{"id":5916,"date":"2011-04-14T17:55:41","date_gmt":"2011-04-14T14:55:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/04\/14\/ruhlar-aleminde-dogabilim-friedrich-engels\/"},"modified":"2011-04-14T17:55:41","modified_gmt":"2011-04-14T14:55:41","slug":"ruhlar-aleminde-dogabilim-friedrich-engels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/04\/14\/ruhlar-aleminde-dogabilim-friedrich-engels\/","title":{"rendered":"Ruhlar Aleminde Do\u011fabilim | Friedrich Engels"},"content":{"rendered":"

Halk\u0131n bilincine giren diyalektik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7lar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen eski bir deyimle dile gelir. Buna g\u00f6re, hayalcili\u011fin, safdilli\u011fin ve bo\u015finan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek derecesini, Alman do\u011fa felsefesi gibi, nesnel d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi \u00f6znel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7er\u00e7evesine sokmaya zorlayan do\u011fal bilimsel ak\u0131mda de\u011fil, salt deneyimi \u00f6verek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 mutlak bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme ile bakan ve ger\u00e7ekten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011fin en ileri ucuna giden kar\u015f\u0131t ak\u0131mda ararsak, pek yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bu okul, \u0130ngiltere’de egemendir. Bu okulun babas\u0131 olan, pek \u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f Francis Bacon, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, insan \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn uzat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gen\u00e7le\u015fmeyi, insan boyunun ve\u00a0 \u00e7izgilerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesini, bedenin ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini, yeni t\u00fcrlerin \u00fcretilmesini, hava \u00fczerinde egemenli\u011fi ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalar \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kendisine ait olan yeni g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl ve t\u00fcmevar\u0131m y\u00f6nteminin uygulanmas\u0131 iste\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bacon, b\u00f6yle incelemelerin b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan yak\u0131n\u0131r, Do\u011fa Tarihi adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda alt\u0131n yapmak ve t\u00fcrl\u00fc mucizeler ortaya koymak i\u00e7in kesin re\u00e7eteler verir.Isaac Newton da, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, St. John’un kutsal a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n yorumu ile uzun uzun u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O halde, son y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiliz g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, onu temsil edenlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filiklerinde \u2014bunlar, hem de onlar\u0131n en k\u00f6t\u00fcleri de\u011fildir\u2014 Amerika’dan ithal edilmi\u015f ispiritizmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn onmaz kurban\u0131 durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine \u015fa\u015fmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu alan\u0131n ilk do\u011fabilimcisi, do\u011fal se\u00e7me yoluyla, t\u00fcrlerin de\u011fi\u015fimi teorisini Darwin’le ayn\u0131 zamanda ortaya koyan, se\u00e7kin zoolog ve botanik\u00e7i Alfred Russel Wallace’d\u0131r. Wallace, On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism (London, Burns, 1875) adl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131nda, do\u011fabilimin bu dal\u0131 ile ilgili ilk deneylerinin, Bay Spencer Hall’\u00fcn hipnotizma ile tedavi konusundaki derslerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun sonucu olarak \u00f6\u011frencileri \u00fczerinde benzeri deneyler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda edinildi\u011fini anlat\u0131r. “Konu ile \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan ilgileniyor ve bunu \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00e7abayla izliyordum.” Wallace, organlar\u0131n kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 olay\u0131 ve lokal duyumsuzluk yan\u0131nda manyetik uyku meydana getirmekle kalm\u0131yor. Gall’\u0131n organlar\u0131ndan herhangi birine dokunarak bununla ilgili etkinli\u011fi manyetize edilen hastada yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uygun bi\u00e7imde canl\u0131 k\u0131p\u0131rdan\u0131\u015flarla bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Gall’\u0131n kafatas\u0131 haritas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu da onayl\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca, hastas\u0131n\u0131n, ona s\u0131rf dokundu\u011fu zaman, operat\u00f6r\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn duyu alg\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptad\u0131.\u00a0 Bir bardak suyla, onu, yaln\u0131zca bunun konyak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler s\u00f6ylemez sarho\u015f etti. Gen\u00e7lerden birini, uyan\u0131k durumda iken bile, kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 unutacak kadar aptalla\u015ft\u0131rabiliyordu. Ama bunu, hipnotizmaya ba\u015fvurmadan da yapan ustalar vard\u0131. \u00d6rnekler b\u00f6yle s\u00fcr\u00fcp gidiyor.<\/p>\n

