{"id":5874,"date":"2011-03-10T20:52:12","date_gmt":"2011-03-10T17:52:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/"},"modified":"2011-03-10T20:52:12","modified_gmt":"2011-03-10T17:52:12","slug":"komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu Dipnotlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6ns\u00f6zler’in Dipnotlar\u0131<\/strong>
[1*] K\u00f6y toplulu\u011fu.
[2*] “Kan\u0131mca”, diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirinin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, “Darwin’in teorisinin biyoloji i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tarih i\u00e7in yapacak olan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere, her ikimiz de, 1845 \u00f6ncesinde, yava\u015f yava\u015f yakla\u015fmaktayd\u0131k. Buna do\u011fru, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, ne denli ilerlemi\u015f oldu\u011fumu en iyi \u0130ngiltere’de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. Ama, 1845 bahar\u0131nda, Br\u00fcksel’de Marx ile yeniden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, kendisi bunlar\u0131 zaten olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu ve, neredeyse burada belirtti\u011fim kadar a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri \u00f6n\u00fcme seriverdi.” [Engels’in 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya notu.]
[3*] 1883 Almanca Bask\u0131ya \u00d6ns\u00f6z kastediliyor. -Ed.
[4*] Engels’in kayboldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi ve 1882 Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131 i\u00e7in Marx’la beraber yazd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcn Almancas\u0131 sonradan bulunmu\u015f ve Marksizm-Leninizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ar\u015fivine konulmu\u015ftur. 1882 Rus\u00e7a Bask\u0131ya \u00d6ns\u00f6z olarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r -Ed.
[5*] Bkz: 1872 Almanca Bask\u0131ya \u00d6ns\u00f6z. -Ed.
[6*] Lassalle, ki\u015fi olarak, kendisini bize hep Marx’\u0131n bir “\u00f6\u011fretilisi” olarak tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve, bu s\u0131fatla, elbette Manifesto’nun zemini \u00fczerinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lassalle’\u0131n devlet kredileri ile desteklenen, \u00fcretici kooperatifleri isteminin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meyen ve t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 devlet deste\u011finden yana olanlar ile, \u00f6z-destekten yana olanlar diye b\u00f6len izleyicileri i\u00e7in durum \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131. [Engels’in notu.]
[7*] W. Bevan. -Ed.
[8*] Leh\u00e7e bask\u0131s\u0131nda bu t\u00fcmce atlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -Ed.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong>
[1*] Burjuvazi ile, modern kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, toplumsal \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahipleri ve \u00fccretli emek kullananlar kastediliyor. Proletarya ile ise, kendilerine ait hi\u00e7 bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, ya\u015famak i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fc\u00e7lerini satmak durumunda kalan modern \u00fccretli emek\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.]
[2*] Yani yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarih. 1847’de, toplumun tarih-\u00f6ncesi, kaydedilmi\u015f tarih-\u00f6ncesinde varolmu\u015f toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme hen\u00fcz tamam\u0131yla bilinmiyordu. O tarihten bu yana, Haxthausen, Rusya’da, ortak toprak m\u00fclkiyetini ke\u015ffetti. Maurer bunun, tarihte b\u00fct\u00fcn Cermen \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131n geldikleri toplumsal temel oldu\u011funu tan\u0131tlad\u0131, ve giderek k\u00f6y topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n [Almanca bask\u0131larda “ortak toprak m\u00fclkiyetine dayanan k\u00f6y topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n” deniliyor. -\u00e7.] Hindistan’dan \u0130rlanda’ya kadar her yerde toplumun ilkel bi\u00e7imi olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu ilkel kom\u00fcnist toplumun i\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi tipik bi\u00e7imiyle Morgan’in gens’in ger\u00e7ek niteli\u011fini ve a\u015firet ile olan ili\u015fkisini ortaya koyan \u00fcst\u00fcn ke\u015ffiyle a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu ilkel topluluklar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131yla, toplumun ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve nihayet uzla\u015fmaz kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131ktaki s\u0131n\u0131flar olarak farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ba\u015flar. Bu da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats, 2. bask\u0131, Stuttgart 1886’da izlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya, ve -son t\u00fcmce hari\u00e7- 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya notu.]
[3*] Lonca ustas\u0131 yani bir loncan\u0131n asal \u00fcyesi, bir loncan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, lonca i\u00e7inde bir usta. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.]
[4*] 1848, 1872, 1883 ve 1890 Almanca bask\u0131larda, “kalfalar\u0131, \u00e7\u0131raklar\u0131” yerine “kalfalar\u0131” (“Geseller”) deniliyor. -Ed.
[5*] Almanca bask\u0131larda t\u00fcmceci\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle: “Sanayiin daha \u00f6nceki feodal, ya da lonca \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc”. -Ed.
[6*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, burada ve daha ileride, “orta s\u0131n\u0131f” yerine, “orta tabaka” (“Mittelstand”) deniliyor. -Ed.
[7*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, burada ve daha ileride “modern” yerine, “b\u00fcy\u00fck” deniliyor. -Ed.
