T\u00fcm ge\u00e7mi\u015f toplumlar\u0131n tarihi, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler alm\u0131\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fiminden ibarettir.
Ama hangi bi\u00e7imi alm\u0131\u015f olurlarsa olsunlar, bir olgu b\u00fct\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00e7a\u011flarda ortakt\u0131r, ki o da, toplumun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tekisi taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. \u015eu halde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe ve farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131n, ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n toplumsal bilincinin, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yokolmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tamam\u0131yla ortadan kalkamayacak belli ortak bi\u00e7imler ya da genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler[50*] i\u00e7erisinde hareket etmesinde \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak bir \u015fey yoktur.
Kom\u00fcnist devrim, geleneksel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinden en k\u00f6kl\u00fc kopu\u015ftur; geli\u015fmesinin, geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden en k\u00f6kl\u00fc kopu\u015fu getirmesinde \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak bir \u015fey yoktur.
Ama art\u0131k kom\u00fcnizme ka\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltilen burjuva itirazlar\u0131 b\u0131rakal\u0131m.
Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimde ataca\u011f\u0131 ilk ad\u0131m, proletaryay\u0131 egemen s\u0131n\u0131f durumuna getirmek, demokrasi sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmakt\u0131r.
Proletarya, siyasal egemenli\u011fini, t\u00fcm sermayeyi burjuvaziden derece derece kopar\u0131p almak, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 devletin, yani egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f proletaryan\u0131n elinde merkezile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, ve \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince \u00e7abuk art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanacakt\u0131r.
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu, elbette, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na ve burjuva \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131na despot\u00e7a sald\u0131rma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iktisadi bak\u0131mdan yetersiz ve savunulamaz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen, ama hareketin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kendisini a\u015fan, eski toplum d\u00fczenine daha ba\u015fka sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan[51*] ve \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imini tamam\u0131yla devrimcile\u015ftirmenin bir arac\u0131 olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan \u00f6nlemler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez.
Bu \u00f6nlemler elbette farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.
Bununla birlikte, \u015fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler en ileri \u00fclkelerde olduk\u00e7a genel bir uygulanabilirli\u011fe sahip olacaklard\u0131r:
1. Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131[52*] ve b\u00fct\u00fcn toprak rantlar\u0131n\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131lmas\u0131.
2. A\u011f\u0131r bir m\u00fcterakki ya da kademeli gelir vergisi.[53*]
3. B\u00fct\u00fcn miras haklar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.
4. B\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcltecilerin ve asilerin m\u00fclklerine elkonulmas\u0131.
5. Sermayesi devletin olan ve tam bir tekele sahip bulunan bir ulusal banka arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kredinin devlet elinde merkezile\u015ftirilmesi.
6. Haberle\u015fme ve ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n[54*] Devlet elinde merkezile\u015ftirilmesi.
7. Devlet taraf\u0131ndan sahip olunan fabrikalar\u0131n ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; bo\u015f topraklar\u0131n ekime a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, ve genel olarak topra\u011f\u0131n, ortak bir plan uyar\u0131nca iyile\u015ftirilmesi.
8. Herkes i\u00e7in e\u015fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Sanayi ordular\u0131 kurulmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m i\u00e7in.
9. Tar\u0131m\u0131n imal\u00e2t sanayileri ile birle\u015ftirilmesi; kent ile k\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n, n\u00fcfusun \u00fclke y\u00fczeyine daha e\u015fit bir bi\u00e7imde da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla yava\u015f yava\u015f kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.[55*]
10. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in devlet okullar\u0131nda paras\u0131z e\u011fitim. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bi\u00e7imi i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n fabrikalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131na son verilmesi. Egitimin s\u0131nai[56*] \u00fcretimle birle\u015ftirilmesi vb., vb..
Geli\u015fimin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve \u00fcretim t\u00fcm ulusun geni\u015f bir birli\u011finin ellerinde[57*] yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc siyasal niteli\u011fini yitirecektir. Ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131nda siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7, bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir ba\u015fka s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ezmek amac\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. E\u011fer proletarya, burjuvaziyle sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda, ko\u015fullar\u0131n zorlamas\u0131yla, kendisini bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek zorunda kalacak, bir devrim yoluyla kendisini egemen s\u0131n\u0131f durumuna getirecek, ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak eski \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 zor kullanarak ortadan kald\u0131racak olursa, o zaman, bu ko\u015fullarla birlikte, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve genel olarak s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n varl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 da ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve, b\u00f6ylelikle, bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak kendi egemenli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.
S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131yla ve s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131yla birlikte eski burjuva toplumun yerini, ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fiminin, herkesin \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fiminin ko\u015fulu oldu\u011fu bir birlik alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"