Sonra bir raslant\u0131 oluyor ve ben, bu Bay Spencer Hall’\u00fc 1843-1844 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Manchester’da g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Kendisi, birka\u00e7 rahibin koruyuculu\u011fu alt\u0131nda \u00fclkeyi gezen, tanr\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ruhun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve o g\u00fcnlerde ov\u0131nc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlenen materyalizmin bo\u015flu\u011funu tan\u0131tlamak amac\u0131yla gen\u00e7 bir bayan \u00fczerinde manyetik-frenolojik g\u00f6steriler yapan \u00e7ok baya\u011f\u0131 bir \u015farlatand\u0131. Kad\u0131n, manyetik uykuya sokuluyor, operat\u00f6r onun kafatas\u0131n\u0131n Gali organ\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eden herhangi bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dokunur dokunmaz, ilgili organ\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fini en iyi bi\u00e7imde anlatan \u00e7ok g\u00f6steri\u015fli davran\u0131\u015flar ve pozlar tak\u0131n\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7ocuk sevgisi organ\u0131 ile ilgili olarak, hayaldeki bir bebe\u011fi ok\u015fuyor ve \u00f6p\u00fcyordu vb.. Bu arada yaman Hail, Gall’\u0131n kafatas\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 yeni bir Barataria[40] adas\u0131 ile zenginle\u015ftirmi\u015fti; kafatas\u0131n\u0131n tepesinde sa\u011fda, dokunuldu\u011fu zaman hipnotize edilmi\u015f gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n\u0131n yere diz \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, dua eder gibi ellerini birle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7inde bulunan darkafal\u0131 seyircilere kendini duan\u0131n \u00e7ekicili\u011fine kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f mele\u011fi g\u00f6steren bir tap\u0131nma organ\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti. G\u00f6sterinin sonucu ve doruk noktas\u0131 buras\u0131yd\u0131. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Benim ve bir tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n \u00fczerindeki etkisi, Bay Wallace’\u0131n etkilenmesi gibiydi: olay bizi ilgilendirdi ve ayn\u0131 \u015feyi hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yapabilece\u011fimizi ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Oniki ya\u015f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131kg\u00f6z bir o\u011flan, denek olarak kendini ortaya att\u0131. G\u00f6zlerine y\u00f6neltilen tatl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015flar ve ok\u015famalar onu kolayca hipnotize durumuna\u00a0 soktu. Ama daha az inan\u00e7l\u0131 ve Bay Wallace’tan daha az kendimizi bu i\u015fe verdi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik sonu\u00e7lara vard\u0131k. Sa\u011flanmas\u0131 kolay, hafif bir kas kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile duyars\u0131zl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, son derece y\u00fcksek alg\u0131 duyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda tam bir irade pasifli\u011fi durumu g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Denek, bir d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcrt\u00fc ile uyu\u015fukluktan kurtulunca, uyan\u0131k durumda oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha fazla canl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi. Operat\u00f6rle gizemli bir ili\u015fki bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir iz yoktu: uykudaki insan\u0131, herhangi bir ki\u015fi, kolayl\u0131kla, ayn\u0131 faaliyete getirebilirdi. Gall’\u0131n kafatas\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek bizim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsizdi; biz, \u00e7ok daha ileri gittik. Bunlar\u0131 birbiriyle de\u011fi\u015ftirmekle ve onlar\u0131, bedenin herhangi bir yerine g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekle kalmad\u0131k, istedi\u011fimiz \u00e7oklukta ba\u015fka organlar, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleme, \u0131sl\u0131k \u00e7alma, boru \u00f6tt\u00fcrme, dans etme, boks yapma, diki\u015f dikme, yamama, t\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7me vb. organlar\u0131 \u00fcrettik ve bunlar\u0131 istedi\u011fimiz yere g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fck. Wallace, dene\u011fini suyla sarho\u015f ediyordu, ama biz de b\u00fcy\u00fck ayak ba\u015fparma\u011f\u0131nda bir sarho\u015fluk organ\u0131 ke\u015ffettik; en ho\u015f sarho\u015fluk g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc meydana getirmek i\u00e7in buna dokunmam\u0131z yetiyordu. \u015euras\u0131 iyice anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131 ki, kendisinden ne istendi\u011fi dene\u011fe anlat\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar hi\u00e7 bir organ bir etki izi g\u00f6stermiyordu. \u00c7ocuk, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden, al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma sayesinde kendisini o denli yetkinle\u015ftirdi ki, en uzak bir uyar\u0131 yeterli oluyordu. B\u00f6ylece, \u00fcretilen organlar, ayn\u0131 yoldan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmedikleri s\u00fcrece, daha sonraki