[8*] “Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri, 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[9*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “s\u0131n\u0131f” yerine “tabaka” deniliyor. -Ed.
[10*] “Kom\u00fcn”, do\u011fmakta olan, kentlilerin kendi feodal beylerinden ve efendilerinden “\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Katman” olarak yerel \u00f6z-y\u00f6netim ve siyasal haklar\u0131n\u0131 elde etmezden \u00f6nce bile Fransa’da ald\u0131klar\u0131 add\u0131. Genel olarak s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, burada, burjuvazinin iktisadi geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere, siyasal geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in de Fransa tipik \u00fclke olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.]
Bu \u0130talya ve Fransa kentlilerinin kendi kentsel topluluklar\u0131na, feodal beylerinden ilk \u00f6z-y\u00f6netim haklar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almalar\u0131ndan ya da koparmalar\u0131ndan sonra verdikleri add\u0131. [Engels’in 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya notu.1
[11*] “Orta\u00e7a\u011f” “(\u0130talya ve Almanya’da oldu\u011fu gibi)”, “(Fransa’da oldu\u011fu gibi)” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri, 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[12*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “yar\u0131-feodallere” yerine “tabakalara” deniliyor. -Ed.
[13*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “\u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi” yerine, “iktidara geldi\u011fi” deniliyor. -\u00e7.
[14*] Almanca bask\u0131lar \u015funu da ekliyorlar: “\u00fcretimi geli\u015ftirecek yerde onu engellediler”. -Ed.
[15*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “bir toplumsal salg\u0131n” deniliyor. -Ed.
[16*] 1848 Almanca bask\u0131larda, “burjuva uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve burjuva m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin” deniliyor. -Ed.
[17*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “modern i\u015f\u00e7ileri, proleterleri” deniliyor. -Ed.
[18*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “emek miktar\u0131” deniliyor. -Ed.
[19*] 23 sayfal\u0131k 1848 Almanca bask\u0131da, “kad\u0131n\u0131nki ve \u00e7ocu\u011funki” deniliyor. -Ed.
[20*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “eski orta tabakan\u0131n alt kesimleri” deniliyor. -Ed.
[21*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “ve genellikle emekli olmu\u015f esnaflar” yerine “ve rantiyeler” deniliyor. -Ed.
[22*] Almanca bask\u0131larda paragraf burada bitiyor ve bunu izleyen t\u00fcmce ile yeni bir paragraf ba\u015fl\u0131yor.
[23*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca burjuva \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltmekle kalmazlar, bizzat \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da y\u00f6neltirler” deniliyor. -Ed.
[24*] Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[25*] Parantez i\u00e7indeki s\u00f6zc\u00fck, 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[26*] “Siyasal ve genel”, s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[27*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “ayd\u0131nlanma ve ilerleme \u00f6\u011feleri” yerine “e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011feleri” deniliyor. -Ed.
[28*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, burada ve daha ileride “alt orta s\u0131n\u0131f” ve “orta s\u0131n\u0131f” yerine “orta tabakalar” deniliyor. -Ed.
[29*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “tehlikeli s\u0131n\u0131f, toplumsal tortu” yerine, “l\u00fcmpen proletarya” deniliyor. -Ed.
[30*] Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[31*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, burada “servetin bireyler elinde birikmesi,” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri de yer al\u0131yor. -Ed.
[32*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “sekter” yerine “ayr\u0131” deniliyor. -Ed.
[33*] “En ileri ve” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[34*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmce \u015f\u00f6yledir: “B\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrekli tarihsel ik\u00e2melere, s\u00fcrekli tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fmelere u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.” -Ed.
[35*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “birinin bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine” deniliyor. -Ed.
[36*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zanaat\u00e7\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyetinden mi” yerine “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuva, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyetinden mi” deniliyor. -Ed.
[37*] “Birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi i\u00e7in” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[38*] “Sermayeye” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[39*] Almanca’da “burgerlichen Eigent\u00fcmer”\u2014”Burjuva m\u00fclk sahibinden”. -\u00e7.
[40*] “ve olanaks\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[41*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, burada ve daha ilerde “k\u00fclt\u00fcr” yerine “e\u011fitim” (“Bildung”) deniliyor. -Ed.
[42*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “kald\u0131rma niyetimizi” yerine “kald\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131” deniliyor. -Ed.
[43*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmcecik \u015f\u00f6yledir: “i\u00e7eri\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen bir iradesinden…” -Ed.
[44*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmcecik \u015f\u00f6yledir: “… bu bencil yan\u0131lg\u0131y\u0131, yokolmu\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn egemen s\u0131n\u0131flarla payla\u015f\u0131yorsunuz.” -Ed.
[45*] 1848 tarihli Almanca bask\u0131larda, “ulusun \u00f6nder s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131” yerine “ulusal s\u0131n\u0131f” deniliyor. -Ed.
[46*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, paragraf burada bitiyor. -\u00e7.
[47*] “Maddi” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[48*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “us\u00e7u d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler” yerine, “ayd\u0131nl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler” deniliyor. -Ed.