uyutmalar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erliliklerini koruyorlard\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten dene\u011fin iki belle\u011fi vard\u0131; birincisi uyan\u0131kl\u0131k durumu, ikincisi de tamamen de\u011fi\u015fik bir hipnotize durum i\u00e7indi. \u0130radenin pasifli\u011fi ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin iradesine mutlak uydulu\u011fu ile ilgili olarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu dununun dene\u011fin iradesinin, operat\u00f6r\u00fcn iradesine uymas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu olmadan sa\u011flanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131lda tutarsak, iradenin pasifli\u011fi mucize niteli\u011fini tamamen yitirir. Dene\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar ba\u015flamaz, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en yaman manyetizmac\u0131s\u0131 bile kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Biz, sa\u00e7ma bir ku\u015fkuculukla, manyetik-frenolojik \u015farlatanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temelinin, uyan\u0131kl\u0131k durumunun g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclerinden \u00e7o\u011funlukla ancak derece bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 ve hi\u00e7 bir mistik yoruma gerek g\u00f6stermeyen bir dizi g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcler buldu\u011fumuz halde, Bay Wallace’\u0131n \u00e7abas\u0131 kendisini bir dizi aldanmalara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor; bunlarla o, Gall’\u0131n kafatas\u0131 haritas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na kadar do\u011fruluyor ve operat\u00f6rle denek aras\u0131nda gizemli bir ili\u015fkinin bulundu\u011funu belirtiyordu.\u0130\u00e7tenli\u011fi safl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne varan Bay Wallace’\u0131n hik\u00e2yesinin her yerinde, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, \u015farlatanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ek zeminini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak, her ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcleri yeniden meydana getirmekten onu \u00e7ok daha az ilgilendiriyor. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olan bir kimsenin, basit ve kolay bir aldan\u0131\u015fla k\u0131sa zamanda bir usta haline gelmesi i\u00e7in ancak b\u00f6yle bir kafa yap\u0131s\u0131na gerek vard\u0131r. Bay Wallace, manyetik-frenolojik mucizelere iman eder, ve bir aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ruh \u00e2lemine basar duruma geldi.<\/p>\n

1865 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6teki aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ruh \u00e2lemine \u00e7ekti. Tropik \u00fclkelerde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oniki y\u0131ll\u0131k gezilerden d\u00f6n\u00fcnce, masa d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme denemeleri, onu, \u00e7e\u015fitli “medyum” topluluklar\u0131na soktu. Ne kadar \u00e7abuk ilerledi\u011fini, konuya ne kadar iyi egemen oldu\u011funu, yukarda de\u011finilen kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. O, bizden, Home’lar\u0131n, Davenport karde\u015flerin ve kendilerini az\u00e7ok para i\u00e7in ileri s\u00fcren, \u00e7o\u011fu da s\u0131k s\u0131k doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak yakay\u0131 ele veren daha ba\u015fka “medyum”lar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6zde\u00a0 mucizelerini ge\u00e7erli \u015feyler olarak kabul etmemiz yan\u0131nda, eski zamanlardan kalma s\u00f6zde do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f cin peri masallar\u0131n\u0131 da kabul etmemizi bekler. Yunan k\u00e2hinli\u011finin falc\u0131lar\u0131, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcleri hep “medyum”du: Iamblichus, De divinatione [“K\u00e2hinlik \u00dczerine”] adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda “modern ispiritizmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini”\u00a0 aynen anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu, Bay “Wallace’\u0131n s\u00f6zkonusu mucizelerin bilimsel kurum ve kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ne denli hafife ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00f6rneklerden ancak biridir. Yukarda de\u011finilen ruhlar\u0131n kendi foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektirdiklerine inanmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fi elbette ki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir varsay\u0131md\u0131r. Ve do\u011fruluklar\u0131na inanmadan \u00f6nce b\u00f6yle foto\u011fraflar\u0131n hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeyen bir yoldan ger\u00e7ek olduklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemek de bizim hakk\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. Bay Wallace 187. sayfada, 1872 y\u0131l\u0131 mart\u0131nda k\u0131zl\u0131k ad\u0131 Nicholls olan \u00f6nde gelen medyumlardan Bayan Guppy’nin kocas\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu ile birlikte Notting H\u00fcrde Bay Hudson’a kendi foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektirdi\u011fini, iki ayr\u0131 foto\u011frafta uzun boylu, beyaz t\u00fcl elbiseye g\u00fczelce sar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, biraz da do\u011fulu \u00e7izgileri