[49*] Almanca bask\u0131larda t\u00fcmcenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: “‘Ku\u015fkusuz ki’, denecek, ‘dinsel, alil\u00e2ki, felsefi, siyasal, hukuksal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler vb…'”. -Ed.
[50*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “ya da genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler” yerine, “bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imleri” deniliyor. -Ed.
[51*] “Eski toplum d\u00fczeriine daha ba\u015fka sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[52*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, burada “zoral\u0131m\u0131” deniliyor. -Ed.
[53*] Almanca bask\u0131larda yaln\u0131zca, “A\u011f\u0131r bir m\u00fcterakki vergi” deniliyor. -Ed.
[54*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, “haberle\u015fme ve ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n” yerine “t\u00fcm ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n” deniliyor. -Ed.
[55*] 1848 tarihii bask\u0131larda 9. madde \u015f\u00f6yleydi: “Tar\u0131m\u0131n sanayi ile birle\u015ftirilmesi, kent ile k\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin yava\u015f yava\u015f tasfiye edilmesi.” Daha sonraki Almanca bask\u0131larda “\u00e7eli\u015fki” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine “ayr\u0131mlar” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konmu\u015ftur. -Ed.
[56*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “sinai” yerine “maddi” deniliyor. -Ed.
[57*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “t\u00fcm ulusun geni\u015f bir birli\u011finin” yerine “birle\u015fmi\u015f bireylerin” deniliyor. -Ed.
[58*] 1660-1689 \u0130ngiliz Restrasyonu de\u011fil, 1814-1830 Frans\u0131z Restorasyonu. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.]
[59*] Almanca bask\u0131larda, t\u00fcmcenin sonu \u015f\u00f6yledir: “ve kula\u011f\u0131na da az\u00e7ok u\u011fursuz kehanetler f\u0131s\u0131ldayarak ald\u0131.” -Ed.
[60*] “Sanayi a\u011fac\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fen” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[61*] “Bu, esas olarak, toprak aristokrasisinin ve a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n malik\u00e2nelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kism\u0131n\u0131 kendi hesaplar\u0131na k\u00e2hyalar\u0131na i\u015flettirdikleri ve, dahas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck pancar \u015fekeri ve i\u00e7ki imal\u00e2t\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 Almanya i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Daha varl\u0131kl\u0131 olan \u0130ngiliz aristokrasisi hen\u00fcz bu kadar d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir; ama onlar da, azalmakta olan rantlar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 az\u00e7ok karanl\u0131k anonim \u015firketlerin kurucular\u0131na \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 vererek kapatman\u0131n yolunu biliyorlar. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.1
[62*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “toprakbeyi” yerine “feodal bey” deniliyor. -Ed.
[63*] 1848 tarihli Almanca bask\u0131larda “h\u0131ristiyan” yerine “kutsal” deniliyor. (Bu bask\u0131lar\u0131n buras\u0131nda apa\u00e7\u0131k bir tashih hatas\u0131 vard\u0131r: “heilige” (kutsal) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, “heutige” (bug\u00fcn\u00fcn) olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -Ed.
[64*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclk sahibi k\u00f6yl\u00fcler” (“small peasant proprietors”) yerine “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck” (“kleine Bauernstand”) deniliyor. -\u00e7.
[65*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f … bitkisel ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar” yerine “bu s\u0131n\u0131f … bitkisel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor” deniliyor. -Ed.
[66*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “bu ara s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n” yerine “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuvazinin” deniliyor. -Ed.
[67*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmce \u015f\u00f6yledir: “Daha sonra g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi geli\u015fmelerle bu e\u011filim, korkak\u00e7a bir melankoli n\u00f6beti i\u00e7erisinde kaybolup gitti.” -Ed.
[68*] N\u00fcktedanlar. -\u00e7.
[69*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmcenin ba\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: “Alman filozoflar\u0131, yar\u0131-filozoflar ve g\u00fczel s\u00f6z d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnleri.” -Ed.
[70*] 1848 tarihli Almanca bask\u0131larda, bu t\u00fcmcenin ard\u0131ndan \u015fu s\u00f6zler geliyor: “Hakiki toplum konusunda insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi konusunda bo\u015f bir spek\u00fclasyon g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc almak zorundayd\u0131.” Daha sonraki Almanca bask\u0131larda “hakiki toplum konusunda” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. -Ed.
[71*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmce \u015f\u00f6yledir: “\u00d6rne\u011fin parasal ili\u015fkiler konusundaki Frans\u0131z ele\u015ftirisinin alt\u011fna ‘\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 yazd\u0131lar, burjuva devlet konusundaki Frans\u0131z ele\u015ftirisinin alt\u0131na da, ‘Soyut Genel Egemenli\u011finin Tasfiyesi’ni yazd\u0131lar, vb..” -Ed.
[72*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “Frans\u0131z tarihsel ele\u015ftirilerinin” yerine, “Frans\u0131z teorilerinin” deniliyor. -Ed.
[73*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “iktisadi” yerine “maddi” deniliyor. -Ed.