ta\u015f\u0131yan, kutsama yapma pozunda bulunan bir kad\u0131n fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de onun ard\u0131nda durdu\u011funu anlat\u0131r. “Burada iki \u015feyden bir tanesi mutlak kesindir. Ya canl\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, ama g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen bir varl\u0131k orda bulunuyordu, ya da Bay ve Bayan Guppy, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fi, \u00e7irkin bir oyun tasarlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve bu oyunu o andan beri s\u00fcrd\u00fcregelmi\u015flerdi. Oysa ben, Bay ve Bayan Guppy’yi \u00c7ok iyi tan\u0131r\u0131m ve do\u011fabilim alan\u0131nda cidd\u00ee bir ger\u00e7ek ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 gibi onun da b\u00f6yle bir aldatmacay\u0131 yapamayaca\u011f\u0131na kesinlikle inan\u0131yorum.”<\/p>\n

O halde ya aldatma ya da ruhun foto\u011fraf\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu. Kabul. E\u011fer aldatma ise, ya ruh daha \u00f6nceden foto\u011fraf levhalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeydi, ya da d\u00f6rt ki\u015fi, 1875 oca\u011f\u0131nda 84 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u00f6len, zay\u0131f ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve ahmak, ihtiyar Bay Guppy’yi bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak (onu arka taraftaki paravan\u0131n ard\u0131na yollamak yeterdi), \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi bu i\u015fe kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bir foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ruh i\u00e7in bir “maden kolayca bulabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemenin bile gere\u011fi yok. Ama foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 Hudson, bundan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, ruh foto\u011fraflar\u0131yla doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k haline getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in mahkemeye verildi. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Bay Wallace durumu kurtarmak i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: “Bir \u015fey a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r; e\u011fer aldatma s\u00f6zkonusu olsayd\u0131, bu, bizzat ruh\u00e7ular taraf\u0131ndan derhal ke\u015ffedilirdi.”<\/p>\n

Demek ki, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131lara pek g\u00fcvenmemek gerekir. Geriye Bayan Guppy kal\u0131nca, dostumuz “Wallace ona olan “mutlak inanc\u0131n\u0131” belirtir ve ortada ba\u015fka bir sorun kalmaz. \u2014 Ba\u015fka bir sorun kalmaz m\u0131? Hi\u00e7 de de\u011fil. Bayan Guppy’nin ne denli g\u00fcvenilir oldu\u011funu kendisinin \u015fu iddias\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor: 1871 haziran\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, bir ak\u015fam, Highbury Hill Park’taki evinden 69 Lambs Conduit Street’e \u2014ku\u015f u\u00e7u\u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 \u0130ngiliz mili\u2014 kendisini bilin\u00e7siz bir halde havadan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar ve s\u00f6zkonusu 69 numaral\u0131 evde, bir ruh oturumunun ortas\u0131nda masan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne b\u0131rak\u0131yorlar. Odan\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 kapal\u0131ym\u0131\u015f ve Bayan Guppy, Londra’n\u0131n en iri-yar\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011fu halde, \u2014bu da ku\u015fkusuz bir \u015feyler demek istiyor\u2014 kendisinin ans\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7eriye giri\u015fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ne kap\u0131lar birazc\u0131k aralanm\u0131\u015f, ne de tavanda en ufak bir delik a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (Londra’da yay\u0131nlanan Echo\u2019nun 8 Haziran 1871 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda bildiriliyor). Gene de ruh foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funa inanmayan varsa, art\u0131k onun i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey fayda etmez.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz do\u011fabilimcileri aras\u0131nda ikinci \u00fcnl\u00fc falc\u0131, talyum kimyasal elementini ve radyometreyi (Almanya’da buna “Lichtm\u00fchle” de denir) ke\u015ffeden Bay William Crookes’tur. Bay Crookes, ispiritizma g\u00f6sterisini incelemeye 1871 dolaylar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu i\u015f i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcr\u00fc fiziksel ve mekanik ayg\u0131tlar, yayl\u0131 teraziler, elektrik bataryalar\u0131 vb. kulland\u0131. Bu konuda gerekli olan as\u0131l ayg\u0131t\u0131, yani \u015f\u00fcpheci ele\u015ftiri yapan kafay\u0131 kullan\u0131p kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ya da i\u015fin sonuna kadar bunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda koruyup korumad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fimdi g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Ama her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n Bay Crookes, pek uzun olmayan bir d\u00f6nem, Bay Wallace kadar kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 kendisini bu i\u015fe.<\/p>\n

“Birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r”, diye anlat\u0131r, “gen\u00e7 bir kad\u0131n, Bayan Florence Cook, dikkate de\u011fer bir medyum niteli\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu, ki bu, son zamanlarda asl\u0131 ruh olan bir \u015feyden tam bir kad\u0131n bi\u00e7imi alma durumuna y\u00fckseldi; \u015f\u00f6yle ki, bu kad\u0131n bi\u00e7imi, siyah elbiseler giymi\u015f, s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve derin uykuya dalm\u0131\u015f halde bir kabinede ya da biti\u015fik odada yatarken, ruh olarak.\u00e7\u0131plak ayakla ve beyaz elbiselerle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.”<\/p>\n

Kendisine Katey diyen ve Bayan Cook’a \u00e7ok benzeyen bu ruhu, bir ak\u015fam ans\u0131z\u0131n Bayan Guppy’nin \u015fimdiki e\u015fi Bay Volckman, de\u011fi\u015fik k\u0131yafette Bayan Cook olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in, belinden yakalad\u0131. Ruh, yaman bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi, kendini adamak\u0131ll\u0131 savundu, seyirciler m\u00fcdahale ettiler, lamba s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc; k\u0131sa bir sava\u015f\u0131mdan sonra sessizlik yeniden sa\u011flan\u0131p ve oda ayd\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ruh kaybolmu\u015ftu. Bayan Cook ise k\u00f6\u015fesinde ba\u011fl\u0131 ve bayg\u0131n olarak yat\u0131yordu. Bay Volckman ise, Bayan Cook’u yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun ba\u015fkas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 halen iddia ediyor. Bunu bilimsel olarak ortaya koymak i\u00e7in \u00fcnl\u00fc elektrik\u00e7i Bay Varley, yeni bir deney dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir bataryan\u0131n elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, medyum Bayan Cook’tan, ak\u0131m\u0131 kesmeksizin ruh rol\u00fc yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7irdi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, ruh g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Demek ki bu, ger\u00e7ekten Bayan Cook’tan de\u011fi\u015fik bir \u015feydi. Bunu daha da sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak Bay Crookes’un g\u00f6reviydi. Att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ad\u0131m, ruh\u00e7u kad\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenini kazanmak oldu.<\/p>\n

Bizzat kendisi, Spiritualist\u2019in 5 Haziran 1874 g\u00fcnl\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131nda, “Bu g\u00fcven” diyor, “yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ki, d\u00fczenlenmesi benim taraf\u0131mdan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde bir seans yapmay\u0131 kabul etmedi. Her zaman yak\u0131n\u0131nda ve kabininin biti\u015fi\u011finde benim* bulunmam\u0131 istedi. Bu g\u00fcveni sa\u011flad\u0131ktan ve kendisini ona verdi\u011fim bir s\u00f6z\u00fc yerine getirmemezlik etmeyece\u011fime* inand\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcn\u00fcn geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kuvvetlendi\u011fini, ba\u015fka bir yoldan elde edilemeyecek kan\u0131tlar\u0131n kendili\u011finden belirdi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Kendisi, o durumlarda bulunan ki\u015filer ve onlara g\u00f6sterilecek yerler konusunda s\u0131k s\u0131k bana dan\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu*, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc son zamanlarda \u00f6tekiler yan\u0131nda, daha bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerinin, hatta zor* uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi yolunda baz\u0131 sakat tavsiyelerde bulunuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in pek sinirli olmu\u015ftu.”<\/p>\n

Bu ruh bayan, l\u00fctufk\u00e2r oldu\u011fu kadar bilimsel de olan bu g\u00fcveni tam olarak \u00f6d\u00fcllendirdi. Hatta \u2014bizim i\u00e7in art\u0131k bu bir s\u00fcrpriz de\u011fildir\u2014 Bay Crookes’un evinde bile g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc, onun \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile oynad\u0131, onlara “Hindistan’daki ser\u00fcvenlerinden an\u0131lar” anlatt\u0131, “ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131 deneylerinden birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131” da Bay Crookes’a aktard\u0131, kendisinin a\u00e7\u0131k nesnelli\u011finden emin olsun diye kolunu tutmas\u0131na izin verdi, dakikada nabz\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ka\u00e7 kez soluk ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ona sayd\u0131rd\u0131, sonunda da Bay Crookes’un yan\u0131ba\u015f\u0131nda foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektirdi.<\/p>\n

“Bu fig\u00fcr”, diyor Bay Wallace, “onu g\u00f6rd\u00fckten, ona dokunduktan, foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektikten ve onunla konu\u015ftuktan sonra, seyirci ile dolu biti\u015fik bir odadan ba\u015fka \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri olmayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir odadan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kayboldu.”\u00a0 Bu, evinde b\u00f6yle \u015feyler ge\u00e7en Bay Crookes’a seyircilerin, onun ruha g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00fcvenden daha az g\u00fcven g\u00f6stermeyecek kadar nazik olmalar\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir beceri de\u011fildi.
Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu “tamamen tan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcler” ispiritizmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in bile bu anda inan\u0131lacak \u015feyler de\u011fildir. Ger\u00e7ek ispiritizmac\u0131 olan Bay Volckman’\u0131n ne denli somut bir el\u00e7abuklu\u011funa ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu yukarda g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Sonra bir din adam\u0131 ve “\u0130ngiliz \u0130spritizmac\u0131lar\u0131 Ulusal Derne\u011fi”nin bir \u00fcyesi de, Bayan Cook’un bir oturumuna kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve kap\u0131s\u0131ndan ruhun geldi\u011fi ve kayboldu\u011fu odan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile ili\u015fkisini sa\u011flayan ikinci bir kap\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011funu kolayca saptad\u0131. Kendisi de orada haz\u0131r bulunan Bay Crookes’un davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, “bu g\u00f6sterilerde bir oyunun bulunabilece\u011fi konusundaki inanc\u0131ma son darbeyi vurdu” (Mystic London, by the Rev. C. Maurice Lavies, London, Tinsley Brothers). B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan ba\u015fka, “Katey’lerin” nas\u0131l “ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildikleri” Amerika’da g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Holmes adl\u0131 evli bir \u00e7ift, gene bir “Katey’nin g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve inananlardan bol bol hediye toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 oturumlar\u0131 Filadelfiya’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Ama \u015f\u00fcphecinin biri yiyip i\u00e7medi, s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en ve bir defa paran\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden grev yapan Katey’nin pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; sonunda onu bir pansiyonda, tam anlam\u0131yla etten ve kemikten gen\u00e7 bir kad\u0131n olarak, ruha verilen hediyelerle birlikte ke\u015ffetti.
Bu s\u0131rada Kara Avrupa’s\u0131n\u0131n da kendi bilimsel ruh\u00e7ular\u0131 vard\u0131. Petersburg’da bilimsel bir kurum, \u2014\u00fcniversite mi, yoksa akademi mi pek bilmiyorum\u2014 devlet dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Aksakov ile kimyager Butlerov’u, ispiritizmac\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclerin esas\u0131n\u0131 incelemekle g\u00f6revlendirdi, ama bundan, fazla bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan \u2014ispritizmac\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131rsa\u2014 \u015fimdi de Almanya, Leipzig’de Profes\u00f6r Z\u00f6llner’in ki\u015fili\u011finde, adam\u0131n\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Bay Z\u00f6llner, y\u0131llard\u0131r, uzay\u0131n “d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyutu” \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu ve \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu bir uzayda olanaks\u0131z olan bir\u00e7ok \u015feyin d\u00f6rt boyutlu bir uzayda \u00e7ok do\u011fal olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. O halde d\u00f6rt boyutlu uzayda kapal\u0131 bir metal k\u00fcre, bir yerinde delik a\u00e7maks\u0131z\u0131n eldiven gibi tersine \u00e7evrilebilir; bunun gibi u\u00e7lar\u0131 bulunmayan ya da iki ucu bir yere ba\u011fl\u0131 bir sicimde bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm yap\u0131labilir, hi\u00e7 birini a\u00e7madan iki kapal\u0131 halkay\u0131 birbirinin i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7irmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunun gibi daha bir\u00e7ok marifetler var. Ruh d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan gelen son zafer raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u015fimdi Profes\u00f6r Z\u00f6llner, bir ya da birka\u00e7 medyuma, onlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyutun konumu konusunda daha geni\u015f bilgiler bulmak amac\u0131yla ba\u015fvurmu\u015f. Ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak gibiymi\u015f. Elini masadan ay\u0131rmaks\u0131z\u0131n koluyla yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131 koltuk kenar\u0131, durumdan sonra koluna yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k halde kalm\u0131\u015f, iki ucu masaya biti\u015fik olan bir sicime d\u00f6rt d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f vb.. K\u0131sacas\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyutun b\u00fct\u00fcn mucizeleri, ruhlar taraf\u0131ndan oyuncak gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f. Ama \u015funu ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmamal\u0131: relata refero, ruhlar b\u00fclteninin do\u011frulu\u011funu garanti edemem; bunlarda yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey varsa, kendisine bunlar\u0131 bildirme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fim i\u00e7in Bay Z\u00f6llner’in bana te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmesi gerekir. Ama bunlar, Bay Z\u00f6llner’in deneylerini aynen yans\u0131t\u0131yorlarsa, matematikte oldu\u011fu gibi ispiritizma biliminde de yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyorlar demektir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyut nas\u0131l ruhlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tl\u0131yorsa, ruhlar da d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyutun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Ve