[74*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “mutlakiyet\u00e7i Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri i\u00e7in” deniliyor. -Ed.
[75*] “Tam da o s\u0131rada” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce ba\u015fk\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[76*] Burada “darkafal\u0131lar” olarak \u00e7evrilen s\u00f6zc\u00fck, Almanca bask\u0131larda “Pfahlb\u00fcrgerschaft”, \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131larda “Philistines”tir. -\u00e7.
[77*] Burada “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuva darkafal\u0131” olarak \u00e7evrilen s\u00f6zc\u00fckler, Almanca bask\u0131larda “Pfahlb\u00fcrgerschaft”, \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131larda “Petty-bourgeois Philistine”dir. -\u00e7.
[78*] Burada “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Alman darkafal\u0131s\u0131” olarak \u00e7evrilen s\u00f6zc\u00fckler, Almanca bask\u0131larda “deutschen Spiessb\u00fcrger”, \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131larda “German Petty Philistine”dir. -\u00e7.
[79*] Parantez i\u00e7inde verilen bu tarih, Almanca bask\u0131larda yoktur.
[80*] 1848 devrim f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 bu k\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z e\u011filimi silip s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fc ve kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131n da sosyalizm ile daha fazla u\u011fra\u015fma heveslerini k\u0131rd\u0131. Bu e\u011filimin ba\u015f temsilcisi ve kl\u00e2sik tipi Herr Karl Gr\u00fcn’d\u00fcr. [Engels’in 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya notu].
[81*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “bu burjuva sosyalizmi” deniliyor. -\u00e7.
[82*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “modern toplumun ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 istiyor” deniliyor. -Ed.
[83*] Almanca bask\u0131larda burada, “az\u00e7ok eksiksiz bir sistem” deniliyor. -Ed.
[84*] Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[85*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “bu sosyalizm” deniliyor. -\u00e7.
[86*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “h\u00fccre hapsi” deniliyor. -Ed.
[87*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmce \u015f\u00f6yledir: “Biz burada her b\u00fcy\u00fck modern devrimde proletaryan\u0131n istemlerini dile getirmi\u015f olan yaz\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etmiyoruz. (Babeuf’\u00fcn, vb. yaz\u0131lar\u0131.)” -\u00e7.
[88*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “iktisadi ko\u015fullar” yerine “maddi ko\u015fullar”; “ve yaln\u0131zca yakla\u015fmakta olan burjuva \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaratabilece\u011fi” yerine “ve ancak burjuva \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olabilecek” deniliyor. -Ed.
[89*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “nitelik” yerine “i\u00e7erik” deniliyor. -\u00e7.
[90*] “Hen\u00fcz bebeklik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[91*] Her iki “yeni” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[92*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “tarihsel” yerine “toplumsal” deniliyor. -Ed.
[93*] “Kendili\u011finden” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[94*] Almanca bask\u0131larda bu t\u00fcmcenin ba\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: “Bunlar\u0131n gelece\u011fin toplumuna ili\u015fkin kesin \u00f6nerileri, \u00f6rne\u011fin kent ile k\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin, ailenin \u00f6zel k\u00e2r\u0131n… ” -Ed.
[95*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “\u00fccret sisteminin” yerine “\u00fccretli eme\u011fin” deniliyor. -\u00e7
[96*] Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[97*] Phalanst\u00e9res, Charles Fourier’nin planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyalist kolonilerdi; \u0130karya, Cabet’nin kendi \u00fctopyas\u0131na, daha sonralar\u0131 da Amerikan kom\u00fcnist kolonisine verdi\u011fi add\u0131. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.]
“Home Koloniler” (Yurti\u00e7i Koloniler) Owen’in kendi kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rnek toplumlar\u0131na verdi\u011fi add\u0131. Phalanst\u00e9res, Fourier’nin planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halk saraylar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130karya, kom\u00fcnist kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 Cabet’nin \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u00fctopik hayal \u00fclkesine verilen add\u0131. [Engels’in 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya notu.]
[98*] \u0130ngilizcesinde duodecimo, Almancas\u0131 duodez -bir tabaka ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n onikiye katlanm\u0131\u015f hali; bu boyutta kitap\u00e7\u0131k. -\u00e7.
[99*] 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131da “ya da” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer almamaktad\u0131r ama, \u00f6teki b\u00fct\u00fcn onayl\u0131 bask\u0131lara konulmu\u015ftur. -Ed.
[100*] Almanca bask\u0131larda “ba\u011fnaz bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131yla” deniliyor. -Ed.
[101*] “Ve g\u00f6zetirler” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya eklenmi\u015ftir. -Ed.
[102*] O s\u0131ralar Parlamentoda Ledru-Rollin, yaz\u0131nda Louis Blanc, g\u00fcnl\u00fck bas\u0131nda R\u00e9forme[22] taraf\u0131ndan temsil olunan Parti. Sosyal-demokrasi ad\u0131 onun yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, demokrat ya da cumhuriyet\u00e7i partinin az\u00e7ok sosyalizme bulanm\u0131\u015f bir kesimini ifade ediyordu. [Engels’in 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya notu.]