bu, bir kez saptand\u0131 m\u0131, bilim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok yeni ve sonsuz geni\u015flikte bir alan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor demektir. \u015eimdiye kadarki b\u00fct\u00fcn matematik ve do\u011fabilim, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve daha yukar\u0131 boyutlar\u0131n matemati\u011fi, mekanik, fizik, kimya ve bu y\u00fcksek boyutlarda oturan ruhlar\u0131n fizyolojisi i\u00e7in ancak bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k okulu oluyor. Bay Crookes, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyuta ge\u00e7erken \u2014\u015fimdi elbette \u00f6yle diyebiliriz\u2014 masalar\u0131n ve \u00f6teki mobilyan\u0131n ne kadar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k yitirdi\u011fini bilimsel olarak ortaya koymad\u0131 m\u0131, Bay Wallace, orada, ate\u015fin insan bedenine zarar vermedi\u011fini tan\u0131tlamad\u0131 m\u0131? Demek ki, ruh-bedenlerin fizyolojisi bile var! Soluk al\u0131yorlar, nab\u0131zlar\u0131 var, o halde akci\u011ferleri, kalpleri ve dola\u015f\u0131m organlar\u0131 var. B\u00f6ylece, onlar da \u00f6teki bedensel organlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 de\u011filse bizim kadar iyi donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc soluk almak i\u00e7in akci\u011ferlerde yanan karbonhidratlar gerekli, bunlar da ancak d\u0131\u015fardan sa\u011flanabilir. O halde mide, barsaklar ve bunlar\u0131n \u00f6teberisi \u2014 bu kadar\u0131 olduktan sonra gerisi kolayca geliverir. Ama b\u00f6yle organlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, hastalanma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da getirir; o zaman Bay Virchow’un ruhlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile ilgili bir h\u00fccre patolojisi yazmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Sonra, bu ruhlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, yery\u00fcz\u00fc yosmalar\u0131ndan, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fczellik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ama hi\u00e7 bir bak\u0131mdan fark\u0131 bulunmayan \u00e7ok g\u00fczel ve gen\u00e7 bayanlar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden “a\u015fk\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyan erkeklerle” ili\u015fki kurabilirler; Bay Crookes’un da “kad\u0131n kalbinin bulunu\u015funu” nab\u0131z at\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ortaya koymas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, do\u011fal se\u00e7me i\u00e7in de, k\u00f6t\u00fc sosyal-demokrasi ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktan korkmas\u0131na art\u0131k gerek bulunmayan bir d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyut a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor demektir.<\/p>\n

Yeter. Do\u011fabilimden gizemcili\u011fe giden en sa\u011flam yolun hangisi oldu\u011fu apa\u00e7\u0131k anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu, do\u011fa felsefesinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 teorikli\u011fi de\u011fil, her teoriyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6ren ve hi\u00e7 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye g\u00fcvenmeyen en y\u00fczeysel g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ruhlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tlayan a priori bir gereklilik de\u011fil, Wallace, Crookes ve ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl g\u00f6zlemleridir. Crookes’un talyum metalinin ke\u015ffine g\u00f6t\u00fcren tayf ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerine, ya da Wallace’\u0131n Malaya adalar\u0131ndaki zengin hayvanbilimsel ke\u015fiflerine inanacak olursak, bu iki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n spirituel deney ve bulu\u015flar\u0131na da inanmam\u0131z istenecektir. \u0130kisinin aras\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir fark bulundu\u011funu, yani bunlardan birini do\u011frulayabilece\u011fimizi, \u00f6tekinin do\u011frulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fimizde, ispiritizmac\u0131lar bize, bunun b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ruh g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011frulanmas\u0131 f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 bize vermeye haz\u0131r bulunduklar\u0131 yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 veriyorlar.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de diyalektik, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, horgor\u00fclemez. Bir kimse her t\u00fcrl\u00fc teorik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ne denli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmserse k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsesin, gene de teorik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olmaks\u0131z\u0131n iki do\u011fal olguyu birbiriyle ili\u015fki i\u00e7ine sokamaz, ya da onlar aras\u0131nda varolan ba\u011f\u0131 anlayamaz. Tek sorun bir kimsenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve teoriyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemenin do\u011falc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin ve bu y\u00fczden de yanl\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin en g\u00fcvenilir yoludur. Ama eski ve \u00e7ok iyi bilinen bir diyalektik yasaya g\u00f6re, yanl\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce mant\u0131ksal sonucuna kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131na var\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece diyalekti\u011fin g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmesi, g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fclerin en a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bile t\u00fcm bo\u015finanlar\u0131n en bo\u015funa, modern ruh\u00e7ulu\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek cezas\u0131n\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n