Fransa’da o s\u0131ralar kendisini sosyalist-demokratik diye adland\u0131ran parti, siyasal ya\u015famda Ledru-Rollin ve yaz\u0131nda da Louis Blanc taraf\u0131ndan temsil olunuyordu; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu parti ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Alman Sosyal-Demokrasisi aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyalar kadar fark vard\u0131. [Engels’in 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya notu.]
[103*] Almanca bask\u0131larda t\u00fcmcenin bu k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle: “mutlak monar\u015fiye, feodal toprak m\u00fclkiyetine ve darkafal\u0131l\u0131\u011fa [Kleinb\u00fcrgerei] kar\u015f\u0131…”. -Ed.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 notlar<\/strong>
[1] Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu, Kom\u00fcnist Birli\u011fin program\u0131 olarak, bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130kinci Kongresinin (Londra, 29 Kas\u0131m-8 Aral\u0131k 1847) talimat\u0131 uyar\u0131nca Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131.
Kongre haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrerken Marx ve Engels, nihai program belgesinin bir Parti Manifestosu bi\u00e7iminde olmas\u0131na karar verdiler. O d\u00f6nemin gizli dernekleri i\u00e7in ola\u011fan olan ve “Kom\u00fcnist \u0130man Yemini Tasla\u011f\u0131” ve Kom\u00fcnizmin \u0130lkeleri’nde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ilmihal bi\u00e7imi, yeni devrimci d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn eksiksiz ve \u00f6zl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, proleter hareketin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve g\u00f6revlerinin etrafl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde form\u00fcle edilmesi i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildi.
Marx ve Engels, kongrenin hemen ard\u0131ndan, Londra’da, Manifesto \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Marx’\u0131n Br\u00fcksel’e d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 13 Aral\u0131k’a kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. D\u00f6rt g\u00fcn sonra Engels’in de Br\u00fcksel’e gelmesiyle (17 Aral\u0131k) tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Engels’in Aral\u0131k sonunda Paris’e gitmesinden 31 Ocak’taki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kadar, Marx, Manifesto \u00fczerinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
Kom\u00fcnist Birlik Merkezinin s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla Marx, 1848 Ocak ay\u0131n\u0131n hemen tamam\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ay\u0131rd\u0131. Ocak sonunda elyazmas\u0131 Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri E\u011fitim Derne\u011finin Kom\u00fcnist Birlik \u00fcyesi ve Alman m\u00fcltecisi J. E. Burghard’\u0131n sahibi oldu\u011fu bas\u0131mevinde bas\u0131lmak \u00fczere Londra’ya g\u00f6nderildi.
Marx’\u0131n elyaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f III. B\u00f6l\u00fcme ili\u015fkin plan tasla\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Manifesto’nun elyazmalar\u0131 kay\u0131pt\u0131r.
Manifesto’nun bask\u0131s\u0131 1848 \u015eubat\u0131n\u0131n sonunda bitti. 29 \u015eubatta E\u011fitim Derne\u011fi bas\u0131m masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.
Manifesto’nun ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 koyu ye\u015fil bir bro\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Nisan-May\u0131s 1848’de bir yeni bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu bask\u0131 30 sayfa tutuyordu ve birinci bask\u0131daki tashih hatalar\u0131 burada d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f ve noktalama da geli\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Bu metin daha sonraki onayl\u0131 bas\u0131mlar i\u00e7in Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1848’in Mart ile Haziran aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Manifesto, Alman m\u00fcltecilerine ait demokratik bir gazete olan Deutsche Londoner Zeitung’da bas\u0131ld\u0131. Manifesto’yu \u00f6teki Avrupa dillerinde yay\u0131nlama giri\u015fimleri daha o y\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131. Danimarka, Polonya ve \u0130sve\u00e7 dillerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131 1848’de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. O s\u0131rada yap\u0131lan Frans\u0131zca, \u0130talyanca ve \u0130spanyolca \u00e7evirileri yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131. Nisan 1848’de, o s\u0131ra Barmen’de bulunan Engels, Manifesto’yu \u0130ngilizce’ye \u00e7evirmekteydi. Ama ancak yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirebildi. Manifesto’nun Helen Macfarlane taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ilk \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisi ancak y\u0131llar sonra, Haziran ve Kas\u0131m 1850 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, \u00e7artist bir yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olan The Red Republican’da yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu yay\u0131n organ\u0131n\u0131n edit\u00f6r\u00fc Julian Harney, bu yay\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde ilk kez olarak Manifesto’nun yazarlar\u0131ndan s\u00f6zetti. Bundan \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131kan bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 birinde ve daha sonraki bir\u00e7ok bask\u0131larda yazarlar\u0131n isimleri yoktu.
Proletaryan\u0131n kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 60’larda ve 70’lerde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi geli\u015fme, Manifesto’nun yeniden bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi. 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda biriki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fczeltme ve Marx ve Engels’in 1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc deneyiminden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 baz\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir \u00f6ns\u00f6zle birlikte yeni bir Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu ve bundan sonraki Almanca bask\u0131 (1883 ve 1890) Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. 1870’de Manifesto Amerika’da ilk kez Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly’de yay\u0131nland\u0131.
Mikhail Bakunin’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve baz\u0131 tahrifatlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren ilk Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131s\u0131 1869’da Cenevre’de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu bask\u0131daki hatalar, Georgi Plehanov’un \u00e7evirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve marksizmin Rusya’da yay\u0131lmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veren Marx ve Engels’in \u00f6zel bir \u00f6ns\u00f6z yazm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 1882 Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131da giderilmi\u015ftir. Marx’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Manifesto birka\u00e7 kez daha bas\u0131ld\u0131. Engels bunlar\u0131n hepsini okumu\u015f ve 1883 Almanca bask\u0131ya ve Samuel Moore’un \u00e7evirdi\u011fi ve kendisinin de ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irip notlar ekledi\u011fi 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya \u00f6ns\u00f6zler yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131 Manifesto’nun \u0130ngiltere’de, Birle\u015fik Devletler’de ve SSCB’nde daha sonra yap\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131s\u0131nda temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1890’da Engels yeni bir Almanca bask\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131, buna bir \u00f6ns\u00f6z yazd\u0131 ve birka\u00e7 not ekledi. 1885’de Le Socialiste, Manifesto’nun Marx’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Laura Lafargue’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Engels’in okudu\u011fu Frans\u0131zca \u00e7evirisini yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Engels ayr\u0131ca 1892 Leh\u00e7e, ve 1893 \u0130talyanca bask\u0131lara da \u00f6ns\u00f6zler yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Manifesto’nun bu ciltte yeralan metni Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, Collected Works (Progress Publishers, Moscow 1976, Vol. 6, s. 476-519), adl\u0131 yap\u0131ttan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, Gesammelte Werke (Dietz Verlag Berlin, Bd. 4, s. 459-493) adl\u0131 yap\u0131ttan da yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanca metnin \u0130ngilizce metinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu noktalar, sayfa alt\u0131nda dipnot olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Progress Publishers’in saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar “-Ed” ibaresiyle, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisi yap\u0131l\u0131rken saptanm\u0131\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ise, “-\u00e7.” ibaresi ile belirtilmi\u015ftir
Manifesto’nun bu ciltte yer alan \u00f6ns\u00f6zleri, \u00fc\u00e7 ciltlik Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (Progress Publishers, Moscow 1969, Vol. 1, s. 98-107) adl\u0131 yap\u0131ttan \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6ns\u00f6zler \u00e7evrilirken, bunlar\u0131n B\u00fct\u00fcn Yap\u0131tlar\u0131’n\u0131n Almanca bask\u0131lar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f Almancalar\u0131ndan da yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (K. Marx, F. Engels, Op. cit., s. 573-590). [Bu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7eviri, Muzaffer Ardos taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r – Aral\u0131k 1976]
[2] Kom\u00fcnist Birlik \u2014 Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan kurulan proletaryan\u0131n ilk uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc; 1847’den 1850’ye kadar varolmu\u015ftur.
[3] Burada Fransa’daki 1848 \u015eubat Devrimine de\u011finiliyor.
[4] “Red Republican – George Julian Harney’in 1850’de Hazirandan Kas\u0131ma kadar Londra’da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 haftal\u0131k bir \u00e7artist dergi. 21-24. say\u0131lar\u0131nda Manifesto’yu \u00f6zetleyerek yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
[5] Burada Frans\u0131z burjuvazisi taraf\u0131ndan korkun\u00e7 bir vah\u015fetle bast\u0131r\u0131lan Paris i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin 23-26 Haziran 1848’de giri\u015ftikleri kahramanca ayaklanmaya de\u011finiliyor.
[6] Le Socialiste \u2014 New-York’ta Ekim 1871’den Mayis 1873’e kadar Frans\u0131zca olarak \u00e7\u0131kan haftal\u0131k bir gazete. Enternasyonalin Kuzey Amerika Federasyonunun Frans\u0131z kesiminin organ\u0131yd\u0131; Huge Kongresinin ard\u0131ndan Enternasyonalden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
[7] Burada, Manifesto’nun 1869’da Cenevre’de yay\u0131nlanan Bakunin \u00e7evirisine de\u011finiliyor.
[8] Burada, Aleksandr Herzen ve Nikolay Ogaryov’un yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kolokol (“\u00c7an”) adl\u0131 devrimci demokratik gazeteyi basan “H\u00fcr Rus Bas\u0131mevi”ne de\u011finiliyor. Herzen taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bu bas\u0131mevi 1865’e kadar Londra’dayd\u0131; bundan sonra Cenevre’ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. 1869’da, bas\u0131mevi, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’nun ilk Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.
[9] Yazarlar, burada, 1 Mart 1881’de imparator Aleksandr II’nin Narodnaya Volya \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Rusya’da esen havaya de\u011finiyorlar. Aleksandr II’nin ard\u0131l\u0131 Aleksandr III, Narodnaya Volya’nin Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulunun giri\u015fece\u011fi yeni ter\u00f6rist eylemler korkusuyla Ga\u00e7ina’ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, orada oturuyordu.