Matematik i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015fey s\u00f6zkonusudur. S\u0131radan, metafizik\u00e7i matematik\u00e7iler, bilimlerinin verdi\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n mutlak reddedilemezli\u011finden dolay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kibirle \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Oysa bu sonu\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda, ancak bu yoldan bir t\u00fcr ger\u00e7eklik kazanan sanal (imaginary) b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler de vard\u0131r. ya da d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc boyuta kafam\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir ger\u00e7eklik tan\u0131maya al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, bir ad\u0131m daha ileri gidilmesi ve medyumlar\u0131n ruhlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesi pek \u00f6nemsenecek bir konu de\u011fildir. Ketteler’in D\u00f6llinger i\u00e7in dedi\u011fi gibi, “Adam ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca o kadar \u00e7ok sa\u00e7may\u0131 savunmu\u015ftu ki, neredeyse yan\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile pazarl\u0131k konusu yapabilirdi!”<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda saf g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck, ruh\u00e7ular\u0131n hakk\u0131ndan gelemez. Birincisi, “daha y\u00fcce” g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcler her zaman, ilgili “ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n” \u2014bizzat Crookes’un benzeri olmayan bir safl\u0131kla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi\u2014 yaln\u0131z g\u00f6rmesi gerekeni ya da g\u00f6rmek istedi\u011fini g\u00f6rebilecek kadar kendini kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman g\u00f6sterilirler. \u0130kincisi, y\u00fczlerce s\u00f6zde ger\u00e7e\u011fin hilecilik oldu\u011fu ve d\u00fczinelerce s\u00f6zde medyumun rasgele d\u00fczenbazlar oldu\u011funun ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ruh\u00e7ularca \u00f6nemsenmez. Her s\u00f6zde mucize, teker \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece tahrif edilmi\u015f ruh foto\u011fraflar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Wallace’\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, onlar i\u00e7in yeteri kadar meydan var demektir. Tahrifat\u0131n var olmas\u0131, ger\u00e7ek olanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini tan\u0131tlar.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck, cans\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ruh\u00e7ular\u0131 g\u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl deneylerle de\u011fil, teorik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctme ve Huxley ile birlikte \u015f\u00f6yle demek zorunlu\u011funu duyar:<\/p>\n

“\u0130spiritizmac\u0131l\u0131\u011fm ger\u00e7ekli\u011finin g\u00f6sterilmesinde benim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm tek iyi \u015fey, intihara kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir kan\u0131t ortaya koyabilmesidir. \u00d6lmekten ve oturumu bir liraya kiralanm\u0131\u015f bir medyumun a\u011fz\u0131ndan sa\u00e7ma-sapan konu\u015fturulmaktansa \u00e7\u00f6p\u00e7\u00fc olarak ya\u015famak daha iyidir.”<\/p>\n

Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi | Friedrich Engels<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Halk\u0131n bilincine giren diyalektik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7lar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen eski bir deyimle dile gelir. Buna g\u00f6re, hayalcili\u011fin, safdilli\u011fin ve bo\u015finan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek derecesini, Alman do\u011fa felsefesi gibi, nesnel d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi \u00f6znel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7er\u00e7evesine sokmaya zorlayan do\u011fal bilimsel ak\u0131mda de\u011fil, salt deneyimi \u00f6verek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 mutlak bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme ile bakan ve ger\u00e7ekten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizli\u011fin en ileri ucuna giden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[178],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5916","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-marksizm"},"yoast_head":"\nRuhlar Aleminde Do\u011fabilim | Friedrich Engels - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/04\/14\/ruhlar-aleminde-dogabilim-friedrich-engels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ruhlar Aleminde Do\u011fabilim | Friedrich Engels\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Halk\u0131n bilincine giren diyalektik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7lar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen eski bir deyimle dile gelir. 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