[10] Kolonya’da Kom\u00fcnistlerin Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 (4 Ekim-12 Kas\u0131m 1852) \u2014 Kom\u00fcnist Birli\u011fin 11 \u00fcyesinin Prusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davada yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131. Yurda ihanet ile su\u00e71anan san\u0131klardan yedisi, uydurma belgelere ve ger\u00e7ek olmayan delillere dayan\u0131larak \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan alt\u0131 y\u0131la kadar de\u011fi\u015fen cezalara \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. (Bkz: Engels, “Kolonya’da Kom\u00fcnistlerin Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131”)
[11] Marx ve Engels, bu teorik \u00f6nermeyi, 1840’tan sonraki bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Buradaki form\u00fclasyon, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011finin T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki form\u00fclasyondur.
[12] Bu \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc Engels, 1 May\u0131s 1890’da, \u0130kinci Enternasyonalin Paris Kongresi (Haziran 1889) karar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca baz\u0131 Avrupa ve Amerika \u00fclkelerinde d\u00fczenlenen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal g\u00f6sterilerin, grevlerin ve toplant\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler bu 1 May\u0131s’ta Kongre taraf\u0131ndan saptanm\u0131\u015f olan 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc istemini ve \u00f6teki baz\u0131 istemleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bug\u00fcnden sonra, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ileri 1 May\u0131s\u0131 her y\u0131l proletaryan\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kutlayagelmi\u015flerdir.
[13] Kongre Polonyas\u0131 \u2014 1814-15 Viyana Kongresi karar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca Polonya’n\u0131n Polonya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Rusya’ya ilhak olunan k\u0131sm\u0131.
[14] Marx’\u0131n art\u0131-de\u011fer teorisini hen\u00fcz geli\u015ftirmemi\u015f oldu\u011fu 1840 ve 1850’lerdeki yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda, Marx ve Engels, “eme\u011fin de\u011feri”, “eme\u011fin fiyat\u0131”, “eme\u011fin sat\u0131m\u0131” terimlerini kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Marx’\u0131n \u00dccretli Emek ve Sermaye adl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131na 1891’de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde Engels’in belirtti\u011fi gibi, bunlar, “sonraki yap\u0131tlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan talihsiz, hatta yanl\u0131\u015f”t\u0131lar. Marx’\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7inin kapitaliste eme\u011fini de\u011fil i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tlamas\u0131ndan sonra, Marx ve Engels, daha sonraki yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda “i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri”, “i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131”, “i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn sat\u0131m\u0131” terimlerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
[15] “Sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren on saat Tasar\u0131s\u0131, 1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda toprak aristokrasisi ile sanayi burjuvazisi aras\u0131nda yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan gergin bir ortam i\u00e7erisinde, 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda yasala\u015ft\u0131. Tah\u0131l Yasalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc almak i\u00e7in Tory’lerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 on-saat Tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015flerdi.
[16] Burada, halktan gelen bask\u0131 sonucu 1831’de Avam Kamaras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en ve 1832’de Lordlar Kamaras\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan se\u00e7im yasas\u0131 reformuna de\u011finiliyor. Bu reform, toprak ve finans aristokrasisinin tekelci egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltilmi\u015fti ve yasala\u015fmas\u0131yla sanayi burjuvazisinin temsilcilerine parlamentonun yolu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Reform sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temel g\u00fc\u00e7leri olan proletarya ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuvaziye se\u00e7im hakk\u0131 verilmedi ve b\u00f6ylece bunlar liberal burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan aldat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldular.
[17] Me\u015fruiyet\u00e7iler \u2014 B\u00fcy\u00fck toprakl\u0131 soylular\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden ve 1830’da devrilmi\u015f olan “me\u015fru” Bourbon hanedan\u0131 yanda\u015flar\u0131, finans aristokrasisine ve b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvaziye dayanarak h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekte olan Orleans hanedan\u0131na (1830-48) kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, me\u015fruiyet\u00e7ilerin bir kesimi toplumsal demagojiye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve kendilerini burjuvazinin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan halk\u0131n savunucusuymu\u015f gibi g\u00f6stermeye kalk\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
[18] “Gen\u00e7 \u0130ngiltere” \u2014 Aralar\u0131nda Disraeli ve Ferrand’\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu tutucu yazar ve politikac\u0131lardan olu\u015fan bir \u00e7evre. Bunlar iyiliksever Tory’lere yak\u0131nd\u0131lar ve 1841’de Avam Kamaras\u0131nda ayr\u0131 bir grup olu\u015fturdular. Burjuvazinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmekte olan ekonomik ve siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda toprak aristokrasisinin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funu dile getirerek kapitalist sistemi ele\u015ftiriyorlar ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 kendi etkileri alt\u0131na almak ve burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda bu s\u0131n\u0131ftan yararlanmak i\u00e7in iyiliksever \u00f6nlemleri destekliyorlard\u0131. “Gen\u00e7 \u0130ngiltere” siyasal bir grup olarak 1845’te da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Yaz\u0131nsal bir \u00e7evre olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da 1848’de son buldu.
[19] “Immanuel Kant’\u0131n, Frans\u0131z Devriminden hemen \u00f6nce (1788) yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (“Pratik Akl\u0131n Ele\u015ftirisi”) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunuluyor.
[20] Burada, Frans\u0131z gazetesi La R\u00e9forme’u (1843’den 1850’ye kadar Paris’te yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) destekleyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuva cumhuriyet\u00e7i demokratlar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-burjuva sosyalistlere de\u011finiliyor. Bunlar cumhuriyeti ve demokratik ve toplumsal reformlar\u0131 savunuyorlard\u0131.
[21] “Tar\u0131m Reformcular\u0131 (Gen\u00e7 Amerika) \u2014 Amerikal\u0131 zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kurdu\u011fu bir \u00f6rg\u00fct. 1845’te kurulan ve bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan Ulusal Reform Derne\u011finin \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 1840’lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Dernek, toprak reformu i\u00e7in ajitasyona giri\u015fmi\u015f, k\u00f6le sahibi plantasyonculara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca on-saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yasala\u015fmas\u0131, k\u00f6lecili\u011fin, s\u00fcrekli ordunun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi istemlerde de bulunmu\u015ftur. Bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7men Alman zanaat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Ulusal Reform Derne\u011finin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi bu harekete kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1846 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndaki hareket durulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun nedenlerinden biri de, “hakiki sosyalizm”leri ile Alman g\u00f6\u00e7menleri demokratik hedefler u\u011fruna yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131mdan sapt\u0131ran Kriege grubunun faaliyetiydi.
[22] La R\u00e9forme gazetesi i\u00e7in 68. a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 nota bak\u0131n\u0131z.
[23] Burada, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Polonya’y\u0131 par\u00e7alam\u0131\u015f olan ve Viyana Kongresinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar uyar\u0131nca Krakov’u ortakla\u015fa denetimleri alt\u0131nda bulunduran Avusturya, Rusya ve Prusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 Kralov Cumhuriyetinde ba\u015flayan ulusal kurtulu\u015f ayaklanmas\u0131na de\u011finiliyor. 22 \u015eubat 1846’da Krakov’da iktidar\u0131n isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesi, Polonya Cumhuriyeti Ulusal H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kurulmas\u0131 ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin feodal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri kald\u0131ran bir manifesto yay\u0131nlamas\u0131, Polonya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinde yeralacak ve ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 devrimci demokratlar\u0131n (Dembovski ve \u00f6tekiler) \u00e7ekti\u011fi genel bir ayaklanma plan\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Polonya’n\u0131n di\u011fer kesimlerinden etkin destek saklayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Krakov ayaklanmas\u0131, Mart ay\u0131nda Avusturya ve \u00e7arl\u0131k Rusya kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; Kas\u0131m 1846’da, Avusturya, Prusya ve Rusya, kendi aralar\u0131nda, “h\u00fcr Krakov kenti”ni Avusturya imparatorlu\u011funa katan bir antla\u015fma imzalad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d6ns\u00f6zler’in Dipnotlar\u0131[1*] K\u00f6y toplulu\u011fu.[2*] “Kan\u0131mca”, diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirinin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, “Darwin’in teorisinin biyoloji i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tarih i\u00e7in yapacak olan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere, her ikimiz de, 1845 \u00f6ncesinde, yava\u015f yava\u015f yakla\u015fmaktayd\u0131k. Buna do\u011fru, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, ne denli ilerlemi\u015f oldu\u011fumu en iyi \u0130ngiltere’de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. Ama, 1845 bahar\u0131nda, Br\u00fcksel’de Marx ile yeniden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5874","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-komunist-parti-manifestosu-marx-engels"},"yoast_head":"\nKom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu Dipnotlar\u0131 - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu Dipnotlar\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00d6ns\u00f6zler’in Dipnotlar\u0131[1*] K\u00f6y toplulu\u011fu.[2*] “Kan\u0131mca”, diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirinin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, “Darwin’in teorisinin biyoloji i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tarih i\u00e7in yapacak olan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere, her ikimiz de, 1845 \u00f6ncesinde, yava\u015f yava\u015f yakla\u015fmaktayd\u0131k. Buna do\u011fru, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, ne denli ilerlemi\u015f oldu\u011fumu en iyi \u0130ngiltere’de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. Ama, 1845 bahar\u0131nda, Br\u00fcksel’de Marx ile yeniden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-03-10T17:52:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/galeri.uludagsozluk.com\/15\/kom%C3%BCnist-parti-manifestosu_79948.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"23 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu Dipnotlar\u0131\",\"datePublished\":\"2011-03-10T17:52:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/\"},\"wordCount\":4633,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/03\/10\/komunist-parti-manifestosu-dipnotlari\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/galeri.uludagsozluk.com\/15\/kom%C3%BCnist-parti-manifestosu_79948.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu - 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Buna do\u011fru, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, ne denli ilerlemi\u015f oldu\u011fumu en iyi \u0130ngiltere’de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. 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